a

1. First letter of the Greek alphabet, alpha; used as a classifier in the nomenclature of many sciences. 2. Symbol for Bunsen's solubility coefficient. 3. In chemistry, denotes the first in a series, a position immediately adjacent to a carboxyl group, the first of a series of closely related compounds, an aromatic substituent on an aliphatic chain, or the direction of a chemical bond away from the viewer. 4. Abbreviation for alpha particle. 5. In chemistry, symbol for angle of optical rotation; degree of dissociation. For terms beginning with this prefix, see the specific term.

[a] [a]

Symbol for specific optical rotation.

a1PI a₁PI

Symbol for human a₁-proteinase inhibitor.

A A

1. Abbreviation for ampere; adenine; alanine; Helmholtz energy. 2. As a subscript, refers to alveolar gas. 3. Symbol (usually capitalized italic) for absorbance. 4. Symbol for adenosine or adenylic acid in polynucleotides; alanine in polypeptides; first substrate in a multisubstrate enzyme=catalyzed reaction.

°A °A

Symbol for degree absolute; replaced by K (kelvin).

Å Å

Symbol for angstrom.

A- A^-

Symbol for anion.

A A

Symbol for absorbance.

a a

1. Abbreviation for total acidity; ante; area; asymmetric; auris; artery; arteria [NA]. 2. Symbol for atto-. 3. As a subscript, refers to systemic arterial blood.

a a

Symbol for specific absorption coefficient. Abbreviation for absorptivity.

a- a- , an-

Not, without, -less; equivalent to L. in- and E. un-. [G. not, un-, usually an- before a vowel]

AA AA , aa

Abbreviation for amino acid; aminoacyl.

aa aa

Abbreviation for arteriae [NA], arteries.

aa. aa.

Abbreviation for G. ana, of each; used in prescription writing following the name of two or more ingredients.

Aad Aad

Abbreviation for a-aminoadipic acid.

AAF AAF

Abbreviation for 2-acetylaminofluorene; 2-acetamidofluorene.

AAMC AAMC

Abbreviation for Association of American Medical Colleges.

AAR AAR

Abbreviation for antigen-antibody reaction.

Aaron Aaron

Charles D., U.S. physician, 1866-1951. See A.'s sign.

Aarskog Aarskog

Dagfinn J., Norwegian pediatrician, *1928. See A.-Scott syndrome.

AASH AASH

Abbreviation for adrenal androgen-stimulating hormone.

AAV AAV

Abbreviation for adeno-associated virus.

Ab Ab

Abbreviation for antibody.

ab- ab- , abs-

1. From, away from, off. 2. Prefix applied to electrical units in the CGS-electromagnetic system to distinguish them from units in the CGS-electrostatic system (prefix stat-) and those in the metric system or SI system (no prefix). [L. ab, from, usually abs- before c, q, and t; often a-before m, p, or v]

Abadie Abadie

Joseph Louis Irénée Jean, French neurosurgeon, 1873-1946. See A.'s sign of tabes dorsalis.

abampere abampere (ab-am´per)

Electromagnetic unit of current equal to 10 absolute amperes; a current that exerts a force of 2pi dynes on a unit magnetic pole at the center of a circle of wire (1 cm in radius).

abapical abapical (a-bap´i-kal)

Opposite the apex.

abarognosis abarognosis (a-bar´og-no´sis)

Loss of ability to appreciate the weight of objects held in the hand, or to differentiate objects of different weights. When the primary senses are intact, caused by a lesion of the contralateral parietal lobe. [G. a- priv. + baros, weight, + gnosis, knowledge]

abasia abasia (a-ba´ze-a)

Rarely used term for the inability to walk. See gait. [G. a- priv. + basis, step]
atactic a. , ataxic a. difficulty in walking due to ataxia of the legs.
choreic a. a. related to choreiform movements of the legs.
spastic a. a. due to a spastic contraction of the muscles when an attempt is made to walk.
a. trep´idans a. due to trembling of the lower limbs.

abasia-astasia abasia-astasia

See astasia-abasia.

abasic abasic (a-ba´sik)

1. Affected by, or associated with, abasia; also abatic (a-bat´ik). 2. Refers to loss of pyrimidine sites in DNA.

abaxial abaxial , abaxile (ab-ak´se-al, -ak´sIl)

1. Lying outside the axis of any body or part. 2. Situated at the opposite extremity of the axis of a part.

Abbe Abbe

Robert, U.S. surgeon, 1851-1928. See A. flap, operation.

Abbé Abbé

Ernst K., German physicist, 1840-1905. See A.'s condenser.

Abbott Abbott

Alexander C., U.S. bacteriologist, 1860-1935. See A.'s stain for spores.

Abbott Abbott

W. Osler, U.S. physician, 1902-1943. See A.'s tube; Miller-A. tube.

Abbott Abbott

Edville G., U.S. orthopedic surgeon, 1871-1938. See A.'s method.

Abbott's artery Abbott's artery

See under artery.

abcoulomb abcoulomb (ab-ku-lom´)

A unit of electrical charge equal to 10 coulombs. The charge that passes over a given surface in 1 second if a current of 1 abampere is flowing across the surface. [ab + coulomb]

abdomen abdomen (ab-do´men, ab´do-men) [NA]

The part of the trunk that lies between the thorax and the pelvis. The a. does not include the vertebral region posteriorly but is considered by some anatomists to include the pelvis (abdominopelvic cavity). It includes the greater part of the abdominal cavity (cavum abdominis [NA]), and is divided by arbitrary planes into nine regions. See also abdominal regions, under region.venter (1); [L. abdomen, etym. uncertain]
acute a. any serious acute intra-abdominal condition (such as appendicitis) attended by pain, tenderness, and muscular rigidity, and for which emergency surgery must be considered.surgical a;
boat-shaped a. scaphoid a
carinate a. a sloping of the sides with prominence of the central line of the a.
navicular a. scaphoid a
a. obsti´pum rarely used term for deformity of the a. due to congenitally short rectus muscles.
pendulous a. an a. with greatly relaxed walls that sag down over the pubic region.
protuberant a. unusual or prominent convexity of the a., due to excessive subcutaneous fat, poor muscle tone, or an increase in intra-abdominal content.
scaphoid a. a condition in which the anterior abdominal wall is sunken and presents a concave rather than a convex contour.boat-shaped a., navicular a;
surgical a. acute a

abdominal abdominal (ab-dom´i-nal)

Relating to the abdomen.

abdomino- abdomino- , abdomin-

The abdomen, abdominal. [L. abdomen, abdominis]

abdominocentesis abdominocentesis (ab-dom´i-no-sen-te´sis)

Paracentesis of the abdomen. [abdomino- + G. kentesis, puncture]

abdominocyesis abdominocyesis (ab-dom´i-no-sI-e´sis)

1. abdominal pregnancy 2. secondary abdominal pregnancy [abdomino- + G. kyesis, pregnancy]

abdominocystic abdominocystic (ab-dom-i-no-sis´tik)

abdominovesical [abdomino- + G. kystis, bladder]

abdominogenital abdominogenital (ab-dom´i-no-gen´i-tal)

Relating to the abdomen and the genital organs.

abdominohysterectomy abdominohysterectomy (ab-dom´i-no-his-ter-ek´to-me)

abdominal hysterectomy

abdominohysterotomy abdominohysterotomy (ab-dom´i-no-his-ter-ot´o-me)

abdominal hysterotomy

abdominopelvic abdominopelvic (ab-dom´i-no-pel´vik)

Relating to the abdomen and pelvis, especially the combined abdominal and pelvic cavities.

abdominoperineal abdominoperineal (ab-dom´i-no-par-i-ne´al)

Relating to both abdomen and perineum, as in abdominoperineal resection of the rectum.

abdominoplasty abdominoplasty (ab-dom´i-no-plas-te)

An operation performed on the abdominal wall for esthetic purposes. [abdomino- + G. plastos, formed]

abdominoscopy abdominoscopy (ab-dom-i-nos´ko-pe)

peritoneoscopy [abdomino- + G. skopeo, to examine]

abdominoscrotal abdominoscrotal (ab-dom´i-no-skro´tal)

Relating to the abdomen and the scrotum.

abdominothoracic abdominothoracic (ab-dom´i-no-tho-ras´ik)

Relating to both abdomen and thorax.

abdominovaginal abdominovaginal (ab-dom´i-no-vag´i-nal)

Relating to both abdomen and vagina.

abdominovesical abdominovesical (ab-dom´i-no-ves´i-kal)

Relating to the abdomen and urinary bladder, or to the abdomen and gallbladder.abdominocystic;

abduce abduce (ab-dus´)

abduct

abducens abducens (ab-du´senz)

abducent [L.]
a. oc´uli lateral rectus muscle

abducent abducent (ab-du´sent)

1. Abducting; drawing away, especially away from the median plane. 2. abducent nerveabducens; [L. abducens]

abduct abduct (ab-dukt´)

To move away from the median plane.abduce;

abduction abduction (ab-duk´shun)

1. Movement of a body part away from the median plane (of the body, in the case of limbs; of the hand or foot, in the case of digits). 2. Monocular rotation (duction) of the eye toward the temple. 3. A position resulting from such movement. Cf. adduction. [L. abductio]

abductor abductor (ab-duk´ter, -tor)

A muscle that draws a part away from the median plane; or, in the case of the digits, away from the normal axis of the middle finger or the second toe.

Abegg Abegg

Richard, Danish chemist, 1869-1910. See A.'s rule.

Abel Abel

Rudolf, German bacteriologist, 1868-1942. See A.'s bacillus.

Abell-Kendall method Abell-Kendall method

See under method.

Abelson Abelson

Herbert T., U.S. pediatrician, *1941. See A. murine leukemia virus.

abembryonic abembryonic (ab´em-bre-on´ik)

The area of the blastocyst opposite the region where the embryo is formed. [L. ab, from, + embryonic]

abenteric abenteric (ab-en-ter´ik)

A rarely used term meaning away from the intestine, said of a morbid process occurring elsewhere that would normally occur in the intestine. [L. ab, from, + G. enteron, intestine]

Abernethy Abernethy

John, British surgeon and anatomist, 1764-1831. See A.'s fascia.

aberrant aberrant (ab-er´ant)

1. Wandering off; said of certain ducts, vessels, or nerves deviating from the normal course or pattern. 2. Differing from the normal; in botany or zoology, said of certain atypical individuals in a species. 3. ectopic (1) [L. aberrans]

aberration aberration (ab-er-a´shun)

1. Deviating from the normal course or pattern. 2. Deviant development or growth. See also chromosome. [L. aberratio]
chromatic a. the difference in focus or magnification of an image arising because of a difference in the refraction of different wavelengths composing white light.chromatism (2) , color a., newtonian a;
chromosome a. any deviation from the normal number or morphology of chromosomes; also the phenotypic consequences thereof.
color a. chromatic a
coma a. 1. the distortion of image formation created when a bundle of light rays enters an optical system not parallel to the optic axis. 2. in botany, any tuft, as the hairs on a seed, or the greenery on a radish or a pineapple.coma (3); [G. kome, hair, foliage]
curvature a. lack of spatial correspondence causing the image of a straight extended object to appear curved.
dioptric a. spherical a
distortion a. the faulty formation of an image arising because the magnification of the peripheral part of an object is different from that of the central part when viewed through a lens.
lateral a. in spherical a., the distance between paraxial focus of central rays on the optic axis.
longitudinal a. in spherical a., the distance separating the focus of paraxial and peripheral rays on the optic axis.
mental a. disturbed thought or behavior that connotes a psychological or psychiatric impairment. See delusion.
meridional a. an a. produced in the plane of a single meridian of a lens.
monochromatic a. a defect in an optical image arising because of the nature of lenses; the main types are spherical, coma, curvature, and distortion a., and astigmatism of oblique pencils.
newtonian a. chromatic a
optical a. failure of rays from a point source to form a perfect image after traversing an optical system.
spherical a. a monochromatic a. occurring in refraction at a spherical surface in which the paraxial and peripheral rays focus along the axis at different points.dioptric a;
ventricular a. aberrant ventricular conduction

aberrometer aberrometer (ab-er-rom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring optical aberration or any error in experimentation. [L. aberratio, aberration, + G. metron, measure]

abetalipoproteinemia abetalipoproteinemia (a-ba´ta-lip´o-pro´ten-e´me-a) [MIM*200100]

A disorder characterized by an absence from plasma of low density lipoproteins that migrate electrophoretically as beta globules, presence of acanthocytes in blood, retinal pigmentary degeneration, malabsorption, engorgement of upper intestinal absorptive cells with dietary triglycerides, and neuromuscular abnormalities; autosomal recessive inheritance.Bassen-Kornzweig syndrome; [G. a-, priv., + beta, + lipoprotein + -emia, blood]
normotriglyceridemic a. a. with normal levels of triglycerides. This inherited disorder (possibly autosomal recessive) is probably due to the absence of apolipoprotein B-100.

abeyance abeyance (a-ba´ans)

A state of temporary abolition of function. [fr. O. Fr.]

abfarad abfarad (ab-far´ad)

Electromagnetic unit of capacity equal to 10⁹ farads.

ABG ABG

Abbreviation for arterial blood gas. See blood gases, under gas.

abhenry abhenry (ab-hen´re)

Electromagnetic unit of inductance equal to 10^-9 henry.

abient abient (ab´e-ent)

Having a tendency to move away from the source of a stimulus, as opposed to adient. [L. abiens, fr. ab- eo, to go from]

ability ability (a-bil´i-te)

The physical, mental, or legal competence to function. [L. habilitas, aptitude]

abiotic abiotic (a-b-I-ot´ik)

1. Incompatible with life. 2. Without life.

abiotrophy abiotrophy (ab-e-ot´ro-fe)

An age-dependent manifestation of a trait that being genetically determined has been latent from the time of conception. [G. a- priv. + bios, life, + trophe, nourishment]

abirritant abirritant (ab-ir´i-tant)

1. Obsolete term for soothing, or relieving irritation. 2. Obsolete term for an agent possessing this property.

abirritation abirritation (ab-ir-i-ta´shun)

Obsolete term for diminution or abolition of irritability in a part. [L. ab, from, + irrito, pp. -atus, to irritate]

abirritative abirritative (ab-ir´i-ta-tiv)

Obsolete term for abirritant.

abl abl

An oncogene found in the Abelson strain of mouse leukemia virus and involved in the Philadelphia chromosome translocation in chronic granulocytic leukemia.

ablactation ablactation (ab-lak-ta´shun)

weaning (1) [L. ab, from, + lactation]

ablastemic ablastemic (a-blas-tem´ik)

Not germinal or blastemic. [G. a- priv. + blastema, sprout]

ablastin ablastin (a-blas´tin)

An antibody that seems to inhibit reproduction of trypanosomes; found in rats infected with Trypanosoma lewisi. [G. a- priv. + blastos, germ]

ablate ablate (ab-lat´)

To remove, or to destroy the function of. [L. au- fero, pp. ab- latus, to take away]

ablation ablation (ab-la´shun)

Removal of a body part or the destruction of its function, as by a surgical procedure, morbid process, or noxious substance. [L. see ablate]
electrode catheter a. a method of ablating the site of origin of arrhythmias whereby high energy elective shocks are delivered by intravascular catheters.

ablatio placentae ablatio placentae (ab-la´she-o pla-sen´te)

abruptio placentae

ablepharia ablepharia (a-blef-ar´e-a) [MIM*200110]

Congenital absence, partial or complete, of the eyelids; recessive inheritance. See also cryptophthalmus. [G. a- priv. + blepharon, eyelid]

abluent abluent (ab´lu-ent)

1. Cleansing. 2. Anything with cleansing properties. [L. abluens, fr. ab-luo, to wash off]

ablution ablution (ab-lu´shun)

An act of washing or bathing. [L. ablutio, washing off, cleansing]

ablutomania ablutomania (ab-lu-to-ma´ne-a)

Rarely used term for a morbid preoccupation with thoughts about cleanliness, exhibited by frequent washing, as seen in obsessive-compulsive disorder. [L. ablutio, washing, + G. mania, insanity]

abnerval abnerval (ab-ner´val)

Away from a nerve; denoting specifically a current of electricity passing through a muscular fiber in a direction away from the point of entrance of the nerve fiber.abneural (1);

abneural abneural (ab-nur´al)

1. abnerval 2. Away from the neural axis. [L. ab, away from, + G. neuron, nerve]

abnormal abnormal (ab-nor´mal)

Not normal; differing in any way from the usual state, structure, condition, or rule.

abnormality abnormality (ab-nor-mal´i-te)

1. The state or quality of being abnormal. 2. An anomaly, deformity, malformation, impairment, or dysfunction.
figure-of-8 a. a radiographic appearance associated with total anomalous drainage of the pulmonary venous circulation into enlarged right and anomalous left venae cavae, that produces a globular density above the heart; the silhouette suggests the figure 8. See snowman a.snowman a;
snowman a. figure-of-8 a

ABO blood group ABO blood group

See Blood Groups appendix.

abohm abohm (ab´om)

Electromagnetic unit of resistance equal to 10^-9 ohm.

aboiement aboiement (ah-bwah-mahn´)

Rarely used term for the involuntary production of abnormal sounds, as seen in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. [Fr. barking, yelping]

abomasitis abomasitis (ab´o-mas-I´tis)

Inflammation of the abomasum.

abomasum abomasum (ab-o-ma´sum)

The fourth compartment and the glandular portion of the stomach of a ruminant. [L. ab, from, + omasum, bullock's tripe]

aborad aborad , aboral (ab-o´rad, -ral)

In a direction away from the mouth; opposite of orad. [L. ab, from, + os (or-), mouth]

abort abort (a-bort´)

1. To give birth to an embryo or fetus before it is viable. 2. To arrest a disease in its earliest stages. 3. To arrest in growth or development; to cause to remain rudimentary. 4. To remove products of conception prior to viability. [L. aborior, to fail at onset]

aborticide aborticide (ah-bor´ti-sid)

abortifacient [L. abortus,, abortion, + caedo,, to kill]

abortient abortient (a-bor´shent)

abortifacient (1)

abortifacient abortifacient (a-bor-ti-fa´shent)

1. Producing abortion.abortient, abortigenic, abortive (3); 2. An agent that produces abortion.aborticide; [L. abortus, abortion, + facio, to make]

abortigenic abortigenic (a-bor-ti-jen´ik)

abortifacient (1) [L. abortus, abortion, + genesis, production]

abortion abortion (a-bor´shun)

1. Expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus prior to the stage of viability at about 20 weeks of gestation (fetus weighs less than 500 g). A distinction is made between a. and premature birth: premature infants are those born after the stage of viability but prior to 37 weeks. A. may be either spontaneous (occurring from natural causes) or induced (artificial or therapeutic). 2. The product of such nonviable birth. 3. The arrest of any action or process before its normal completion.
accidental a. a. due to a fall, blow, or other injury.
ampullar a. a. resulting from pregnancy in the ampulla of the fallopian tube.
complete a. 1. the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a fetus or embryo; 2. complete expulsion of any other product of gestation. (e.g., hydatidiform mole).
criminal a. termination of pregnancy without legal justification.illegal a;
elective a. an a. without medical justification but done in a legal way, as in the United States.
enzootic a. of ewes a specific infectious a. of sheep caused by Chlamydia psittaci.
epizootic bovine a. an infectious disease of cattle transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros coriaceus and manifested as a. or weak calves at birth; occurs in the foothills of California, Nevada, and Oregon.foothill a;
equine virus a. a highly contagious a. of mares, caused by equine rhinopneumonitis virus, a member of the family Herpesviridae.
foothill a. epizootic bovine a
habitual a. a condition in which a woman has had three or more consecutive, spontaneous a.'s.
illegal a. criminal a
imminent a. incipient a
incipient a. impending a. characterized by copious vaginal bleeding, uterine contractions, and cervical dilation.imminent a;
incomplete a. a. in which part of the products of conception have been passed but part (usually the placenta) remains in the uterus.
induced a. a. brought on purposefully by drugs or mechanical means.
inevitable a. a. characterized by rupture of the membranes in the presence of cervical dilation in a previable pregnancy.
infected a. a septic complication of an a.
menstrual extraction a. a technique for aspiration of early products of conception from the uterus a few days after the first missed menstrual period.
missed a. a. in which the fetus dies in utero but the product of conception is retained in utero for two months or longer.
septic a. an infectious a. complicated by fever, endometritis, and parametritis.
spontaneous a. a. that has not been artificially induced.
therapeutic a. a. induced because of the mother's physical or mental health, or to prevent birth of a deformed child or a child resulting from rape.
threatened a. cramplike pains and slight show of blood that may or may not be followed by the expulsion of the fetus during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.
tubal a. rupture of an oviduct, the seat of ectopic pregnancy, or extrusion of the product of conception through the fimbriated end of the oviduct; aborted ectopic pregnancy, the pregnancy having originated in the fallopian tubes.aborted ectopic pregnancy;
vibrionic a. a. of cattle or sheep caused by Campylobacter fetus.

abortionist abortionist (a-bor´shun-ist)

One who interrupts a pregnancy.

abortive abortive (a-bor´tiv)

1. Not reaching completion; e.g., said of an attack of a disease subsiding before it has fully developed or completed its course. 2. rudimentary 3. abortifacient (1) [L. abortivus]

abortus abortus (a-bor´tus)

Any product (or all products) of an abortion. [L.]

aboulia aboulia (a-bu´le-a)

abulia

ABP ABP

Abbreviation for androgen binding protein.

ABPA ABPA

Abbreviation for allergic bronchopulmonry aspergillosis.

ABR ABR

Abbreviation for auditory brainstem response. See auditory brainstem response audiometry.

abrachia abrachia (a-bra´ke-a)

Congenital absence of arms. See amelia. [G. a- priv. + brachion, arm]

abrachiocephaly abrachiocephaly , abrachiocephalia (a-bra´ke-o-sef´a-le, -se-fa´le-a)

Congenital absence of arms and head.acephalobrachia; [G. a- priv. + brachion, arm, + kephale, head]

abrade abrade (a-brad´)

1. To wear away by mechanical action. 2. To scrape away the surface layer from a part. [L. ab-rado, pp. -rasus, to scrape off]

Abrahams Abrahams

Robert, U.S. physician, 1861-1935. See A.'s sign.

Abrams Abrams

Albert, U.S. physician, 1863-1924. See A.'s heart reflex.

abrasion abrasion (a-bra´zhun)

1. An excoriation, or circumscribed removal of the superficial layers of skin or mucous membrane.abraded wound; 2. A scraping away of a portion of the surface. 3. In dentistry, the pathological grinding or wearing away of tooth substance by incorrect tooth-brushing methods, foreign objects, bruxism, or similar causes.grinding; Cf. attrition. [see abrade]
brush burn a. See brush burn.
gingival a. a lesion of the gingiva resulting from mechanical removal of a portion of the surface epithelium.
mechanical a. dermabrasion
tooth a. loss or wearing away of tooth structure caused by the abrasive characteristics of substances other than foods.

abrasive abrasive (a-bra´siv)

1. Causing abrasion. 2. Any material used to produce abrasions. 3. A substance used in dentistry for abrading, grinding, or polishing.

abrasiveness abrasiveness (a-bra´siv-nes)

1. That property of a substance which causes surface wear by friction. 2. The quality of being able to scratch or wear away another material.

abreact abreact (ab-re-akt´)

1. To show strong emotion while reliving a previous traumatic experience. 2. To discharge or release repressed emotion.

abreaction abreaction (ab-re-ak´shun)

In freudian psychoanalysis, an episode of emotional release or catharsis associated with the bringing into conscious recollection previously repressed unpleasant experiences.
motor a. the release of an unconscious thought, idea, or impulse through motor or muscular expression.

abrin abrin (ab´rin)

A phytotoxin from jequirity seeds, the red seeds of Abrus precatorius; used in ophthalmology.

abruption abruption (ab-rup´shun)

A tearing away, separation, or detachment.

abruptio placentae abruptio placentae (ab-rup´she-o pla-sen´te)

Premature detachment of a normally situated placenta.ablatio placentae, amotio placentae;

Abrus Abrus (a´brus)

A genus of leguminous plants. The root of A. precatorius, Indian liquorice, is sometimes used as a substitute for liquorice; the seeds are toxic and may cause vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, and death if chewed. [more correctly Habrus, from G. habros, graceful]

abscess abscess (ab´ses)

1. A circumscribed collection of purulent exudate appearing in an acute or chronic localized infection, caused by tissue destruction and frequently associated with swelling and other signs of inflammation. 2. A cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis within solid tissue. [L. abscessus, a going away]
acute a. a recently formed a. with little or no fibrosis in the wall of the cavity.hot a;
alveolar a. an a. situated within the alveolar process of the jaws, most often caused by extension of infection from an adjacent nonvital tooth.dental a., dentoalveolar a., root a;
amebic a. an area of liquefaction necrosis of the liver or other organ containing amebae, often following amebic dysentery.tropical a;
apical a. 1. periapical a 2. an a. in the apex of the lung.
apical periodontal a. periapical a
appendiceal a. an intraperitoneal a., usually in the right iliac fossa, resulting from extension of infection in acute appendicitis, especially with perforation of the appendix.periappendiceal a;
Bartholin's a. an a. of the vulvovaginal gland.
Bezold's a. an a. deep in the neck parapharyngeal space associated with suppuration in the mastoid tip cells.
bicameral a. an a. with two separate cavities or chambers.
bone a. suppuration within the medullary cavity (osteomyelitis), cortex, or periosteum of bone.
Brodie's a. a chronic a. of bone surrounded by dense fibrous tissue and sclerotic bone.
bursal a. suppuration within a bursa.
caseous a. an a. containing white solid or semisolid material of cheesy consistency; usually tuberculous. See also cheesy a.
cheesy a. an a. that contains necrotic tissue with a cheese-like consistency; typically seen in tuberculosis.
cholangitic a. (ko-lan-jI´-tik) a focal area of pus formation in the liver resulting from infection arising in the biliary tract.
chronic a. a long-standing collection of pus surrounded by fibrous tissue.
cold a. 1. an a. without heat or other usual signs of inflammation; 2. tuberculous a
collar-button a. an a. consisting of two cavities connected by a narrow isthmus, usually formed by rupture of an a. through a fascial layer in the hand or foot.shirt-stud a;
crypt a.'s a.'s in crypts of Lieberkühn of the large intestinal mucosa; a characteristic feature of ulcerative colitis.
dental a. , dentoalveolar a. alveolar a
diffuse a. a collection of pus not circumscribed by a well-defined capsule.
Douglas a. suppuration in Douglas pouch.
dry a. the remains of an a. after the pus is absorbed.
Dubois' a.'s small cysts of the thymus containing polymorphonuclear leukocytes but lined by squamous epithelium; reported in congenital syphilis but also found in the absence of syphilis.Dubois' disease, thymic a.'s;
embolic a. an a. arising at the point of arrest of a septic embolus.
fecal a. stercoral a
follicular a. an a. in a hair, tonsillar, or other follicle.
gas a. an a. containing gas caused by Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, or other gas-forming microorganisms.
gingival a. an a. confined to the gingival soft tissue.gumboil, parulis;
gravitation a. perforating a
gummatous a. an a. due to the softening and breaking down of a gumma, especially in bone.syphilitic a;
hematogenous a. an a. caused by blood-borne organisms.
hot a. acute a
hypostatic a. perforating a
ischiorectal a. an a. involving the tissues in the ischiorectal fossa.
lacunar a. an a. involving the urethral lacunae.
lateral alveolar a. an alveolar a. located along the lateral root surface of a tooth.pericemental a;
lateral periodontal a. an a. that forms at the depth of a periodontal pocket due to multiplication of pyogenic microorganisms or the presence of foreign material.
mastoid a. an a. of the mastoid air cells.
metastatic a. a secondary a. formed, at a distance from the primary focus, as a result of the transportation of pyogenic bacteria by the lymph or bloodstream.
migrating a. perforating a
miliary a. one of a number of minute collections of pus, widely disseminated throughout an area or the whole body.
Munro's a. Munro's microabscess
orbital a. a circumscribed collection of pus within the orbit; frequently an extension of purulent infection of the paranasal sinuses, usually the ethmoids.retrobulbar a;
otic a. a cerebral a. usually involving the temporal lobe or cerebellar hemisphere, due to extension of suppuration of the middle ear.otogenous a;
otogenous a. otic a
palatal a. 1. a lateral periodontal a. associated with the lingual surface of a maxillary tooth; 2. an alveolar a. that has eroded the cortical plate, allowing extension into the palatal soft tissues.
pancreatic a. an a. in the pancreatic or peripancreatic area usually related to pancreatitis.
parafrenal a. an a. that occurs on either side of the frenum of the penis.
parametric a. , parametritic a. an a. in the connective tissue of the broad ligament of the uterus.
paranephric a. an a. in the region of the kidney, outside the renal fascia.
parotid a. rapidly progressive suppuration in the parotid gland; a complication of parotitis.
Pautrier's a. Pautrier's microabscess
pelvic a. an a. in the pelvic peritoneal cavity, developing as a complication of diffuse peritonitis or of localized peritonitis associated with abdominal or pelvic inflammatory disease, such as salpingitis; the pus frequently collects in the rectovesical or rectouterine pouch.
perforating a. an a. that breaks down tissue barriers to enter adjacent areas.gravitation a., hypostatic a., migrating a., wandering a;
periapical a. an alveolar a. localized around the apex of a tooth root.apical a. (1) , apical periodontal a;
periappendiceal a. appendiceal a
periarticular a. an a. surrounding a joint, not necessarily involving it.
pericemental a. lateral alveolar a
pericoronal a. an a. developing in the inflamed dental follicular tissue overlaying the crown of a partially erupted tooth.
perinephric a. an a. within Gerota's fascia but outside the renal capsule.
periodontal a. an alveolar a. or a lateral periodontal a.
perirectal a. an a. in connective tissue adjacent to the rectum or anus.
peritonsillar a. extension of tonsillar infection beyond the capsule with abscess formation usually above and behind the tonsil.
periureteral a. an a. surrounding the ureter.
periurethral a. an a. involving the tissues around the urethra.
phlegmonous a. circumscribed suppuration characterized by intense surrounding inflammatory reaction which produces induration and thickening of the affected area.
Pott's a. tuberculous a. of the spine.
premammary a. an a. in the subcutaneous tissue covering the mammary gland.
psoas a. an a., usually tuberculous, originating in tuberculous spondylitis and extending through the iliopsoas muscle to the inguinal region.
pulp a. an a. involving the soft tissue within the pulp chamber of a tooth, usually a sequela of caries or less frequently of trauma.
pyemic a. a hematogenous a. resulting from pyemia, septicemia, or bacteremia.septicemic a;
radicular a. alveolar a., an a. around a tooth root.
residual a. an a. recurring at the site of a former a. resulting from persistence of microbes and pus.
retrobulbar a. orbital a
retrocecal a. an a. located posterior to the cecum, usually resulting from perforation of a retrocecal appendix.
retropharyngeal a. an a. arising, usually, in retropharyngeal lymph nodes, most commonly in infants.
ring a. an acute purulent inflammation of the corneal periphery in which a necrotic area is surrounded by an annular girdle of leukocytic infiltration.
root a. alveolar a
satellite a. an a. closely associated with a primary a.
septicemic a. pyemic a
shirt-stud a. collar-button a
stellate a. a star-shaped necrotic area surrounded by histiocytes, seen within swollen inguinal lymph nodes in lymphogranuloma venereum.
stercoral a. a collection of pus and feces.fecal a;
sterile a. an a. whose contents are not caused by pyogenic bacteria.
stitch a. an a. around a suture.
subdiaphragmatic a. subphrenic a
subepidermal a. a microscopic a. located in the dermis just beneath the epidermis.
subhepatic a. an a. located immediately beneath the liver.
subperiosteal a. an a. between the periosteum and cortical plate of the bone.
subphrenic a. an a. directly beneath the diaphragm.subdiaphragmatic a;
subungual a. suppuration extending beneath a fingernail or toenail, usually from a parenychia.
sudoriparous a. a collection of pus in a sweat gland.
syphilitic a. gummatous a
thecal a. suppuration in a sheath or capsule.
thymic a.'s Dubois' a.'s
Tornwaldt's a. chronic infection of the pharyngeal bursa. See also Tornwaldt's syndrome.
tropical a. amebic a
tuberculous a. an a. caused by the tubercle bacillus.cold a. (2);
tubo-ovarian a. a large a. involving a uterine tube and an adherent ovary, resulting from extension of purulent inflammation of the tube.
verminous a. worm a
wandering a. perforating a
worm a. a. due to parasitic worms or in which worms are found.verminous a;

abscissa abscissa (ab-sis´a)

In a plane cartesian coordinate system, the horizontal axis (x). Cf. ordinate. [L. ab-scindo, pp. -scissus, to cut away from]

abscission abscission (ab-si´shun)

Cutting away. [L. ab-scindo, pp. -scissus, to cut away from]

absconsio absconsio (ab-skon´she-o)

A recess, cavity, or depression; used especially in osteology to denote a bony cavity which accommodates the head of another bone. [Mod. L. fr. abs-condo, pp. -conditus or -consus, to hide]

abscopal abscopal (ab-sko´pal, -skop´al)

Denoting the effect that irradiation of a tissue has on remote nonirradiated tissue. [ab- + G.skopos, target, + -al]

absence absence (ab´sens)

Paroxysmal attacks of impaired consciousness, occasionally accompanied by spasm or twitching of cephalic muscles, which usually can be brought on by hyperventilation; depending on the type and severity of the a., the EEG may show an abrupt onset of a 3/sec spike and wave pattern as in simple a., or in atypical cases, a 4/sec spike and wave or faster spike complexes. The clinical states accompanying these EEG abnormalities may be classified as: 1) a. with no overt manifestations, e.g., simple a.; epileptic a.; subclinical a.; 2) a. with clonic movements, e.g., myoclonic a.; 3) a. with atonic states, e.g., atonic a.; 4) a. with tonic contractions, e.g., hypertonic muscular contraction; 5) a. with automatisms, e.g., various stereotyped movements, usually of the face or hands; 6) a. with atypical features, e.g., bizarre motor activity. [L. absentia]
pure a. simple a
simple a. a brief clouding of consciousness accompanied by the abrupt onset of 3/sec spikes and waves on EEG.pure a;

abs. feb. abs. feb.

Abbreviation for L. absente febre, when fever is absent.

Absidia Absidia (ab-sid´e-a)

A genus of fungi (family Mucoraceae) commonly found in nature. Thermophilic species survive in compost piles at temperatures exceeding 45°C and may cause zygomycosis in humans.

absinthe absinthe (ab´sinth)

A liqueur consisting of an alcoholic extract of absinthium and other bitter herbs.

absinthin absinthin (ab´sin-thin)

A bitter principle, C₃₀H₄₀O₈, obtained from absinthium.

absinthium absinthium (ab-sin´the-um)

The dried leaves and tops of Artemisia absinthium (family Compositae). The infusion is now seldom used, but it has been used as a tonic; in large or frequently repeated doses it produces headache, trembling, and epileptiform convulsions.wormwood; [L., fr. G. apsinthion]

absinthol absinthol (ab-sin´thawl)

thujone

absolute absolute (ab´so-lut)

Unconditional; unlimited; uncombined; undiluted (as in case of alcohol); certain. [L. absolutus, complete, pp. of ab-solvo, to loosen from]

absorb absorb (ab-sorb´)

1. To take in by absorption. 2. To reduce the intensity of transmitted light. [L. ab-sorbeo, pp. -sorptus, to suck in]

absorbance (A, A) absorbance (A, A) (ab-sor´bans)

In spectrophotometry, equal to 2 minus the log of the percentage transmittance of light.absorbancy, absorbency, extinction (2) , optical density;
specific a. a. per unit of concentration. See specific absorption coefficient.

absorbancy absorbancy (ab-sor´ban-se)

absorbance

absorbefacient absorbefacient (ab-sor-be-fa´shunt)

1. Causing absorption. 2. Any substance possessing such quality. [L. ab-sorbeo, to suck in, + facio, to make]

absorbency absorbency (ab-sorb´en-se)

absorbance

absorbent absorbent (ab-sor´bent)

1. Having the power to absorb, soak up, or take into itself a gas, liquid, light rays, or heat.absorptive, bibulous; 2. Any substance possessing such power. 3. Material (usually caustic) for removal of carbon dioxide from circuits in which rebreathing occurs; e.g., anesthesia and basal metabolism equipment.

absorber head absorber head (ab-sor´ber hed)

Portion of a rebreathing anesthesia circuit that contains carbon dioxide absorbent; often referred to as a canister.

absorption absorption (ab-sorp´shun)

1. The taking in, incorporation, or reception of gases, liquids, light, or heat. Cf. adsorption. 2. In radiology, the uptake of energy from radiation by the tissue or medium through which it passes. See half-value layer. 3. In radiation or medical physics, the number of disintegrations per second of a radionuclide. Radioactivity. Unit (SI): becquerel. [L. absorptio, fr. absorbeo, to swallow]
cutaneous a. percutaneous a
disjunctive a. a. of living tissue in immediate relation with a necrosed part, producing a line of demarcation.
electron resonance a. See electron spin resonance.
external a. the a. of substances through skin, mucocutaneous surfaces, or mucous membranes.
interstitial a. the removal of water or of substances in the interstitial fluid by the lymphatics.
parenteral a. a. by any route other than the alimentary tract.
pathologic a. parenteral a. of any excremental or pathologic material into the bloodstream, e.g., pus, urine, bile, etc.
percutaneous a. the a. of drugs, allergens, and other substances through unbroken skin.cutaneous a;
photoelectric a. interaction of an x-ray photon with matter in which the incident photon is completely absorbed, giving up all its energy by displacing an outer shell electron.

absorptive absorptive (ab-sorp´tiv)

absorbent (1)

absorptivity (a) absorptivity (a) (ab-sorp-tiv´i-te)

1. specific absorption coefficient 2. molar absorption coefficient
molar a. molar absorption coefficient

abstinence abstinence (ab´sti-nens)

Refraining from the use of certain articles of diet, alcoholic beverages, illegal drugs, or from sexual intercourse. [L. abs-tineo, to hold back, fr. teneo, to hold]

abstract abstract (ab´strakt)

1. A preparation made by evaporating a fluid extract to a powder and triturating with milk sugar. 2. A condensation or summary of a scientific or literary article or address. [L. ab-straho, pp. -tractus, to draw away]

abstraction abstraction (ab-strak´shun)

1. Distillation or separation of the volatile constituents of a substance. 2. Exclusive mental concentration. 3. The making of an abstract from the crude drug. 4. Malocclusion in which the teeth or associated structures are lower than their normal occlusal plane. See also odontoptosis. 5. The process of selecting a certain aspect of a concept from the whole. [L. abs-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw away]

abstriction abstriction (ab-strik´shun)

In fungi, the formation of asexual spores by cutting off portions of the sporophore through the growth of dividing partitions. [L. ab-, from, + strictura, a contraction]

abterminal abterminal (ab-ter´mi-nal)

In a direction away from the end and toward the center; denoting the course of an electrical current in a muscle. [L. ab, from, + terminus, end]

abtropfung abtropfung (ab-trop´fung)

A theory that nevus cells are epidermal cells (melanocytes) that proliferate and drop off (migrate) into the dermis. [Ger. Abtropfung, trickling down]

gamma-Abu gamma-Abu

Abbreviation for gamma-aminobutyric acid.

abulia abulia (a-bu´le-a)

1. Loss or impairment of the ability to perform voluntary actions or to make decisions. 2. Reduction in speech, movement, thought, and emotional reaction; a common result of bilateral frontal lobe disease.aboulia; [G. a- priv. + boule, will]

abulic abulic (a-bu´lik)

Relating to, or suffering from, abulia.

abundance abundance (a´bun-dans)

The average number of types of macromolecules (e.g., mRNAs) per cell.

abuse abuse (a-byus´)

1. Misuse, wrong use, especially excessive use, of anything. 2. Injurious, harmful, or offensive treatment, as in child a. or sexual a.
child a. the psychological, emotional, and sexual a. of a child, typically by a parent, stepparent, or parent surrogate. See domestic violence.
drug a. habitual use of drugs not needed for therapeutic purposes, such as solely to alter one's mood, affect, or state of consciousness, or to affect a body function unnecessarily (as in laxative a.); non-medical use of drugs.To qualify as drug dependant, a person must use a mood-altering substance daily, for a period of 2-3 weeks or longer. The drug-dependent person must also display certain characteristics, including psychological craving for the substance, symptoms of withdrawal indicating physiological dependance, and tolerance (need for increased amounts of the drug to reproduce the initial level of response). Behaviorally, the dependent person manifests a reduced ability to function at work or home, and often will appear erratic, moody, or anxious. The use of virtually any drug may lead to dependance. Most commonly, drug dependance involves alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, and the opiates. In addition, some people use psychedelics, marijuana, caffeine, antihistamines, steroids, and solvents to a degree that qualifies as a substance use disorder. Treatment regimens vary in methodology and degree of success.
elder a. the physical or emotional a., including financial exploitation, of an elderly person, by one or more of the individual's children, nursing home caregivers, or others.
sexual a. See domestic violence.
spouse a. , spousal a. See domestic violence.
substance a. maladaptive pattern of drug or alcohol use that may lead to social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems.

abutment abutment (a-but´ment)

In dentistry, a natural tooth or implanted tooth substitute, used for the support or anchorage of a fixed or removable prosthesis.
auxiliary a. a tooth other than the one supporting the direct retainer, assisting in the overall support of a removable partial denture.
intermediate a. a natural tooth, or an implanted tooth substitute, without other natural teeth in proximal contact, used along with the mesial and distal a.'s to support a prosthesis; often called a "pier."
isolated a. a lone-standing tooth, or root, used as an a. with edentulous areas mesial and distal to it.
splinted a. the joining of two or more teeth into a rigid unit by means of fixed restorations to form a single a. with multiple roots.

ABVD ABVD

Abbreviation for a chemotherapy regimen of Adriamycin (doxorubicin), bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine; used to treat neoplastic diseases, such as Hodgkin's disease, shown to be resistant to MOPP therapy.

abvolt abvolt (ab´volt)

The CGS electromagnetic unit of difference of potential equal to 10^-8 volt. The potential difference between two points such that 1 erg of work will be done when 1 abcoulomb of charge moves from point to point.

abzyme abzyme (ab´zIm)

catalytic antibody [antibody + enzyme]

AC AC

Abbreviation for alternating current.

Ac Ac

Symbol for actinium; acetyl.

aC aC

Symbol for arabinosylcytosine.

a.c. a.c.

Abbreviation for L. ante cibum, before a meal or ante cibos, before meals.

AC/A AC/A

Abbreviation for accommodative convergence-accommodation ratio.

acacia acacia (a-ka´she-a)

The dried gummy exudation from Acacia senegal and other species of A. (family Leguminosae), prepared as a mucilage and syrup; used as an emollient, demulcent excipient, and suspending agent; formerly used as a transfusion fluid.gum arabic; [G. akakia]

acalculia acalculia (a´kal-kyu´le-a)

A form of aphasia characterized by the inability to perform simple mathematical problems; found with lesions of various areas of the cerebral hemispheres, and often an early sign of dementia. [G. a- priv. + L. calculo, to reckon]

acampsia acampsia (a-kamp´se-a)

Rarely used term for stiffening or rigidity of a joint for any reason. [G. a- priv. + kampto, to bend]

acanth- acanth-

See acantho-.

acantha acantha (a-kan´tha)

1. A spine or spinous process. 2. The spinous process of a vertebra. [G. akantha, a thorn]

acanthamebiasis acanthamebiasis (a-kan´tha-me-bI´a-sis)

Infection by free-living soil amebae of the genus Acanthamoeba that may result in a necrotizing dermal or tissue invasion, or a fulminating and usually fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis.

Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba (a-kan-tha-me´ba)

A genus of free-living ameba (family Acanthamoebidae, order Amoebida) found in and characterized by the presence of acanthopodia. Human infection includes invasion of skin or colonization following injury, corneal invasion and colonization, and possibly lung or genitourinary tract colonization; a few cases of brain or CNS invasion have occurred, but not solely by the olfactory epithelium route of entry as with the more virulent infections caused by Naegleria fowleri. Species responsible are chiefly A. culbertsoni, but cases have been reported involving A. castellanii, A. polyphaga, and A. astronyxis, though most cases have been chronic rather than fulminating and rapidly fatal as with Naegleria fowleri infection. [G. akantha, thorn, spine, + Mod. L. amoeba, fr. G. amoibe, change]

acanthella acanthella (a-kan-thel´a)

An intermediate larva stage of Acanthocephala, formed within the arthropod host; a preinfective, nonencysted stage leading to the infective cystacanth. [G. akantha, thorn, spine]

acanthesthesia acanthesthesia (a-kan-thes-the´ze-a)

Paresthesia of a pinprick. [G. akantha, thorn, + aisthesis, sensation]

Acanthia lectularia Acanthia lectularia (a-kan´the-a lek-tyu-lar´e-a)

Early name for Cimex lectularius. [G. akantha, thorn, prickle; L. lectus, a bed]

acanthion acanthion (a-kan´the-on)

The tip of the anterior nasal spine.akanthion; [G. akantha, thorn]

acantho- acantho-

A spinous process; spiny, thorny. [G. akantha, a thorn, the backbone, the spine, fr. ake, a point, + anthos, a flower]

Acanthocephala Acanthocephala (a-kan-tho-sef´a-la)

The thorny-headed worms, a phylum (formerly considered a class) of obligatory parasites without an alimentary canal, characterized by an anterior introvertible spiny proboscis. They superficially resemble nematodes but are cestode-like in other traits, and hence are grouped as a distinctive phylum of helminths. In the adult stage they are parasites of vertebrate animals, mostly fish and amphibians; the larval stage is passed in invertebrates, chiefly crustaceans and insects. [acantho- + G. kephale, head]

acanthocephaliasis acanthocephaliasis (a-kan´tho-sef-a-lI´a-sis)

An illness caused by infection with a species of Acanthocephala.

Acanthocheilonema Acanthocheilonema (a-kan´tho-kI-lo-ne´ma)

A genus of filarial worms parasitic in man, now considered part of the genus Mansonella. [acantho- + G. cheilos, lip, + nema, thread]

acanthocyte acanthocyte (a-kan´tho-sIt)

An erythrocyte characterized by multiple spiny cytoplasmic projections, as in acanthocytosis.acanthrocyte; [acantho- + G. kytos, cell]

acanthocytosis acanthocytosis (a-kan´tho-sI-to´sis)

A rare condition in which the majority of erythrocytes are acanthocytes; a regular feature of abetalipoproteinemia.acanthrocytosis;

acanthoid acanthoid (a-kan´thoyd)

Spine-shaped.

acantholysis acantholysis (ak-an-thol´i-sis)

Separation of individual epidermal keratinocytes from their neighbor, as in conditions such as pemphigus vulgaris and Darier's disease. [acantho- + G. lysis, loosening]

acanthoma acanthoma (ak-an-tho´ma)

A tumor formed by proliferation of epithelial squamous cells. See also keratoacanthoma. [acantho- + G. -oma, tumor]
a. adenoi´des cys´ticum trichoepithelioma
clear cell a. a sharply demarcated benign epidermal lesion of a leg or arm with acanthosis and accumulation of glycogen in keratinocytes having pale staining cytoplasm.
Degos' a. obsolete term for clear cell a.
a. fissura´tum a fissure bordered by acanthosis developing at a site of friction by spectacle frames, usually behind the ears.

acanthopodia acanthopodia (a-kan-tho-po´de-a)

Toothlike pseudopodia observed in some amebae, typically in members of the genus Acanthamoeba. [acantho- + G. pous, podos, foot]

acanthor acanthor (a-kan´thor)

The spindle-shaped embryo, with rostellar hooks and body spines, formed within the egg shell of Acanthocephala; this stage burrows into the body cavity of its first intermediate host, usually a crustacean in aquatic cycles, or insects in terrestrial cycles. [G. akantha, thorn or spine]

acanthorrhexis acanthorrhexis (a-kan-tho-rek´sIs)

Rupture of the intercellular bridges of the prickle cell layer of the epidermis, as in contact-type dermatitis. See spongiosis. [acantho + G. rhexis, rupture]

acanthosis acanthosis (ak-an-tho´sis)

An increase in the thickness of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis.hyperacanthosis; [acantho- + G. -osis, condition]
glycogenic a. elevated gray-white plaques of distal esophageal or vaginal mucosa, with epithelium thickened by proliferation of large glycogen-filled squamous cells.
a. ni´gricans an eruption of velvet warty benign growths and hyperpigmentation occurring in the skin of the axillae, neck, anogenital area, and groins; in adults, may be associated with internal malignancy, endocrine disorders, or obesity; a benign (juvenile) type occurs in children. See also pseudoacanthosis nigricans.keratosis nigricans; [L. fr. niger, black]

acanthotic acanthotic (ak-an-thot´ik)

Pertaining to or characteristic of acanthosis.

acanthrocyte acanthrocyte (a-kan´thro-sIt)

acanthocyte

acanthrocytosis acanthrocytosis (a-kan´thro-sI-to´sis)

acanthocytosis

acapnia acapnia (a-kap´ne-a)

Absence of carbon dioxide in the blood; sometimes used erroneously for hypocapnia. [G. a- priv. + kapnos, smoke]

acarbia acarbia (a-kar´be-a)

Obsolete term denoting pronounced reduction in bicarbonate of the blood (hypocarbia). [G. a- priv. + carbon]

acardia acardia (a-kar´de-a)

Congenital absence of the heart; a condition sometimes occurring in monozygotic twins or in the smaller, parasitic member of conjoined twins when its partner monopolizes the placental blood supply. A. can also occur in triplet pregnancies. [G. a- priv. + kardia, heart]

acardiac acardiac (a-car´de-ak)

Without a heart.

acardiotrophia acardiotrophia (a-kar´di-o-tro´fe-a)

Obsolete term for atrophy of the myocardium. [G. a- priv. + kardia, heart, + trophe, nourishment]

acardius acardius (a-kar´de-us)

A twin without a heart, parasitic on, or utilizing the placental circulation of, its mate.
a. aceph´alus acephalocardius;an acardiac fetus in which the head and thoracic organs are absent. Ribs and vertebrae may be present, and upper limbs are either absent or defective.
a. amor´phus a shapeless mass covered by skin and hair.
a. an´ceps an acardiac fetus with partly developed head and deformed face, trunk, and limbs. See hemiacardius.

acariasis acariasis (ak-ar-I´a-sis)

Any disease caused by mites, usually a skin infestation. See mange.acaridiasis, acarinosis;
demodectic a. demodectic mange
psoroptic a. infestation of mammalian skin with Psoroptes mites.
pulmonary a. infestation of the lungs of monkeys with the mite, Pneumonyssus simicola.
sarcoptic a. infestation of skin with Sarcoptes scabiei. See scabies (1).

acaricide acaricide (a-kar´i-sId)

An agent that kills acarines; commonly used to denote chemicals that kill ticks. [Mod. L. acarus, a mite, fr. G. akari + L. caedo, to cut, kill]

acarid acarid (ak´a-rid)

A general term for a member of the family Acaridae or for a mite.acaridan; [G. akari, mite]

Acaridae Acaridae (a-kar´i-de)

A family of the order Acarina, a large group of exceptionally small mites, usually 0.5 mm or less, abundant in dried fruits and meats, grain, meal, and flour; frequently a cause of severe dermatitis among persons hypersensitized by frequent handling of infested products.

acaridan acaridan (a-kar´i-dan)

acarid

acaridiasis acaridiasis (ak´ar-i-dI´a-sis)

acariasis

Acarina Acarina (ak-a-rI´na)

An order of Arachnida that includes the mites and ticks. [G. akari, a mite]

acarine acarine (ak´a-rIn)

A member of the order Acarina.

acarinosis acarinosis (ak´a-ri-no´sis, a-kar´i-)

acariasis

acarodermatitis acarodermatitis (ak´a-ro-der-ma-tI´tis)

A skin inflammation or eruption produced by a mite. [G. akari, mite, + derma (dermat-), skin]
a. urticarioi´des infestation with the grain itch mite, Pyemotes ventricosus.

acaroid acaroid (ak´a-royd)

Resembling a mite. [G. akari, mite, + eidos, resemblance]

acarology acarology (ak-a-rol´o-je)

The study of acarine parasites, the ticks and mites, and the diseases they transmit. [G. akari, mite, + logos, study]

acarophobia acarophobia (ak´a-ro-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of small parasites, small particles, or of itching. [G. akari, mite, + phobos, fear]

Acarus Acarus (ak´a-rus)

A genus of mites of the family Acaridae. [G. akari, mite]
A. bala´tus a tropical species of mite that causes a particularly severe type of scabies-like irritation.
A. folliculo´rum Demodex folliculorum
A. galli´nae Dermanyssus gallinae
A. horde´i the barley mite, a species that penetrates beneath the skin.
A. rhizoglyp´ticus hyacin´thi a species that develops in spoiled onions and may cause dermatitis.
A. scabie´i former term for Sarcoptes scabiei.

acaryote acaryote (a-kar´e-ot)

akaryocyte

acatalasemia acatalasemia [MIM*115500]

acatalasia

acatalasia acatalasia (a-kat-a-la´ze-a) [MIM*115500]

Absence or deficiency of catalase from blood and tissues, often manifested by recurrent infection or ulceration of the gums and related oral structures. Homozygotes may have complete absence (Japanese variety) or very low levels (Swiss variety) of catalase; heterozygotes have reduced catalase levels (hypocatalasia), which overlap with the normal range.acatalasemia, Takahara's disease;

acatamathesia acatamathesia (a-kat´a-ma-the´ze-a)

Obsolete term for the loss or impairment of understanding, especially speech comprehension. [G. a- priv. + katamathesis, a thorough knowledge or understanding]

acataphasia acataphasia (a-kat-a-fa´ze-a)

Inability to correctly formulate a statement. [G. a- priv. + kataphasis, affirmation]

acathectic acathectic (ak-a-thek´tik)

Rarely used term relating to acathexia.

acathexia acathexia (ak-a-thek´se-a)

Rarely used term for an abnormal release of secretions. [G. a- priv. + kathexis, retention]

acathexis acathexis (ak-a-thek´sis)

Rarely used term for a mental disorder in which certain objects or ideas fail to arouse an emotional response in the individual. [G. a- priv. + kathexis, retention]

acathisia acathisia (ak-a-thiz´e-a)

akathisia

acaudal acaudal , acaudate (a-kaw´dal, a-kaw´dat)

Having no tail. [G. a- priv. + L. cauda, tail]

ACC ACC

Abbreviation for anodal closure contraction.

accelerans accelerans (ak-sel´er-anz)

1. Accelerating. 2. Obsolete term for an accelerator (sympathetic) nerve to the heart. [L. accelerator]

accelerant accelerant (ak-sel´er-ant)

accelerator

acceleration acceleration (ak-sel-er-a´shun)

1. The act of accelerating. 2. The rate of increase in velocity per unit of time; commonly expressed in g units; also expressed in centimeters or feet per second squared. 3. The rate of increasing deviation from a rectilinear course. See radial a. [see accelerator]
angular a. the rate of change of angular velocity; e.g., when a centrifuge rotor is speeding up, or when there is a simultaneous change in velocity and direction, as in an aircraft in a tight spin.
linear a. the rate of change of velocity without a change in direction; e.g., when the speed of an aircraft increases while flying a straight pathway.
radial a. the centripetal a. of a particle or vehicle moving along a curved path at a constant velocity; e.g., turning a curve in an automobile, pulling out of a dive, or performing a loop maneuver in an aircraft. In aviation, a. varies directly with the square of the air speed and inversely with the radius of the turn (a = V² / r, where V is air speed and r is radius of turn).

accelerator accelerator (ak-sel´er-a-ter)

1. Anything that increases rapidity of action or function. 2. In physiology, a nerve, muscle, or substance that quickens movement or response. 3. A catalytic agent used to hasten a chemical reaction. 4. In nuclear physics, a device that accelerates charged particles (e.g., protons) to high speed in order to produce nuclear reactions in a target, often for the production of radionuclides or for radiation therapy.accelerant; [L. accelerans, pres. p. of ac-celero, to hasten, fr. celer, swift]
linear a. (LINAC) a device imparting high velocity and energy to atomic and subatomic particles; an important device for radiation therapy.
proserum prothrombin conversion a. (PPCA) factor VIII
prothrombin a. factor V
serum a. factor VII
serum prothrombin conversion a. (SPCA) factor VII

accelerin accelerin (ak-sel´er-in)

Obsolete term for what was once considered an intermediary product of coagulation but is no longer thought to exist.

accelerometer accelerometer (ak-sel-er-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the rate of change of velocity per unit of time.

accentuator accentuator (ak-sent´yu-a-ter)

A substance, such as aniline, the presence of which allows a combination between a tissue or histologic element and a stain that might otherwise be impossible. [L. accentus, accent, fr. cano, to sing]

acceptor acceptor (ak-sep´ter)

A compound that will take up a chemical group (e.g., an amine group, a methyl group, a carbamoyl group) from another compound (the donor); under the action of alanine transaminase, l-glutamic acid is an amine donor while pyruvic acid is an amine a. [L. ac-cipio, pp. -ceptus, to accept]
hydrogen a. hydrogen carrier

accès pernicieux accès pernicieux (ak-sa´ per-ni-syu´)

A series of severe attacks of falciparum malaria, sometimes occurring in apparently mild cases; roughly classified as cerebral and algid. [Fr., pernicious attacks or symptoms]

access access (ak´ses)

A way or means of approach or admittance. In dentistry: 1. The space required for visualization and for manipulation of instruments to remove decay and prepare a tooth for restoration. 2. The opening in the crown of a tooth required to allow adequate admittance to the pulp space to clean, shape, and seal the root canal(s).access opening; [L. accessus]

accessorius accessorius (ak-ses-o´re-us)

accessory [L.]
a. willis´ii accessory nerve

accessory accessory (ak-ses´o-re)

In anatomy, denoting certain muscles, nerves, glands, etc. that are auxiliary or supernumerary to some similar, generally more important thing.accessorius; [L. accessorius, fr. ac-cedo, pp. -cessus, to move toward]

accident accident (ak´si-dent)

An unanticipated but often predictable event leading to injury, e.g., in traffic, industry, or a domestic setting, or such an event developing in the course of a disease. [L. ac-cido, to happen]
cardiac a. sudden cardiac catastrophe, such as may result from coronary occlusion.
cerebrovascular a. (CVA) an imprecise term for cerebral stroke.
serum a. anaphylactic shock resulting from injection of foreign serum for therapeutic purposes. See also serum sickness.

accident-prone accident-prone

1. Having a greater number of accidents than would be expected of the average person in similar circumstances. 2. Having personality characteristics predisposing one to accidents.

acclimation acclimation (ak-li-ma´shun)

acclimatization

acclimatization acclimatization (a-klI´ma-ti-za´shun)

Physiological adjustment of an individual to a different climate, especially to a change in environmental temperature or altitude.acclimation;

accolé forms accolé forms (ak-ola´)

See under form.

accommodation accommodation (a-kom´o-da´shun)

1. The act or state of adjustment or adaptation. 2. In sensorimotor theory, the alteration of schemata or cognitive expectations to conform with experience. [L. ac-commodo, pp. -atus, to adapt, fr. modus, a measure]
amplitude of a. the difference in refractivity of the eye at rest and when fully accommodated.
a. of eye the increase in thickness and convexity of the eye's lens in order to focus the image of an external object upon the retina.
histologic a. change in shape of cells to meet altered physical conditions, as the flattening of cuboidal cells in cysts as a result of pressure.pseudometaplasia;
negative a. the decrease of a. that occurs when shifting from near vision to distance vision.
a. of nerve the property of a nerve by which it adjusts to a slowly increasing strength of stimulus, so that its threshold of excitation is greater than it would be were the stimulus strength to have risen more rapidly.
positive a. increased refractivity of the eye that occurs when shifting from the distance to a near object.
range of a. the distance between an object viewed with minimal refractivity of the eye and one viewed with maximal accommodation.
relative a. quantity of a. required for single binocular vision for any specified distance, or for any particular degree of convergence.

accommodative accommodative (a-kom´o-da-tiv)

Relating to accommodation.

accomplice accomplice (a-kom´plis)

A bacterium which accompanies the main infecting agent in a mixed infection and which influences the virulence of the main organism. [M.E., fr. O.Fr., fr. L. comples, closely connected]

accouchement accouchement (a-kush-mawn´)

Childbirth, particularly parturition. See also birth. [Fr. from coucher, to lie down]
a. forcé (for-sa´) forced, artificially hastened delivery, by means of forceps, version, etc.; originally applied to rapid dilation of the cervix with the hands, with version and forcible extraction of the fetus.

accoucheur accoucheur (a-ku-sher´)

Formerly used term for obstetrician.

accrementition accrementition (ak´re-men-tish´un)

1. Reproduction by budding or germination. 2. accretion (1) [L. accresco, pp. -cretus, to increase]

accretio cordis accretio cordis (a-kre´she-o kor´dis)

Adhesion of the pericardium to adjacent extracardiac structures.

accretion accretion (a-kre´shun)

1. Increase by addition to the periphery of material of the same nature as that already present; e.g., the manner of growth of crystals.accrementition (2); 2. In dentistry, foreign material (usually plaque or calculus) collecting on the surface of a tooth or in a cavity. 3. A growing together. [L. accretio, fr. ad, to, + crescere, to grow]

accrochage accrochage (ak-ro-shahj´)

Intermittent synchronization of two different rhythms of the heart with one influencing the behavior of the other when neither is dominant; seen in cases of atrioventricular dissociation when an atrial beat falls shortly after a ventricular beat, the latter causing the atrial beat to occur sooner than expected. [Fr. hooking, hitching]

accuracy accuracy (ak´kyu-ra-se)

The degree to which a measurement, or an estimate based on measurements, represents the true value of the attribute that is being measured. In the laboratory a. of a test is determined when possible by comparing results from the test in question with results generated from an established reference method.

ACD ACD

Abbreviation for acid-citrate-dextrose.

ACE ACE

Abbreviation for angiotensin-converting enzyme.

acebutolol acebutolol (as-e-byu´to-lol)

N-[3-Acetyl-4-[2-hydroxy-3-[(1-methylethyl)amino]propoxy]phenyl]butanamide;a beta-adrenergic blocking agent.

aceclidine aceclidine (a-sek´li-den)

3-Quinuclidinol acetate ester;a cholinergic drug used for topical therapy of glaucoma.

acedapsone acedapsone (as-e-dap´son)

Diacetyldiaminodiphenylsulfone;a derivative of dapsone with a longer duration of action; used to enhance the malaria chemoprophylaxis of quinine or of a combination of chloroquine-primaquine, and believed to act by interference with the utilization of folic acid.

acedia acedia (a-se-de-a)

A mental syndrome, the chief features of which are listlessness, carelessness, apathy, and melancholia.

acefylline piperazine acefylline piperazine (a-sef´i-len)

Piperazine theophylline-7-acetate;a diuretic and smooth muscle relaxant.

ACEI ACEI

Abbreviation for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, under inhibitor.

acellular acellular (a-sel´yu-lar)

1. Devoid of cells.noncellular (2); 2. A term applied to unicellular organisms that do not become multicellular and are complete within a single cell unit; frequently applied to protozoans to emphasize their complete organization within a single cell. [G. a- priv. + L. cellula, a small chamber]

acelom acelom (a-se´lom)

Absence of a true celom or body cavity lined with mesothelium; typically found in Platyhelminthes (flatworms), which have a syncytial mass of parenchymal cells instead of a true body cavity. [G. a- priv. + koiloma, hollow (celom)]

acelomate acelomate , acelomatous (a-se´lo-mat, a-se-lo´ma-tus)

Not having a celom or body cavity.

acenesthesia acenesthesia (a-se-nes-the´ze-a, a-sen-es-)

Absence of the normal sensation of physical existence, or of the consciousness of visceral functioning. [G. a- priv. + koinos, common, + aisthesis, feeling]

acenocoumarin acenocoumarin (a-se-no-ku´ma-rin)

acenocoumarol

acenocoumarol acenocoumarol (a-se-no-ku´ma-rol)

3-(a-acetonyl-p-nitrobenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin;an orally effective synthetic anticoagulant of the coumarin type, with similar actions.acenocoumarin, nicoumalone;

acentric acentric (a-sen´trik)

Lacking a center; in cytogenetics, denoting a chromosome fragment without a centromere. [G. a- priv. + kentron, center]

acephalia acephalia , acephalism (a-se-fa´le-a, a-sef´a-lizm)

acephaly

acephaline acephaline (a-sef´a-lIn)

Denoting members of the protozoan suborder Acephalina (order Eugregarinida), characterized by simple noncompartmentalized bodies, that parasitize invertebrates.

acephalobrachia acephalobrachia (a-sef´a-lo-bra´ke-a)

abrachiocephaly [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + brachion, arm]

acephalocardia acephalocardia (a-sef´a-lo-kar´de-a)

Absence of head and heart in a parasitic twin. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + kardia, heart]

acephalocheiria acephalocheiria , acephalochiria (a-sef´a-lo-kI´re-a)

Congenital absence of head and hands. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + cheir, hand]

acephalocyst acephalocyst (a-sef´a-lo-sist)

A hydatid cyst with no daughter cyst; a sterile hydatid, so called because it fails to develop scoleces or tapeworm heads. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + kystis, bladder]

acephalogasteria acephalogasteria (a-sef´a-lo-gas-ter´e-a)

Congenital absence of head, thorax, and abdomen in a parasitic twin with pelvis and legs only.

acephalopodia acephalopodia (a-sef´a-lo-po´de-a)

Congenital absence of head and feet. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + pous, foot]

acephalorrhachia acephalorrhachia (a-sef´a-lo-rak´e-a)

Congenital absence of head and vertebral column. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + rhachis, spine]

acephalostomia acephalostomia (a-sef´a-lo-sto´me-a)

Congenital absence of the greater part of the head with, however, the presence of a mouthlike opening. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + stoma, mouth]

acephalothoracia acephalothoracia (a-sef´a-lo-thor-a´se-a)

Congenital absence of head and thorax. [G. a- priv. + kephale, head, + thorax, chest]

acephalous acephalous (a-sef´a-lus)

acephalus

acephalus acephalus (a-sef´a-lus)

Headless.acephalous; [G. a- priv. + kephale, head]
a. acormus (a-kor´mus) condition in which a head without a body is attached to the placenta by an umbilical cord.
a. dibra´chius a fetus lacking a head but having two recognizably developed upper limbs.
a. di´pus a fetus lacking a head but showing two recognizably developed lower limbs.
a. monobra´chius a fetus lacking a head and showing only one recognizable upper limb.
a. mon´opus a fetus lacking a head and with fusion of the lower extremities so extreme that only a single foot is recognizable.
a. paraceph´alus a malformed fetus with only partially developed skull and little or no brain.
a. sym´pus an a. showing fusion of all of the lower limbs.

acephaly acephaly (a-sef´a-le)

Congenital absence of the head.acephalia, acephalism; [G. a- priv. + kephale, head]

acerola acerola (a-se-ro-la)

Fruit of a bushy tree that grows in Central and South America and Puerto Rico. The berry is the richest known source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

acervuline acervuline (a-ser´vyu-lIn)

Occurring in clusters, aggregated. [Mod. L. acervulus, a little heap]

acervulus acervulus (a-ser´vyu-lus)

corpora arenacea, under corpus [Mod. L. dim. of L. acervus, a heap]

acestoma acestoma (a-ses-to´ma)

Exuberant granulations that form a cicatrix. [G. akestos, curable, + -oma, tumor]

acesulfame acesulfame (a-se-sul-fam)

A synthetic, noncaloric sweetener similar to saccharin.

acet- acet- , aceto-

Combining forms denoting the two-carbon fragment of acetic acid.

acetabula acetabula (as-e-tab´yu-la)

Plural of acetabulum.

acetabular acetabular (as-e-tab´yu-lar)

Relating to the acetabulum.

acetabulectomy acetabulectomy (as´e-tab-yu-lek´to-me)

Excision of the acetabulum. [acetabulum + G. ektome, excision]

acetabuloplasty acetabuloplasty (as-e-tab´yu-lo-plas-te)

Any operation aimed at restoring the acetabulum to as near a normal state as possible. [acetabulum + G. plastos, formed]

acetabulum acetabulum , pl. acetabula (as-e-tab´yu-lum, -la) [NA]

A cup-shaped depression on the external surface of the hip bone, with which the head of the femur articulates.cotyle (2) , cotyloid cavity; [L. a shallow vinegar vessel or cup]

acetal acetal (as´e-tal)

Product of the addition of 2 moles of alcohol to one of an aldehyde, thus: RCHO + 2R´OH -> RCH(OR´)₂+ H₂O; in mixed acetals (e.g., glycosides), two different alcohols are bound to the original aldehyde group. See also hemiacetal, hemiketal, ketal.
a. phosphatide older trivial name for alk-1-enylglycerophospholipid.

acetaldehyde acetaldehyde (as-e-tal´de-hId)

CH₃CHO;an intermediate in yeast fermentation of carbohydrate and in alcohol metabolism. It is a central agent for the toxic effects of ethanol.acetic aldehyde, ethanal;
activated a. the activated form of acetaldehyde that is formed during the decarboxylation of active pyruvate. Formed in alcohol fermentation and in carbohydrate metabolism.a-hydroxyethylthiamin pyrophosphate;

acetamide acetamide (as-et-am´Id, a-set´a-mId)

CH₃CONH₂; Acetic amide;used in biomedical research.acetic amide;

2-acetamidofluorene (AAF) 2-acetamidofluorene (AAF) (as´et-am´i-do-flur´en)

2-acetylaminofluorene

acetaminophen acetaminophen (as-et-a-me´no-fen)

N-acetyl-p-aminophenol; p-acetamidophenol;an antipyretic and analgesic.paracetamol;

acetaminosalol acetaminosalol (as-e-tam´in-o-sal´ol)

salicylic acid ester of acetyl-p-aminophenol;used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and intestinal antiseptic.phenetsal;

acetanilid acetanilid (as-e-tan´i-lid)

C₆H₅NHCOCH₃; N-Phenylacetamide;an analgesic and antipyretic; continued use causes cyanosis.

acetarsol acetarsol (as-e-tar´sol)

acetarsone

acetarsone acetarsone (as-e-tar´son)

acetylaminohydroxyphenylarsonic acid; N-acetyl-4-hydroxy-m-arsanilic acid;used in the treatment of amebiasis, and as a local application in Vincent's angina and in trichomoniasis vaginitis. The diethylamine salt is used as an antisyphilitic.acetarsol;

acetate acetate (as´e-tat)

CH₃COO^-;a salt or ester of acetic acid.
active a. acetyl-CoA
a. kinase [EC 2.7.2.1] a phosphotransferase forming acetyl phosphate and ADP from ATP and acetate. An important enzyme in the formation of "high-energy" phosphate in certain microorganisms.acetokinase;
a. thiokinase acetyl-CoA ligase

acetate-CoA ligase acetate-CoA ligase

acetyl-CoA ligase

acetazolamide acetazolamide (as´e-ta-zol´a-mId)

The heterocyclic sulfonamide, 5-acetylamido-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide, which inhibits the action of carbonic anhydrase in the kidney, causing an increase in the urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate, reduced excretion of ammonium, a rise in the pH of the urine, and a fall in the pH of the blood; used in respiratory acidosis for diuresis and control of fluid retention, in glaucoma to reduce intraocular pressure, and in epilepsy. A. sodium has the same actions and uses as a., but is more soluble and suitable for parenteral administration.

acetenyl acetenyl (a-se´ten-il)

ethynyl

acetic acetic (a-se´tik, -set´ik)

1. Denoting the presence of the two-carbon fragment of acetic acid. 2. Relating to vinegar; sour. [L. acetum, vinegar]

acetic acid acetic acid

CH₃COOH;a product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood; used locally as a counterirritant and occasionally internally, and also as a reagent.ethanoic acid;
diluted a.a. contains 6% w/v of a.a.
glacial a.a. contains 99% absolute a.a.; a caustic for removal of corns and warts.

acetic aldehyde acetic aldehyde

acetaldehyde

acetic amide acetic amide

acetamide

aceticoceptor aceticoceptor (a-se´ti-ko-sep´tor)

A side chain of molecules with a special affinity for the acetic acid radical. [L. acetum, vinegar, + capio, to take]

acetic phosphoric anhydride acetic phosphoric anhydride

acetyl phosphate

acetify acetify (a-set´i-fI)

To cause acetic fermentation; to make vinegar or become vinegar. [L. acetum, vinegar, + facio, to make; or fieri, to be made, to become]

acetimeter acetimeter (as-e-tim´e-ter)

An apparatus for determining the content of acetic acid in vinegar or other fluid.acetometer; [L. acetum, vinegar, + G. metron, measure]

aceto- aceto-

See acet-.

acetoacetate acetoacetate (as´e-to-as´e-tat)

A salt or ion of acetoacetic acid. A ketone body formed in ketogenesis.diacetate (1);
a. decarboxylase [EC 4.1.1.4] a carboxy-lyase cleaving CO₂ from a. to form acetone.

acetoacetic acid acetoacetic acid (as´e-to-a-se´tik)

CH₃COCH₂COOH;one of the ketone bodies, formed in excess and appearing in the urine in starvation or diabetes.diacetic acid;

acetoacetyl-CoA acetoacetyl-CoA (as´e-to-a-se´til)

Intermediate in the oxidation of fatty acids and in the formation of ketone bodies; also formed from two molecules of acetyl-CoA; major role is condensation with acetyl-CoA to form the important beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-CoA.acetoacetyl-coenzyme A;
a.-CoA reductase [EC 1.1.1.36] an oxidoreductase catalyzing interconversion of a 3-oxoacyl-CoA and NADPH, and the corresponding d-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA, and NADP+. A step in fatty acid synthesis.
a.-CoA thiolase acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase

acetoacetyl-coenzyme A acetoacetyl-coenzyme A (as´e-to-as´e-til-ko-en´zIm)

acetoacetyl-CoA

acetoacetyl-succinic thiophorase acetoacetyl-succinic thiophorase (as´e-to-as´e-til-suk-sin´ik)

3-oxoacid-CoA transferase

acetohexamide acetohexamide (as-e-to-heks´a-mId)

1-[(p-Acetylphenyl)sulfonyl]-3-cyclohexylurea;an oral hypoglycemic agent that stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion; most useful therapeutically in mild cases of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid (as´e-to-hI-drok´sa-mik)

C₂H₅NO₂; N-Hydroxyacetamide;an inhibitor of urease, used as adjunctive therapy in chronic urea-splitting urinary infections.

acetoin acetoin (as-et´-o-in)

CH₃CH(OH)COCH₃; 3-Hydroxy-2-butanone;a condensation product of two molecules of acetaldehyde.acetyl methylcarbinol;

acetokinase acetokinase (as´e-to-kI´nas)

acetate kinase

acetol acetol (as´e-tol)

Obsolete term for 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, or hydroxyacetone, CH₂OH-CO-CH₃; also used as a proprietary name for certain commercial items.

a-acetolactic acid a-acetolactic acid (as´e-to-lak´tik)

An intermediate in pyruvic acid catabolism and valine biosynthesis; CH₃COC(OH)(CH₃)-COOH.

acetolysis acetolysis (as-e-tol´i-sis)

Decomposition of an organic compound with the addition of the elements of acetic acid at the point of decomposition; analogous to hydrolysis and phosphorolysis.

acetomenaphthone acetomenaphthone (as´e-to-me-naf´thon)

menadiol diacetate

acetometer acetometer (as-e-tom´e-ter)

acetimeter

acetone acetone (as´e-ton)

CH₃COCH₃;a colorless, volatile, inflammable liquid; extremely small amounts are found in normal urine, but larger quantities occur in urine and blood of diabetic persons, sometimes imparting an ethereal odor to the urine and breath. It is one of the ketone bodies. The synthetic is used as a solvent in some pharmaceutical and commercial preparations.dimethyl ketone;

acetonemia acetonemia (as´e-to-ne´me-a)

The presence of acetone or acetone bodies in relatively large amounts in the blood, manifested at first by erethism, and later by a progressive depression. [acetone + G. haima, blood]
bovine a. bovine ketosis
ovine a. pregnancy toxemia of sheep

acetonemic acetonemic (as´e-to-ne´mik)

Relating to or caused by acetonemia.

acetonitrile acetonitrile (as´e-to-nI´tril)

CH₃CN; Methyl cyanide;a colorless fluid of aromatic odor, soluble in water and alcohol.

acetonuria acetonuria (as´e-to-nur´e-a)

Excretion in the urine of large amounts of acetone, an indication of incomplete oxidation of large amounts of lipids; commonly occurs in diabetic acidosis. [acetone + G. ouron, urine]

acetophenazine maleate acetophenazine maleate (as-e-to-fe´na-zen mal´e-at)

2-Acetyl-10{3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazinyl]propyl}phenothiazine dimaleate;a phenothiazine tranquilizer.

acetophenetidin acetophenetidin (as´e-to-fe-net´i-din)

phenacetin

acetosulfone sodium acetosulfone sodium (as´e-to-sul´fon)

2-N-Acetylsulfamyl-4,4´-diaminodiphenylsulfone;a leprostatic administered orally.

acetous acetous (as´e-tus)

Relating to vinegar; sour-tasting.

acetrizoate sodium acetrizoate sodium (as-e-trI-zo´at)

Salt of 3-acetamido-2,4,6-triiobenzoic acid, a formerly used water-soluble radiographic contrast medium.

acetum acetum , pl. aceta (a-se´tum, -ta)

vinegar [L. vinum acetum, soured wine, vinegar]

aceturate aceturate (a-set´yu-rat)

USAN-approved contraction for N-acetylglycinate, CH₃CONHCH₂COO^-.

acetyl (Ac) acetyl (Ac) (as´e-til)

CH₃CO-;the radical; an acetic acid molecule from which the hydroxyl group has been removed.
a. chloride CH₃COCl;a colorless liquid used as a reagent; also corrosive, causing severe burns because of hydrolysis to HCl.
a. phosphate CH₃CO-OPO₃^2-;a "high energy" phosphate that acts as an acetate donor in the metabolism of various bacteria.acetic phosphoric anhydride;
a. transacylase ACP-acetyltransferase

acetyladenylate acetyladenylate (as´e-til-a-den´il-at)

Mixed anhydride between the carboxyl group of acetic acid and the phosphoric residue of adenosine 5´-monophosphoric acid; Ado(5´)OP(O₂H)-OCOCH₃.

2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) (as´e-til-am´i-no-flur´en)

N-2-fluorenylacetamide;a potent carcinogenic compound.2-acetamidofluorene;

acetylase acetylase (a-set´il-as)

Any enzyme catalyzing acetylation or deacetylation, as in the formation of N-acetylglutamate from glutamate plus acetyl-CoA, or the reverse; a.'s are usually called acetyltransferases.

N-acetylaspartate N-acetylaspartate (as´-e-til-as-par´tat)

An acetylated derivative of aspartate found in the brain. Used as a marker in brain NMR and in neuroimaging.

acetylation acetylation (a-set-i-la´shun)

Formation of an acetyl derivative.

acetylcarbromal acetylcarbromal (a-se´til-kar-bro´mal)

N-acetyl-N´-(bromodiethylacetyl)urea;a sedative replaced by benzodiazepines and newer drugs.

O-acetylcarnitine O-acetylcarnitine (as-e-til-kar´ni-ten)

The acetyl derivative of carnitine formed by carnitine acetyltransferase. Facilitates acetyl transport into the mitochondria and is an important fuel source for sperm.

acetylcholine (ACH, Ach) acetylcholine (ACH, Ach) (as-e-til-ko´len)

CH₃CO-OCH₂CH₂N(CH₃)₃; (2-acetoxyethyl)trimethylammonium ion;the acetic ester of choline, the neurotransmitter substance at cholinergic synapses, which causes cardiac inhibition, vasodilation, gastrointestinal peristalsis, and other parasympathetic effects. It is liberated from preganglionic and postganglionic endings of parasympathetic fibers and from preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic as a result of nerve injuries, whereupon it acts as a transmitter on the effector organ; it is hydrolyzed into choline and acetic acid by acetylcholinesterase before a second impulse may be transmitted.
a. chloride a miotic, administered as an ophthalmic solution for parasympathomimetic effect; used in cataract surgery.

acetylcholinesterase acetylcholinesterase (as´e-til-ko-lin-es´ter-as)

The cholinesterases that hydrolyze acetylcholine to acetate and choline within the central nervous system and at peripheral neuroeffector junctions (e.g., motor endplates and autonomic ganglia).choline esterase I, "e"-type cholinesterase, specific cholinesterase, true cholinesterase;

acetyl-CoA acetyl-CoA

Condensation product of coenzyme A and acetic acid, symbolized as CoAS~COCH₃; intermediate in transfer of two-carbon fragment, notably in its entrance into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in fatty acid synthesis.acetyl-coenzyme A, active acetate;
a.-CoA acetyltransferase an acetyltransferase forming acetoacetyl-CoA from two molecules of a.-CoA, releasing one CoA. A key step in ketogenesis and sterol synthesis.acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, a.-CoA thiolase, thiolase;
a.-CoA acylase a.-CoA hydrolase
a.-CoA acyltransferase an enzyme catalyzing the thioclastic cleavage by coenzyme A of beta-ketoacyl-CoA, forming an acyl-CoA with a carbon chain shorter by two atoms, the missing two atoms appearing as a.-CoA. A step in fatty acid degradation. See also a.-CoA acetyltransferase.3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, beta-ketothiolase;
a.-CoA carboxylase a ligase that catalyzes the reaction of a.-CoA, CO₂, H₂O, and ATP, with a divalent cation as catalyst and covalently bound biotin, to form malonyl-CoA, ADP, and P_i (or the reverse decarboxylase); N-carboxybiotin is an intermediate. A crucial enzyme in fatty acid synthesis.
a.-CoA deacylase a.-CoA hydrolase
a.-CoA:a-glucosaminide acetyltransferase an enzyme involved in the synthesis of certain carbohydrate moieties on proteins. A deficiency of this enzyme leads to mucopolysaccharidosis type III C.
a.-CoA hydrolase a hydrolase that cleaves acetate and coenzyme A from a.-CoA.a.-CoA acylase, a.-CoA deacylase;
a.-CoA ligase a ligase that catalyzes the reaction of acetate and CoA and ATP to form AMP, pyrophosphate, and a.-CoA. A key step in the activation of acetate.acetate thiokinase, acetate-CoA ligase, acetyl-activating enzyme, a.-CoA synthetase;
a.-CoA synthetase a.-CoA ligase
a.-CoA thiolase a.-CoA acetyltransferase

acetyl-coenzyme A acetyl-coenzyme A (as´e-til-ko-en´zIm)

acetyl-CoA

acetylcysteine acetylcysteine (as´e-til-sis´te-in)

N-Acetyl-l-cysteine;a mucolytic agent that reduces the viscosity of mucous secretions; used to treat acetaminophen toxicity.

acetyldigitoxin acetyldigitoxin (a-se´til-dij-i-tok´sin)

The a-acetyl ester of digitoxin derived from lanatoside A, having the same actions and uses as digitoxin, but more rapid onset and shorter duration of action.

acetyldigoxin acetyldigoxin (a-se´til-dI-jok´sin)

A digitalis glycoside with properties similar to those of digoxin; derived from digilanide C.

a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (as´e-til-gal-ak-tos-a-min-i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-a-d-galactosides to the alcohol and free 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactose. A deficiency of this enzyme will result in Schindler disease.

N-acetylglucosamine N-acetylglucosamine (as´e-til-glu-cos´a-men)

An acetylated amino sugar that is an important moiety of glycoproteins.

a-N-acetylglucosaminidase a-N-acetylglucosaminidase (as´e-til-glu-cos-a-min-i-das)

An enzyme that hydrolyzes glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine producing the alcohol and N-acetylglucosamine. A deficiency of this enzyme results in mucopolysaccharidosis III B.

N-acetylglutamate (NAG, AGA) N-acetylglutamate (NAG, AGA) (a-se´til-glu´ta-mat)

The salt of N-acetylglutamic acid. An activator of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I during urea synthesis; this amino acid causes a configurational change in the enzyme, increasing the activity of that enzyme. The inability to synthesize acetylglutamate results in a defect in urea biosynthesis.

acetylmethadol acetylmethadol (as´e-til-meth-a-dol)

An opioid analgesic which exists in 4 different optical isomers. The l isomers are active and l-acetylmethadol (LAM) has a long duration of action and has been tried as a substitute for methadone in methadone maintenance programs and in programs where methadone is to be withdrawn, as in physical dependence of the morphine type.

acetyl methylcarbinol acetyl methylcarbinol

acetoin

N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) (as´e-til-nur-a-min´ik-as´id)

The most common form of sialic acid in mammals.

acetylornithinase acetylornithinase (as´e-til-or´ni-thin-as)

acetylornithine deacetylase

acetylornithine deacetylase acetylornithine deacetylase (as´e-til-or´ni-then) [EC 3.5.1.16]

An enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of N²-acetyl-l-ornithine to l-ornithine and acetate.acetylornithinase;

3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine (as´e-til-pir´i-den)

An antimetabolite of nicotinamide that produces symptoms of nicotinamide deficiency in mice.

acetylsalicylic acid acetylsalicylic acid (as´e-til-sal-i-sil´ik)

aspirin

N1-acetylsulfanilamide N¹-acetylsulfanilamide

An antibacterial sulfa drug used topically and in the eye.

N4-acetylsulfanilamide N⁴-acetylsulfanilamide (as´e-til-sul-fa-nil´a-mId)

An intermediate in the synthesis of sulfanilamide; formed in animal bodies by acetylation of sulfanilamide.p-sulfamylacetanilide;

acetyl sulfisoxazole acetyl sulfisoxazole

A derivative of sulfisoxazole with the same actions and uses; an antibacterial sulfa drug.

acetyltannic acid acetyltannic acid (as´e-til-tan´ik)

An astringent used for treatment of diarrhea.diacetyltannic acid, tannylacetate;

acetyltransferase acetyltransferase (as´e-til-trans´fer-as)

Any enzyme transferring acetyl groups from one compound to another. See also acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, choline acetyltransferase, dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase.transacetylase;

AcG AcG , ac-g

Abbreviation for accelerator globulin.

ACH ACH , Ach

Abbreviation for acetylcholine.

Ach Ach

See ACH.

achalasia achalasia (ak-a-la´-ze-a)

Failure to relax; referring especially to visceral openings such as the pylorus, cardia, or any other sphincter muscles. [G. a- priv. + chalasis, a slackening]
esophageal a. an obstruction to the passage of food that develops in the terminal esophagus just proximal to the cardioesophageal junction caused by an autonomic nervous system abnormality; an associated dilation of the thoracic esophagus is commonly found.cardiospasm, phrenospasm;

Achard Achard

E. Charles, French physician, 1860-1941. See A. syndrome; A.-Thiers syndrome.

ache ache (ak)

A dull, poorly localized pain, usually one of less than severe intensity.
bone a. a dull pain in the bones, often severe; an extreme variety occurs in dengue.
stomach a. pain in the abdomen, usually arising in the stomach or intestine.gastralgia, gastrodynia;

acheilia acheilia (a-kI´le-a)

Congenital absence of the lips. [G. a- priv. + cheilos, lip]

acheilous acheilous , achilous (a-kI´lus)

Characterized by or relating to acheilia.

acheiria acheiria (a-kI´re-a)

1. Congenital absence of one or both hands. 2. Anesthesia in, with loss of the sense of possession of, one or both hands; a condition sometimes noted in hysteria. 3. A form of dyscheiria in which the patient is unable to tell on which side of the body a stimulus has been applied. [G. a- priv. + cheir, hand]

acheiropody acheiropody , achiropody (a-kI-rop´o-de, a-kI-rop´o-de) [MIM*200500]

Congenital absence of the hands and feet; autosomal recessive inheritance. [G. a- priv. + cheir, hand, + podos, foot]

acheirous acheirous , achirous (a-kI´rus)

Characterized by or relating to acheiria (1).

Achenbach Achenbach

Walter, 20th century German internist. See A. syndrome.

Achilles Achilles

Mythical Greek warrior, vulnerable only in the heel. See A. bursa, reflex, tendon.

achillobursitis achillobursitis (a-kil´o-ber-sI´tis)

Inflammation of a bursa in proximity to the tendo calcaneus.retrocalcaneobursitis;

achillodynia achillodynia (a-kil-o-din´e-a)

Pain due to inflammation of the bursa between the calcaneus and the tendo calcaneus (achillobursitis). [Achilles (tendon) + G. odyne, pain]

achillorrhaphy achillorrhaphy (a-kil-or´a-fe)

Suture of the tendo calcaneus. [Achilles (tendon) + G. rhaphe, a sewing]

achillotenotomy achillotenotomy (a-kil´o-ten-ot´o-me)

achillotomy [Achilles (tendon) + G. tenon, tendon, + tome, a cutting]

achillotomy achillotomy (a-kil-ot´o-me)

Division of the tendo calcaneus.achillotenotomy; [Achilles (tendon) + G. tome, incision]

achiral achiral (a-kI´ral)

Not chiral; denoting an absence of chirality. [G. a- priv. + cheir, hand]

achlorhydria achlorhydria (a-klor-hI´dre-a)

Absence of hydrochloric acid from the gastric juice. [G. a- priv. + chlorhydric (acid)]

achlorophyllous achlorophyllous (a-klor-o-fI´lus)

Without chlorophyll, as in fungi.

Acholeplasma Acholeplasma , pl. Acholeplasmata (a-ko-le-plas´ma, mah-ta)

A genus of bacteria (order Mycoplasmatales) that have characteristics identical to those of the species in the genus Mycoplasma, with the exception that the acholeplasmas do not require sterol for growth; saprophytic and parasitic species occur. The type species is A. laidlawii.
A. axan´thum a species originally found in a murine leukemia cell line; ecology not determined.
A. granula´rum a species that occurs as a commensal in swine; pathogenicity not determined.
A. laidla´wii a species that occurs as a saprophyte in sewage, manure, humus, and soil; type species of the genus A.Mycoplasma laidlawii;

acholia acholia (a-ko´le-a)

Suppressed or absent secretion of bile. [G. a- priv. + chole, bile]

acholic acholic (a-kol´ik)

Without bile, as in a. (pale) stools.

acholuria acholuria (a-ko-lu´re-a)

Absence of bile pigments from the urine in certain cases of jaundice. [G. a- priv. + chole, bile, + ouron, urine]

acholuric acholuric (a-ko-lu´rik)

Without bile in the urine.

achondrogenesis achondrogenesis (a-kon-dro-jen´e-sis) [MIM*200600 *200720]

Dwarfism accompanied by various bone aplasias of all four limbs, a normal or enlarged skull, and a short trunk with delayed ossification of the lower spine; autosomal recessive inheritance. A new dominant mutation of type II collagen has been reported. [G. a- priv., + chondros, cartilage, + genesis, origin]

achondroplasia achondroplasia (a-kon-dro-pla´ze-a) [MIM*100800]

A type of chondrodystrophy characterized by an abnormality in conversion of cartilage into bone, predominantly affecting long bones, in which epiphysial growth is retarded and ceases early, resulting in dwarfism apparent at birth, with short extremities but normal trunk; the head may be enlarged, the effect being exaggerated by midfacial hypoplasia; stenosis at the foramen magnum and the spinal column commonly cause compression and neurological compromise; autosomal dominant inheritance. [G. a- priv. + chondros, cartilage, + plasis, a molding]
avian a. an autosomal dominant a. seen in several breeds of domestic chickens.
bovine a. bulldog calf
homozygous a. severe a. affecting progeny of two achondroplastic parents; usually fatal in the first year of life.

achondroplastic achondroplastic (a-kon-dro-plas´tik)

Relating to or characterized by achondroplasia.

achordate achordate , achordal (a-kor´dat, a-kor´dal)

Referring to animal forms below the Chordata that do not develop a notochord or chorda.

achoresis achoresis (a-ko-re´sis)

Permanent contraction of a hollow viscus, such as the stomach or bladder, whereby its capacity is reduced. [G. a- priv. + choreo, to make room, fr. choros, space]

Achorion Achorion (a-ko´re-on)

Former name for Trichophyton. [G. achor, dandruff]

achroacyte achroacyte (a-kro´a-sIt)

A colorless cell. [G. a- priv. + chroa, color, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

achroacytosis achroacytosis (a-kro´a-sI-to´sis)

Obsolete term for lymphocytosis.

achrodextrin achrodextrin (ak-ro-deks´trin)

achroodextrin [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + dextrin]

achromacyte achromacyte (a-kro´ma-sIt)

achromocyte

achromasia achromasia (ak-ro-ma´se-a)

1. Pallor associated with hippocratic facies, emaciation, and weakness, often heralding a moribund state.cachectic pallor; 2. achromia [G. achromos, colorless]

achromat achromat (a-kro´mat)

A person exhibiting achromatopsia. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]

achromatic achromatic (ak-ro-mat´ik)

1. Colorless. 2. Not staining readily. 3. Refracting light without chromatic aberration. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]

achromatin achromatin (a-kro´ma-tin)

The weakly staining components of the nucleus, such as the nuclear sap and euchromatin.

achromatinic achromatinic (a-kro-ma-tin´ik)

Relating to or containing achromatin.

achromatism achromatism (a-kro´ma-tizm)

1. The quality of being achromatic. 2. The annulment of chromatic aberration by combining glasses of different refractive indexes and different dispersion.

achromatocyte achromatocyte (a-kro-mat´o-sIt)

achromocyte

achromatolysis achromatolysis (a-kro-ma-tol´i-sis)

Dissolution of the achromatin of a cell or of its nucleus.karyoplasmolysis;

achromatophil achromatophil (a-kro-mat´o-fil)

1. Not being colored by the histologic or bacteriologic stains.achromophilic, achromophilous; 2. A cell or tissue that cannot be stained in the usual way.achromophil; [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + philos, fond]

achromatophilia achromatophilia (a-kro´mat-o-fil´e-a)

A condition of being refractory to staining processes.

achromatopsia achromatopsia , achromatopsy (a-kro-ma-top´se-a, a-kro´ma-top-se) [MIM*216900]

A severe congenital deficiency in color perception, often associated with nystagmus and reduced visual acuity.achromatic vision, monochromasia, monochromasy, monochromatism (2); [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + opsis, vision]
atypical a. incomplete a. with normal visual acuity and no nystagmus. Cf. dyschromatopsia.
complete a. a. with absent color vision, nystagmus, reduced visual acuity, and light aversion.rod monochromatism, typical a;
incomplete a. impaired, but not absent, color vision with less severely reduced visual acuity than in complete a.; inherited as an autosomal recessive [MIM*200930] or as an X-linked disorder [MIM*304020] (blue cone monochromism; pi cone monochromatism [MIM*303700]).
typical a. complete a

achromatosis achromatosis (a-kro-ma-to´sis)

achromia [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]

achromatous achromatous (a-kro´ma-tus)

Colorless.

achromaturia achromaturia (a-kro-ma-tu´re-a)

The passage of colorless or very pale urine. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + ouron, urine]

achromia achromia (a-kro´me-a)

1. Depigmentation; absence, or loss of natural pigmentation of the skin and iris; may be congenital or acquired. See also depigmentation. 2. Lack of capacity to accept stains in cells or tissue.achromasia (2) , achromatosis; [G. a- priv. + chroma, color]
a. parasit´ica a phase of lessening or absence of pigmentation in cutaneous lesions, caused by the fungus Malassezia furfur. See also tinea versicolor.
a. un´guium leukonychia

achromic achromic (a-kro´mik)

Colorless.

achromocyte achromocyte (a-kro´mo-sIt)

A hypochromic, crescent-shaped erythrocyte, probably resulting from artifactual rupture of a red cell with loss of hemoglobin.achromacyte, achromatocyte, ghost corpuscle, phantom corpuscle, Ponfick's shadow, shadow corpuscle, shadow (3) , Traube's corpuscle; [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + kytos, hollow (cell)]

achromoderma achromoderma (a-kro-mo-der´ma)

leukoderma

achromophil achromophil (a-kro´mo-fil)

achromatophil

achromophilic achromophilic , achromophilous (a-kro-mo-fil´ik, a-kro-mof´i-lus)

achromatophil (1)

achromotrichia achromotrichia (a-kro-mo-trik´e-a)

Absence or loss of pigment in the hair. See also canities. [G. a- priv. + chroma, color, + thrix, hair]

achroodextrin achroodextrin (ak-ro´o-deks´trin)

Dextrin of low molecular weight, formed from starch in a stage of the digestion of the latter by amylase; it gives no color reaction with iodine. Cf. amylodextrin, erythrodextrin. achrodextrin; [G. achroos, uncolored, + dextrin]

achylia achylia (a-kI´le-a)

1. Absence of gastric juice or other digestive secretions. 2. Absence of chyle. [G. a- priv. + chylos, juice]
a. gas´trica diminished or abolished secretion of gastric juice associated with atrophy of the mucous membrane of the stomach.
a. pancreat´ica deficiency or absence of pancreatic secretion, usually resulting in fatty stools, emaciation, and impaired nutrition.

achylous achylous (a-kI´lus)

1. Lacking in gastric juice or other digestive secretions. 2. Having no chyle. [G. achylos, without juice]

acicular acicular (a-sik´yu-lar)

Needle-shaped or needle-pointed; applied particularly to leaves and crystals. [L. acicular, small pin]

acid acid (as´id)

1. A compound yielding a hydrogen ion in a polar solvent (e.g., in water); a.'s form salts by replacing all or part of the ionizable hydrogen with an electropositive element or radical. 2. In popular language, any chemical compound that has a sour taste (given by the hydrogen ion). 3. Sour; sharp to the taste. 4. Relating to a.; giving an a. reaction. For individual acids, see specific names. [L. acidus, sour]
bile a.'s steroid a.'s found in bile; e.g., taurocholic and glycocholic a.'s, used when biliary secretion is inadequate and for biliary colic. Their physiological roles include fat emulsification. Their synthesis is reduced in disorders of the peroxisomes.
Broonsted a. an a. that is a proton donor.
conjugate a. the protonated compound of two compounds that differ in structure only by the presence of the labile proton.
dibasic a. an a. containing two ionizable atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. See acid (1).
fatty a. See fatty acid.
inorganic a. an a. made up of molecules not containing organic radicals; e.g., HCl, H₂SO₄, H₃PO₄.
Lewis a. an a. that is an electron pair acceptor.
monobasic a. an a. containing one ionizable atom of hydrogen in the molecule. See acid (1).
organic a. an a. made up of molecules containing organic radicals; e.g., acetic a., citric a., which contain the ionizable -COOH group.
polybasic a. an a. containing more than three ionizable atoms of hydrogen in the molecule. See acid (1).
ruberythric acid (ru-ber´e-thrik) a glycoside of alizarin and a disaccharide containing d-xylose and d-glucose residues found in the roots of the madder plant.
wax a. a long-chain monocarboxylic a. with an even number of carbons, often found esterified in waxes (e.g., lauric acid).

acidaminuria acidaminuria (as´id-am-i-nu´re-a)

Obsolete term for aminoaciduria.

acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD)

A citrate anticoagulant used for the collection and preservation of whole blood. It has largely been replaced by newer coagulants (CPD, Adsol) that allow for longer shelf life for blood and blood products.

acidemia acidemia (as-i-de´me-a)

An increase in the H-ion concentration of the blood or a fall below normal in pH, notwithstanding alterations in bicarbonate concentration. Individual types of a. are listed by specific name, e.g., isovalericacidemia, aminoacidemia, etc. [acid + G. haima, blood]

acid-fast acid-fast (as´id-fast)

Denoting bacteria that are not decolorized by acid-alcohol after having been stained with dyes such as basic fuchsin; e.g., the mycobacteria and a few nocardiae.

acidify acidify (a-sid´i-fI)

1. To render acid. 2. To become acid.

acidity acidity (a-sid´i-te)

1. The state of being acid. 2. The acid content of a fluid.
total a. (a) an obsolete expression of gastric a., the a. being determined by titration with sodium hydroxide, using phenolphthalein as indicator.

acidocyte acidocyte (a-sid´o-sIt)

Obsolete term for eosinophilic leukocyte. [acid + G. kytos, cell]

acidophil acidophil , acidophile (a-sid´o-fil, a-sid´o-fIl)

1. acidophilic 2. One of the acid-staining cells of the anterior pituitary. 3. A microorganism that grows well in a highly acid media. [acid + G. philos, fond]

acidophilic acidophilic (as´i-do-fil´ik, a-sid´o-fil-ik)

Having an affinity for acid dyes; denoting a cell or tissue element that stains with an acid dye, such as eosin.acidophil (1) , acidophile, oxychromatic;

acidosis acidosis (as-i-do´sis)

A state characterized by actual or relative decrease of alkali in body fluids in relation to the acid content; depending on the degree of compensation for the a., the pH of body fluids may be normal or decreased; an accumulation of acid metabolites often is present, and tissue function may be disturbed (most importantly that of the central nervous system), if compensation is inadequate. [acid + G. -osis, condition]
carbon dioxide a. respiratory a
compensated a. an a. in which the pH of body fluids is normal; compensation is achieved by respiratory or renal mechanisms.
compensated respiratory a. retention of bicarbonate by the renal tubules to minimize the effect on the pH of the blood of retention of carbon dioxide by the lungs, such as occurs with hypoventilation.
diabetic a. decreased pH and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids caused by accumulation of ketone bodies in diabetes mellitus.
hyperchloremic a. renal tubular a
lactic a. decreased pH and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids caused by accumulation of lactic acid due to tissue hypoxia, drug reaction, or unknown etiology.
metabolic a. decreased pH and bicarbonate concentration in the body fluids caused either by the accumulation of acids or by abnormal losses of fixed base from the body, as in diarrhea or renal disease.
primary renal tubular a. a metabolic defect in the mechanism of urinary acidification that may be either the transient type, with onset in infancy, or the persistent type, with onset in childhood or adult years; both types are familial.
renal tubular a. a clinical syndrome characterized by decreased ability to acidify urine, and by low plasma bicarbonate and high plasma chloride concentrations, often with hypokalemia; often complicated by osteomalacia, nephrocalcinosis, or renal calculi. See also primary renal tubular a., secondary renal tubular a.hyperchloremic a;
respiratory a. a. caused by retention of carbon dioxide; due to inadequate pulmonary ventilation or hypoventilation, with decrease in blood pH unless compensated by renal retention of bicarbonate.carbon dioxide a;
secondary renal tubular a. renal tubular a. that may occur as a complication of hypercalcemic states, hyperglobulinemic disorders, and in some other chronic renal conditions; a regular component of De Toni-Fanconi syndrome.
starvation a. ketoacidosis resulting from lack of food intake, leading to fat catabolism to provide energy, releasing acidic ketone bodies.
uncompensated a. an a. in which the pH of body fluids is subnormal, because restoration of normal acid-base balance is not possible or has not yet been achieved.

acidotic acidotic (as-i-dot´ik)

Pertaining to or indicating acidosis.

acid red 87 acid red 87

eosin y

acid red 91 acid red 91

eosin B

acidulate acidulate (a-sid´yu-lat)

To render more acid or sour.

acidulous acidulous (a-sid´yu-lus)

Acid or sour.

aciduria aciduria (as-i-du´re-a)

1. Excretion of an acid urine. 2. Excretion of an abnormal amount of any specified acid. Individual types of a. are prefixed by the specific acid; e.g., aminoaciduria, ketoaciduria. [acid + G. ouron, urine]

aciduric aciduric (as-i-du´rik)

Pertaining to bacteria that tolerate an acid environment. [acid + L. duro, to endure]

acinar acinar (as´i-nar)

Pertaining to the acinus.acinic;

Acinetobacter Acinetobacter (as-i-ne´to-bak´ter)

A genus of nonmotile, aerobic bacteria (family Neisseriaceae) containing Gram-negative or -variable coccoid or short rods, or cocci, often occurring in pairs. Spores are not produced. These bacteria grow on ordinary media without the addition of serum. They are oxidase-negative and catalase-positive; carbohydrates are oxidized or not attacked at all, and arginine dihydrolase is not produced. They are a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and can also cause severe primary infections in immunocompromised people. The type species is A. calcoaceticus.Lingelsheimia;
A. calcoacet´icus a species of bacteria originally found in a quinate enrichment; strains of this organism which were identified as Bacterium anitratum were found in the genitourinary tract; it is the type species of the genus A.Lingelsheimia anitrata;

acini acini (as´i-nI)

Plural of acinus.

acinic acinic (a-sin´ik)

acinar

aciniform aciniform (a-sin´i-form)

acinous [L. acinus, grape, + forma, shape]

acinitis acinitis (as-in-I´tis)

Inflammation of an acinus.

acinose acinose (as´i-nos)

acinous

acinous acinous (as´i-nus)

Resembling an acinus or grape-shaped structure.aciniform, acinose;

acinus acinus , gen and pl. acini (as´i-nus, -nI) [NA]

One of the minute grape-shaped secretory portions of an acinous gland. Some authorities use the terms a. and alveolus interchangeably, whereas others differentiate them by the constricted openings of the a. into the excretory duct. [L. berry, grape]
liver a. the smallest functional unit of the liver, comprising all of the liver parenchyma supplied by a terminal branch of the portal vein and hepatic artery; typically involves segments of two lobules lying between two terminal hepatic venules.Rappaport's a;
pulmonary a. that part of the airway consisting of a respiratory bronchiole and all of its branches.primary pulmonary lobule, respiratory lobule;
Rappaport's a. liver a

aclasia aclasia (a-kla´ze-a)

aclasis

aclasis aclasis (ak´la-sis)

A state of continuity between normal and abnormal tissue.aclasia; [G. a- priv. + klasis, a breaking away, a fragment]
diaphysial a. hereditary multiple exostoses, under exostosis
tarsoepiphyseal a. (tar´-so-ep´I-fiz´e- al) epiphysealis hemimelica, affects ankles and knees leading to limitation of motion.Trevor's disease;

acleistocardia acleistocardia (a-klIs-to-kar´de-a)

Obsolete term denoting patency of the foramen ovale of the heart. [G. a- priv. + kleistos, closed, + kardia, heart]

acme acme (ak´me)

The period of greatest intensity of any symptom, sign, or process. [G. akme, the highest point]

acmesthesia acmesthesia (ak-mes-the´ze-a)

1. Sensitivity to pinprick. 2. A cutaneous sensation of a sharp point. [G. acme, point, + aisthesis, sensation]

acne acne (ak´ne)

An inflammatory follicular, papular, and pustular eruption involving the pilo sebaceous apparatus. [probably a corruption (or copyist's error) of G. akme, point of efflorescence]
a. al´bida a. caused by milia.
a. artificia´lis a. produced by external irritants, such as tar (chloracne), or drugs internally administered, such as iodides or bromides.a. venenata;
bromide a. follicular eruption on face, trunk, and extremities, due to bromide ingestion. See also bromoderma.
a. cachectico´rum a. occurring in persons who have a debilitating constitutional disease; characterized by large, soft, purulent, ulcerative, cystic, and scarred lesions.
chlorine a. chloracne
a. cilia´ris follicular papules and pustules on the free edges of the eyelids.
colloid a. colloid milium
a. congloba´ta severe cystic a., characterized by cystic lesion, abscesses, communicating sinuses, and thickened, nodular scars; usually sparing the face.
a. cosmet´ica low-grade, non-inflammatory acne lesions from repeated application of comedogenic agents in cosmetics.
cystic a. severe a. in which the predominant lesions are follicular cysts which rupture and scar.
a. decal´vans folliculitis decalvans
a. erythemato´sa rosacea
a. fronta´lis a. varioliformis
a. fulminans (ak´ne ful´mi-nanz) severe scarring a. in teenaged males, which may be associated with fever, polyarthralgia, crusted ulcerative lesions, weight loss, and anemia. [fulmen, fulminis, thunder, lightning]
a. genera´lis a. lesions involving the face, chest, and back.
halogen a. an acneform eruption caused by bromides or iodides.
a. hypertroph´ica a. vulgaris in which the lesions, on healing, leave hypertrophic scars.
a. indura´ta deeply seated a., with large papules and pustules, large scars, and hypertrophic scars.
iodide a. a follicular eruption on the face, trunk, and extremities, due to injection or ingestion of iodide in a hypersensitive individual. See also iododerma.
a. kerato´sa an eruption of papules consisting of horny plugs projecting from the hair follicles, accompanied by inflammation.
a. medicamento´sa a. caused or exacerbated by drugs, e.g., antiepileptic, halogens, steroids, tuberculostatic.
a. necrot´ica a. varioliformis
a. neonato´rum a condition in newborn infants, characterized by papules and comedones on forehead and cheeks.
a. papulo´sa a. vulgaris in which the papular lesions predominate.
pomade a. a. commonly found on the forehead and temples of negro males after prolonged and repetitious application of hair creams.
a. puncta´ta a. with black open comedones.
a. pustulo´sa a. vulgaris in which pustular lesions predominate.
a. rosa´cea rosacea
a. scrofulosorum lichen scrofulosorum
a. sim´plex , simple a. a. vulgaris
steroid a. folliculitis similar to a. vulgaris, but resulting from topical or oral administration of steroids; comedones are rare.
a. syphilit´ica pustular syphilid
tar a. chloracne
tropical a. a severe type of a. of the entire trunk, shoulders, upper arms, buttocks, and thighs; occurs in hot, humid climates.
a. urtica´ta an eruption of acne-like lesions, beginning as urticarial papules and followed by slight scarring.
a. variolifor´mis a pyogenic infection involving follicles occurring chiefly on the forehead and temples; involution of the umbilicated and crusting lesions is followed by scar formation.a. frontalis, a. necrotica;
a. venena´ta a. artificialis
a. vulga´ris an eruption, predominantly of the face, upper back, and chest, composed of comedones, cysts, papules, and pustules on an inflammatory base; the condition occurs in a majority of people during puberty and adolescence, due to androgenic stimulation of sebum secretion, with plugging of follicles by keratinization, associated with proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes.a. simplex, simple a;

acneform acneform (ak´ne-form)

Resembling acne.acneiform;

acnegenic acnegenic (ak-ne-jen´ik)

comedogenic

acneiform acneiform (ak-ne´i-form)

acneform

acnemia acnemia , aknemia (ak-ne´me-a)

1. Congenital absence of legs. 2. Atrophy of the muscles of the calves of the legs. [G. a- priv. + kneme, leg]

acokanthera acokanthera (ak-o-kan´ther-a)

Juice from the leaves and stems of Acokanthera ouabaio (family Apocynaceae), a South African arrow poison containing ouabain. [G. akoke, a point, + antheros, blooming]

acolasia acolasia (ak-o-la´se-a)

Rarely used term for morbid intemperance or lust. [G. akolasia, licentiousness]

acolous acolous (ak´o-lus)

Without limbs. [G. a- priv. + kolon, limb]

acomia acomia (a-ko´me-a)

alopecia [G. a- priv. + kome, hair of head]

aconative aconative (a-kon´a-tiv)

Without the desire or wish to act. [G. a- priv. + L. conor, to try]

aconitase aconitase (a-kon´i-tas)

aconitate hydratase

aconitate hydratase aconitate hydratase (a-kon´i-tat)

An iron-containing enzyme catalyzing the dehydration of citric acid to cis-aconitic acid, a reaction of significance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.aconitase;

aconite aconite (ak´o-nIt)

The dried root of Aconitum napellus (family Ranunculaceae), monkshood or wolfsbane; a powerful and rapid-acting poison formerly used as an antipyretic, diuretic, diaphoretic, anodyne, cardiac and respiratory depressant, and externally as an analgesic.

cis-aconitic acid cis-aconitic acid (ak-o-nit´ik)

Dehydration product of citric acid; an enzyme-bound intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.

aconitine aconitine (a-kon´i-ten)

Acetylbenzoylaconine;the exceedingly poisonous active principle (diterpene alkaloid) of Aconitum sp. and Delphinium sp., formerly used as a cardiac sedative and applied externally for neuralgia.

acorea acorea (a-ko´re-a)

Congenital absence of the pupil of the eye. [G. a- priv. + kore, pupil]

Acosta Acosta

Joseph (José) de, Spanish Jesuit missionary, 1539-1600. See A.'s disease.

acouasm acouasm (a-ku´a-zm)

acousma

acousma acousma (a-kus´ma)

Rarely used term for an auditory hallucination in which indefinite sounds, such as ringing or hissing, are heard.acouasm; [G. akousma, something heard]

acousmatamnesia acousmatamnesia (a-kus´ma-tam-ne´ze-a)

Rarely used term for a loss of memory for sounds. [G. akousma, something heard, + amnesia, forgetfulness]

acoustic acoustic (a-kus´tik)

Pertaining to hearing and the perception of sound, e.g., acoustic meatus, acoustic nerve. [Gr. akoustikos]

acousticophobia acousticophobia (a-kus´ti-ko-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of sounds. [G. akoustikos, acoustic, + phobos, fear]

acoustics acoustics (a-kus´tiks)

The science concerned with sounds and of their perception. [G. akoustikos, relating to hearing]

ACP ACP

Abbreviation for acyl carrier protein.

ACP-acetyltransferase ACP-acetyltransferase

Enzyme transferring acetyl from acetyl-CoA to ACP and releasing CoA to begin fatty acid synthesis.acetyl transacylase;

ACP-malonyltransferase ACP-malonyltransferase

An enzyme transferring malonyl from malonyl-CoA to ACP and releasing free CoA; a key step in fatty acid synthesis.malonyl transacylase;

ACPS ACPS

Abbreviation for acrocephalosyndactyly.

acquired acquired (a-kwIrd´)

Denoting a disease, predisposition, abnormality, etc. that is not inherited. [L. ac-quiro (adq-), to obtain, fr. quaero, to seek]

acquisition acquisition (ak-wi-zish´un)

In psychology, the empirical demonstration of an increase in the strength of the conditioned response in successive trials of pairing the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus.

acquisitus acquisitus (a-kwiz´i-tus)

Obsolete term for acquired.

ACR ACR

Abbreviation for American College of Radiology.

acral acral (ak´ral)

Relating to or affecting the peripheral parts, e.g., limbs, fingers, ears, etc. [G. akron, extremity]

Acrania Acrania (a-kra´ne-a)

A group of the phylum Chordata whose members possess a notochord, gill slits, and nerve cord but no vertebrae, ribs, or skull; e.g., Amphioxus, tunicates, and acorn worms. [G. a- priv. + kranion, skull]

acrania acrania (a-kra´ne-a)

Complete or partial absence of a skull; associated with anencephaly. [G. a- priv. + kranion, skull]

acranial acranial (a-kra´ne-al)

Having no cranium; relating to acrania or an acranius.

acranius acranius

A malformed fetus exhibiting acrania.

Acrel Acrel

Olof, Swedish surgeon, 1717-1806. See A.'s ganglion.

Acremonium Acremonium (ak-re-mo´ne-um)

A genus of fungi (family Moniliaceae, order Moniliales) that causes eumycotic mycetoma; three species, A. falciforme, A. kiliense, and A. recifei, produce whitish to yellow grains in the tissues. Produces keratomycosis and the antibiotic cephalosporin.

acribometer acribometer (ak-ri-bom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring very minute objects. [G. akribes, exact, + metron, measure]

acrid acrid (ak´rid)

Sharp, pungent, biting, or irritating. [L. acer (acr-), pungent]

acridine acridine (ak´ri-den)

10-azaanthracene;a dye, dye intermediate, and antiseptic precursor (9-aminoacridine, acriflavine, proflavine hemisulfate) derived from coal tar and irritating to skin and mucous membranes.dibenzopyridine;
tetramethyl a. acridine orange

acridine orange acridine orange [C.I. 46005]

3,6-bis(dimethylamino)acridine hydrochloride;a basic fluorescent dye useful as a metachromatic stain for nucleic acids; also used in screening cervical smears for abnormal and malignant cells, where unusual amounts of DNA and RNA occur during proliferation and in tumors (DNA fluoresces yellow to green; RNA fluoresces orange to red).tetramethyl acridine;

acridine yellow acridine yellow

A faintly yellow solution with strong bluish-violet fluorescence; used as a topical antiseptic and as a fluorescent stain in histology.5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride;

acriflavine acriflavine (ak-ri-fla´vin) [C.I. 46000]

An acridine dye, a mixture of 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride and 3,6-diaminoacridine; formerly used as a topical and urinary antiseptic, and used as one of Kasten's fluorescent Schiff reagents to reveal polysaccharides and DNA.

acrimonia acrimonia (ak-ri-mo´ne-a)

In ancient humoral pathology, a sharp, pungent, disease-provoking humor. [L. pungency]

acrimony acrimony (ak´rI-mo-ne)

The quality of being intensely irritant, biting, or pungent. [L. acrimonia, pungency]

acrinol acrinol (ak´ri-nol)

ethacridine lactate

acrisorcin acrisorcin (ak-ri-sor´sin)

9-Aminoacridine with 4-hexylresorcinol;a synthetic topical antifungal agent.

acritical acritical (a-krit´i-kal, a-)

Rarely used term for: 1. Not critical; marked by no crisis; denoting diseases terminating by lysis. 2. Indeterminate, especially concerning prognosis. [G. a- priv. + kritikos, critical]

acro- acro-

Combining form meaning: 1. Extremity, tip, end, peak, topmost. 2. Extreme. [G. akron, highest point, extremity; akros, topmost, outermost, inmost, extreme, tip]

acroagnosis acroagnosis (ak´ro-ag-no´sis)

Loss or impairment of the sensory recognition of a limb. Absence of acrognosis.

acroanesthesia acroanesthesia (ak´ro-an-es-the´ze-a)

Anesthesia of one or more of the extremities. [acro- + G. an- priv. + aisthesis sensation]

acroarthritis acroarthritis (ak-ro-arth-rI´tis)

Inflammation of the joints of the hands or feet. [acro- + G. arthron, joint, + -itis]

acroasphyxia acroasphyxia (ak´ro-as-fik´se-a)

Impaired digital circulation, possibly a mild form of Raynaud's disease, marked by a purplish or waxy white color of the fingers, with subnormal local temperature and paresthesia.dead fingers, waxy fingers; [acro- + G. asphyxia, stoppage of the pulse]

acroataxia acroataxia (ak´ro-a-tak´se-a)

Ataxia affecting the distal portion of the extremities, i.e., hands and fingers, feet, and toes. Cf. proximoataxia. [acro- + ataxia]

acroblast acroblast (ak´ro-blast)

Component of the developing spermatid composed of numerous Golgi elements; it contains the proacrosomal granules. [acro- + G. blastos, germ]

acrobrachycephaly acrobrachycephaly (ak´ro-brak-i-sef´a-le)

Type of craniosynostosis with premature closure of the coronal suture, resulting in abnormally short anteroposterior diameter of the skull. [acro- + G. brachys, short, + kephale, head]

acrocentric acrocentric (ak-ro-sen´trik)

Having the centromere close to one end; said of a normal chromosome. [acro- + G. kentron, center]

acrocephalia acrocephalia (ak-ro-se-fa´le-a)

oxycephaly

acrocephalic acrocephalic (ak-ro-se-fal´ik)

oxycephalic

acrocephalopolysyndactyly acrocephalopolysyndactyly (ak´ro-sef´a-lo-pol´e-sin-dak´ti-le)

Congenital malformation in which oxycephaly, brachysyndactyly of hand, and preaxial polydactyly of feet are associated with mental retardation; it is usually inherited as an autosomal recessive trait [MIM *200995, *201000] but there is also a dominant form [MIM*101120].Carpenter's syndrome (2) , Goodman's syndrome, Noack's syndrome, Sakati-Nyhan syndrome;

acrocephalosyndactyly (ACPS) acrocephalosyndactyly (ACPS) (ak´ro-sef´a-lo-sin-dak´ti-le)

A group of congenital syndromes characterized by peaking at the head, due to premature closure of skull sutures and fusion or webbing of digits.acrodysplasia, Apert's syndrome; [acrocephaly + G. syn, together, + daktylos, finger]
type I a. See acrocephalosyndactyly.
type II a. Vogt cephalodactyly;
type III a. an autosomal dominant syndrome with variable expression of brachycephaly, maxillary hypoplasia, prominent ear crus, syndactyly, facial asymmetry, shallow orbits, telecanthus, and nasal septal deviation; may show mental retardation.Saethre-Chotzen syndrome;
type IV a. (ak´ro-sef´a-lo-sin- dak´tI-le) a. with pointed nose, hypertelorism, cleft palate, congenital heart disease and pseudohermaphroditism; contractures of elbows and knees; soft tissue syndactyly, absent first metatarsal and great toe. Autosomal recessive.
type V a. a. with broad short thumbs and great toes, often with duplication (polydactyly) of the great toes and variable syndactyly of other digits; autosomal dominant inheritance.Pfeiffer's syndrome;

acrocephalous acrocephalous (ak-ro-sef´a-lus)

oxycephalic

acrocephaly acrocephaly (ak´ro-sef´a-le)

oxycephaly [acro- + G. kephale, head]

acrochordon acrochordon (ak-ro-kor´don)

skin tag [acro- + G. chorde, cord]

acrocinesia acrocinesia , acrocinesis (ak´ro-si-ne´ze-a, -e´sis)

Excessive movement.acrokinesia; [acro- + G. kinesis, movement]

acrocontracture acrocontracture (ak´ro-kon-trak´chur)

Contracture of the joints of the hands or feet.

acrocyanosis acrocyanosis (ak´ro-sI-a-no´sis)

A circulatory disorder in which the hands, and less commonly the feet, are persistently cold and blue; some forms are related to Raynaud's phenomenon.Crocq's disease, Raynaud's sign; [acro- + G. kyanos, blue, + -osis, condition]

acrocyanotic acrocyanotic (ak´ro-sI-a-not´ik)

Characterized by acrocyanosis.

acrodermatitis acrodermatitis (ak´ro-der-ma-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the skin of the extremities. [acro- + G. derma, skin, + -itis, inflammation]
a. chron´ica atroph´icans a gradually progressive late skin manifestation of Lyme disease, appearing first on the feet, hands, elbows or knees, and comprised of indurated, erythematous plaques that become atrophic, giving a tissue-paper appearance of the involved sites. The disease is caused by Borrelia spirochetes, commonly transmitted by the Ixodes ricinus wood tick.
a. contin´ua pustulosis palmaris et plantaris
a. enteropath´ica [MIM*201100] a progressive defect of zinc metabolism in young children (3 weeks to 18 months), often manifests first as a blistering, oozing, and crusting eruption on an extremity or around one of the orifices of the body, followed by loss of hair and diarrhea or other gastrointestinal disturbances; relieved by lifelong oral zinc supplementation; autosomal recessive trait.
a. hiema´lis a. occurring chiefly in winter.
papular a. of childhood Gianotti-Crosti syndrome
a. per´stans pustulosis palmaris et plantaris
a. vesiculos´a trop´ica a form occurring in hot climates in which the skin of the extremities is glossy and shows numerous small vesicles.

acrodermatosis acrodermatosis (ak´ro-der-ma-to´sis)

Any cutaneous affection involving the more distal portions of the extremities. [acro- + G. derma, skin, + -osis, condition]

acrodont acrodont (ak´ro-dont)

Tooth attachment in some lower vertebrates (mainly fish) in which the teeth rest on the edge of the jaw bone rather than in sockets or alveoli. [acro- + G. odous, tooth]

acrodynia acrodynia (ak-ro-din´e-a)

1. Pain in peripheral or acral parts of the body. 2. A syndrome caused almost exclusively by mercury poisoning: in children, characterized by erythema of the extremities, chest, and nose, polyneuritis, and gastrointestinal symptoms; in adults, by anorexia, photophobia, sweating, and tachycardia.acrodynic erythema, dermatopolyneuritis, erythredema, Feer's disease, pink disease, Swift's disease; [acro- + G. odyne, pain]

acrodysesthesia acrodysesthesia (ak´ro-dis-es-the´ze-a)

Abnormal and unpleasant sensations in the peripheral portions of the extremities. [acro- + dysesthesia]

acrodysostosis acrodysostosis (ak´ro-dis-os-to´sis) [MIM*101800]

A disorder in which the hands and feet are short with stubby fingers and toes. Growth retardation is progressive. Mental retardation and marked nasal hypoplasia are also present; autosomal dominant inheritance. [acro- + dysostosis]

acrodysplasia acrodysplasia (ak´ro-dis-pla´ze-a)

acrocephalosyndactyly [acro- + dysplasia]

acroedema acroedema (ak´ro-e-de´ma)

Edema of hand or foot, often permanent.

acroesthesia acroesthesia (ak´ro-es-the´ze-a)

1. An extreme degree of hyperesthesia. 2. Hyperesthesia of one or more of the extremities. [acro- + G. aisthesis, sensation]

acrogenous acrogenous (ak-roj´e-nus)

Denoting conida of fungi produced by the conidiogenous cell at the tip of a conidiophore. [acro- + G. genos, birth]

acrogeria acrogeria (ak-ro-jer´e-a) [MIM*201200]

Congenital reduction or loss of subcutaneous fat and collagen of the hands and feet, giving the appearance of senility; the genetic evidence is ambiguous. [acro- + G. geron, old]

acrognosis acrognosis (ak-rog-no´sis)

Cenesthesia, or normal sensory perception, of the extremities. [acro- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

acrohyperhidrosis acrohyperhidrosis (ak´ro-hI´per-hI-dro´sis)

Hyperhidrosis of the hands and feet.

acrokeratoelastoidosis acrokeratoelastoidosis (ak´ro-ker´a-to-e-las-toy-do´sis) [MIM*101850]

A developmental papular keratosis of the palms and soles, with disorganization of dermal elastic fibers; unrelated to sunlight and physical trauma. See also keratoelastoidosis. [acro + G. keras, horn, + elastos, beaten, + eidos, resemblance, + -osis, condition]

acrokeratosis acrokeratosis (ak´ro-ker-a-to´sis)

Overgrowth of the horny layer of the skin, usually nodular configurations, of the dorsum of the fingers and toes, and occasionally on the rim of the ear and tip of the nose. [acro- + G. keras, horn, + -osis, condition]
paraneoplastic a. Bazex's syndrome

acrokeratosis verruciformis acrokeratosis verruciformis (ak´ro-ker-a-to´sis ve-ru-si-form´is) [MIM*101900]

An outmoded dominant disorder characterized by warty papules of the hands and feet; autosomal dominant inheritance. [acro- + keratosis; L. verruca, a wart, + forma, form]

acrokinesia acrokinesia (ak´ro-ki-ne´ze-a)

acrocinesia

acroleic acids acroleic acids (ak-ro´-le-ik)

acrylic acids

acroleukopathy acroleukopathy (ak´ro-lu-kop´a-the)

Depigmentation of the extremities.

acromegalia acromegalia (ak´ro-me-ga´le-a)

acromegaly

acromegalic acromegalic (ak´ro-me-gal´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by acromegaly.

acromegalogigantism acromegalogigantism (ak´ro-meg´a-lo-jI´gan-tizm)

Gigantism in which the facial features, disproportionate enlargement of the extremities, and other signs of acromegaly are prominent. [acro- + G. megas, great, + gigas, giant]

acromegaloidism acromegaloidism (ak-ro-meg´a-loyd-izm)

Rarely used term for a condition in which body proportions resemble those of acromegaly.

acromegaly acromegaly (ak-ro-meg´a-le)

A disorder marked by progressive enlargement of peripheral parts of the body, especially the head, face, hands, and feet, due to excessive secretion of somatotropin; organomegaly and metabolic disorders occur; diabetes mellitus may develop.acromegalia; [acro- + G. megas, large]

acromelalgia acromelalgia (ak-ro-mel-al´je-a)

See erythromelalgia. [acro- + G. melos, limb, + algos, pain]

acromelic acromelic (ak-ro-mel´ik)

Affecting the terminal part of a limb. [acro- + G. melos, limb]

acromesomelia acromesomelia (ak-ro-me´le-a) [MIM*201250]

A form of dwarfism in which shortening is striking in the most distal segment of the limbs; autosomal recessive inheritance.acromelic dwarfism; [acro- + G. melos, limb, + ia, condition]

acrometagenesis acrometagenesis (ak´ro-met-a-jen´e-sis)

Abnormal growth of the extremities resulting in deformity. [acro- + G. meta, beyond, + genesis, origin]

acromial acromial (a-kro´me-al)

Relating to the acromion.

acromicria acromicria (ak-ro-mik´re-a, ak-ro-mI´kre-a)

The antithesis of acromegaly; a condition in which the bones of the face and extremities are small and delicate; possibly due to a deficiency of somatotropin. [acro- + G. mikros, small]

acromioclavicular acromioclavicular (a-kro´me-o-kla-vik´yu-lar)

Relating to the acromion and the clavicle; denoting the articulation and ligaments between the clavicle and the acromion of the scapula.scapuloclavicular (1);

acromiocoracoid acromiocoracoid (a-kro-me-o-kor´a-koyd)

coracoacromial

acromiohumeral acromiohumeral (a-kro´me-o-hyu´mer-al)

Relating to the acromion and the humerus.

acromion acromion (a-kro´me-on) [NA]

The lateral end of the spine of the scapula which projects as a broad flattened process overhanging the glenoid fossa; it articulates with the clavicle and gives attachment to part of the deltoid and trapezius muscles. Its lateral border is a palpable landmark ("the point of the shoulder").acromial process; [G. akromion, fr. akron, tip, + omos, shoulder]

acromioscapular acromioscapular (a-kro´me-o-skap´yu-lar)

Relating to both the acromion and body of the scapula.

acromiothoracic acromiothoracic (a-kro´me-o-tho-ras´ik)

thoracoacromial

acromphalus acromphalus (ak-rom´fal-us)

Abnormal projection of the umbilicus. [acro- + G. omphalos, umbilicus]

acromyotonia acromyotonia (ak´ro-mI-o-to´ne-a)

Myotonia affecting the extremities only, resulting in spasmodic deformity of the hand or foot.acromyotonus; [acro- + G. mys, muscle, + tonos, tension]

acromyotonus acromyotonus (ak-ro-mI-ot´o-nus)

acromyotonia

acronine acronine (ak´ro-nen)

3,12-Dihydro-6-methoxy-3,3,12-trimethyl-7H-pyrano[2,3-c]acridin-7-one;an antineoplastic agent.

acro-osteolysis acro-osteolysis (ak´ro-os-te-ol´i-sis) [MIM*102500]

Congenital condition manifested by palmar and plantar ulcerating lesions with osteolysis involving distal phalanges of the fingers and toes. Acquired a.-o. has been reported in workers exposed to vinyl chloride. There is an autosomal disorder, Cheney's syndrome [MIM*102500], in which this finding is combined with Wormian bones, hypolplasia of the mandibular rami and basilar osteoporosis. See also Cheney syndrome. [acro- + G. osteon, bone, + lysis, loosening]

acropachy acropachy (ak´ro-pak-e, a-krop´a-ke)

Thickening of peripheral tissues; seen most often in hypothyroidism and hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy. [acro- + G. pachys, thick]

acropachyderma acropachyderma (ak´ro-pak-i-der´ma)

pachydermoperiostosis [acro- + G. pachys, thick, + derma, skin]

acroparesthesia acroparesthesia (ak´ro-par-es-thes´e-a)

1. Paresthesia of one or more of the extremities. 2. Nocturnal paresthesia involving the hands, most often of middle-aged women; formerly attributed to a lesion in the thoracic outlet, but now known to be a classic symptom of carpal tunnel syndrome. [acro- + paresthesia]

acropathy acropathy (a-krop´a-the) [MIM*119900]

hereditary clubbing [acro- + G. pathos, disease]

acropetal acropetal (a-krop´e-tal)

1. In a direction toward the summit. 2. Produced successively toward the apex, with the youngest conidium formed at the tip and the oldest at the base of a chain of conidia; pertaining to asexual spore production in fungi by successive budding of the distal spore in a spore chain. [acro- + L. peto, to seek]

acrophobia acrophobia (ak-ro-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of heights. [acro- + G. phobos, fear]

acropigmentation acropigmentation (ak´ro-pig-men-ta´shun)

Hyperpigmentation of the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes beginning in early childhood and usually increasing with age; more common in persons of dark complexion.

acropleurogenous acropleurogenous (ak´ro-plu-roj´e-nus)

Denoting spores developing at the tip and along the sides of fungal hyphae.

acropustulosis acropustulosis (ak´ro-pus-tyu-lo´sis)

Pustular eruptions of the hands and feet, often a form of psoriasis. [acro- + pustulosis]
infantile a. a cyclically recurrent papulopustular and crusting pruritic eruption, usually in black children, appearing soon after birth to 10 months; remission occurs at about 2 years of age.

acroscleroderma acroscleroderma (ak´ro-skler-o-der´ma)

acrosclerosis [acro- + G. skleros, hard, + derma, skin]

acrosclerosis acrosclerosis (ak´ro-skle-ro´sis)

Stiffness and tightness of the skin of the fingers, with atrophy of the soft tissue and osteoporosis of the distal phalanges of the hands and feet; a limited form of progressive systemic sclerosis occurring with Raynaud's phenomenon. See CREST syndrome.acroscleroderma, sclerodactyly, sclerodactylia;

acrosin acrosin (ak´ro-sin)

A serine proteinase in spermatozoa similar in specificity to trypsin.

acrosome acrosome (ak´ro-som)

A cap-like organelle or saccule derived from the golgi. It surrounds the anterior two thirds of the nucleus of the sperm. Within this cap are enzymes that are thought to facilitate entry of the sperm into the ovum. [acro- + G. soma, body]

acrosomin acrosomin (ak-ro-so´min)

A lipoglycoprotein complex present in the acrosomal cap.

acrospiroma acrospiroma (ak´ro-spI-ro´ma)

A tumor of the distal dermal segment of a sweat gland. [scro- + G. speira, coil, + -oma, tumor]
eccrine a. clear cell hidradenoma

acrostealgia acrostealgia (ak-ros-te-al´je-a)

Painful inflammation of the bones of the hands and feet. [acro- + G. osteon, bone, + algos, pain, + -ia]

acroteric acroteric (ak-ro-ter´ik)

Relating to the extreme peripheral or apical parts, such as the tips of fingers and toes, the end of the nose. [G. akroterion, the topmost point]

Acrotheca Acrotheca (ak-ro-the´ka)

Former name for Rhinocladiella. [see acrotheca]

acrotheca acrotheca (ak-ro-the´ka)

In fungi, a type of spore formation characteristic of the genus Fonsecaea, in which conidia are formed along the ends and sides of irregular club-shaped conidiophores. [acro- + G. theke, box, case]

acrotic acrotic (a-krot´ik)

1. Marked by great weakness or absence of the pulse; pulseless. [G. a- priv. + krotos, a striking] 2. Obsolete term relating to the surface of the body, especially the cutaneous glands. [G. akrotes, extremity]

acrotism acrotism (ak´ro-tizm)

Absence or imperceptibility of the pulse. [G. a- priv. + krotos, a striking]

acrotrophodynia acrotrophodynia (ak´ro-trof´o-din´e-a)

Pain, paresthesia, sensory loss, and trophic changes affecting the distal extremities, usually the feet, that can follow prolonged exposure of the limbs to cold and moisture. [acro- + G. trophe, nourishment, + odyne, pain]

acrotrophoneurosis acrotrophoneurosis (ak´ro-trof´o-nu-ro´sis)

Trophoneurosis of one or more of the extremities. [acro- + G. trophe, nourishment, + neuron, nerve, + -osis, condition]

acrylate acrylate (a´kril-at)

A salt or ester of acrylic acid.

acrylic acrylic (a-kril´ik)

Denoting certain synthetic plastic resins derived from a. acid. See also acrylic resin.

acrylic acids acrylic acids

A series of unsaturated aliphatic acids of the general formula R=CH-COOH; the prototype, acrylic acid (R=CH₂) or 2-propenoic acid, is derived from propionic acid by reduction or from glycerol by dehydration.acroleic acids;

ACT ACT

Abbreviation for activated clotting time.

ACTe ACTe

Abbreviation for anodal closure tetanus.

ACTH ACTH

Abbreviation for adrenocorticotropic hormone.
big ACTH a form of ACTH, produced by certain tumors, which is a larger and more acidic peptide molecule than little ACTH, but is not immunochemically distinguishable from it and does not exert any of the biological effects characteristic of ACTH; tryptic digestion of big ACTH yields hormonally active little ACTH.
little ACTH a term coined to denote the conventional ACTH molecule when contrasted with big ACTH.

actin actin (ak´tin)

One of the protein components into which actomyosin can be split; it can exist in a fibrous form (F-actin) or a globular form (G-actin).
F-a. the association of G-a. subunits into a fibrous (F) protein caused by an increase in salt concentration; the conversion of G-a. to F-a. is catalyzed by small concentrations of magnesium ion, is reversible, and is accompanied by the conversion of the bound ATP molecule to ADP and the conversion of one reactive -thiol group to an unreactive form.
G-a. the globular (G) subunits of the a. molecule, having a molecular weight 57,000 and containing one molecule of ATP; it is soluble in dilute salt, polymerizing to F-a. when the ionic strength is increased.

acting out acting out

An overt act or set of actions that provides an emotional outlet for the expression of emotional conflicts (usually unconscious).

actinic actinic (ak-tin´ik)

Relating to the chemically active rays of the electromagnetic spectrum. [G. aktis (aktin-), a ray]

actinides actinides (ak´tin-I-dez)

Those elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103, corresponding to the lanthanides in the Periodic Table.actinide elements; [actinium, first element of the series]

a-actinin a-actinin (ak-tin´in)

An F-actin binding protein in vertebrate cells that cross-links actin filaments into regular parallel arrays.

actinism actinism (ak´tin-izm)

Archaic term for the effect of radiant energy, such as light, on chemicals or tissue.

actinium (Ac) actinium (Ac) (ak-tin´e-um)

An element, atomic no. 89, atomic wt. 227.05; it possesses no stable isotopes and exists in nature only as a disintegration product of uranium and thorium. [G. aktis, a ray]

actino- actino-

Combining form meaning a ray, as of light; applied to any form of radiation or to any structure with radiating parts. See also radio-. [G. aktis, aktinos, a ray of light, a beam.]

actinobacillosis actinobacillosis (ak´tin-o-bas-i-lo´sis)

A disease of cattle and swine, occasionally reported in man, caused by Actinobacillus lignieresii. It affects the soft tissues, often the tongue and cervical lymph nodes, where granulomatous swellings are formed that eventually break down to form abscesses.wooden tongue of cattle;

Actinobacillus Actinobacillus (ak´tin-o-ba-sil´lus)

A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, aerobic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Brucellaceae) containing Gram-negative rods interspersed with coccal elements. The metabolism of these bacteria is fermentative. They are pathogenic to animals. The type species is A. lignieresii. [actino- + L. bacillus, a little rod]
A. actinomycetemcom´itans a species of doubtful taxonomic position; frequently associated with human periodontal disease as well as subacute and chronic endocarditis; occurs with actinomycetes in actinomycotic lesions.Haemophilus actinomycetemcomitans;
A. equu´li a species causing suppurative lesions, particularly in the kidneys and joints in foals and piglets, and endocarditis in pigs.
A. lignieres´ii a species producing infections of the upper alimentary tract and mouth in cattle and swine (actinobacillosis) and suppurative lesions in the skin and lungs of sheep; it is the type species of its genus.

actinodermatitis actinodermatitis (ak´ti-no-der-ma-tI´tis)

1. photodermatitis 2. Obsolete term for adverse reaction of skin to radiation therapy (ultraviolet, x-ray, or radium); more commonly, radiodermatitis. [actino- + G. derma, skin, + -itis, inflammation]

actinogram actinogram (ak-tin´o-gram)

Obsolete synonym for radiograph.

actinohematin actinohematin (ak´ti-no-he´ma-tin)

A red respiratory pigment found in certain forms of Actinia (sea anemones). [actino- + G. haima, blood]

actinolite actinolite (ak-tin´o-lIt)

1. Any substance that undergoes a change when exposed to light. 2. A greenish mineral, Ca(Mg, Fe)₅ Si₈O₂₂(OH, F)₂.

Actinomadura Actinomadura (ak´ti-no-mad´yu-ra)

A genus of aerobic, Gram-positive, non-acid-fast fungi where filaments fragment into spores. A. pelletieri is an agent of mycetoma. [actino- + Madura, India]
A. africa´na a species found in a case of mycetoma of the foot in South Africa.
A. madurae a member of the Eumycetes (true fungi); one of the etiologic agents of Madura foot and actiomycotic mycetoma.

actinomycelial actinomycelial (ak´ti-no-mI-se´le-al)

Relating to the mycelium-like filaments of the Actinomycetales.

Actinomyces Actinomyces (ak´ti-no-mI´sez)

A genus of slow-growing, nonmotile, nonsporeforming, anaerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive, irregularly staining filaments; diphtheroid cells are predominant. Has characteristic sulfur granules that exhibit true branching while forming mycelial type colonies. Most of the species produce a filamentous microcolony. The metabolism of these chemoheterotrophs is fermentative; the products of glucose fermentation include acetic, formic, lactic and succinic acids but not propionic acid. These organisms are pathogenic for man and/or other animals and can cause chronic suppurative infection in humans. The type species is A. bovis. [actino- + G. mykes, fungus]
A. bo´vis a species of bacteria causing actinomycosis in cattle; infection in humans is not established; it is the type species of its genus.
A. israe´lii /B>a species of bacteria causing human actinomycosis and, occasionally, infections in cattle.
A. naeslun´dii a species whose natural habitat is the oral cavity; human infections have been reported, and it produces periodontal destruction in some species of animals.
A. odontoly´ticus a species whose normal habitat is the human oral cavity; it has been isolated from deep dental caries.
A. pyogenes Corynebacterium pyogenes
A. visco´sus a species that has been isolated from the oral cavity of humans and some species of other animals; it produces periodontal disease in animals and has been isolated from human dental calculus and root surface caries.

Actinomycetaceae Actinomycetaceae (ak´ti-no-mI´se-ta´se-e)

A family of nonsporeforming, nonmotile, ordinarily facultatively anaerobic (some species are aerobic and others are anaerobic) bacteria (order Actinomycetales) containing Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, predominantly diphtheroid cells which tend to form branched filaments in tissue or in some stages of cultural development; the filaments readily fragment, producing diphtheroid or coccoid forms. The metabolism of these chemoheterotrophic bacteria is fermentative. This family contains the genera Actinomyces (type genus), Arachnia, Bacterionema, Bifidobacterium, and Rothia.

Actinomycetales Actinomycetales (ak´ti-no-mI´se-ta´lez)

An order of bacteria consisting of moldlike, rod-shaped, clubbed or filamentous forms with decided tendency to true branching, without endospores, but sometimes developing conidia; it includes the families Mycobacteriaceae, Actinomycetaceae, Streptomycetaceae, and Nocardiaceae.

actinomycetes actinomycetes (ak´ti-no-mI-se´tez)

A term used to refer to members of the genus Actinomyces; sometimes improperly used to refer to any member of the family Actinomycetaceae or order Actinomycetales.

actinomycin actinomycin (ak´tin-o-mI´sin)

A group of peptide antibiotic agents, isolated from several species of Streptomyces (originally Actinomyces), that are active against Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and neoplasms. A.'s are chromopeptides, most containing the chromophore actinocin, and are derivatives of phenoxazine that differ in their amino acids and their sequence in the peptide chains; they form complexes with DNA and therefore inhibit RNA synthesis, primarily the ribosomal type.
a. A the first of the a.'s isolated in crystalline form.
a. C cactinomycin
a. D dactinomycin
a. F₁ KS4;produced by actinomycin C-elaborating strains of Streptomyces chrysomallus; used as an antineoplastic agent.

actinomycoma actinomycoma (ak´ti-no-mI-ko´ma)

A swelling caused by an actinomycete. See mycetoma. [actino- + G. mykes, fungus, + -oma, tumor]

actinomycosis actinomycosis (ak´ti-no-mI-ko´sis)

A disease primarily of cattle and man caused by Actinomyces bovis in cattle and by A. israelii and Arachnia propionica in man. These actinomycetes are part of the normal bacterial flora of the mouth and pharynx, but when introduced into tissue they may produce chronic destructive abscesses or granulomas which eventually discharge a viscid pus containing minute yellowish granules (sulfur granules). In man, the disease commonly affects the cervicofacial area, abdomen, or thorax; in cattle, the lesion is commonly found in the mandible.actinophytosis (1) , lumpy jaw; [actino- + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

actinomycotic actinomycotic (ak´ti-no-mI-kot´ik)

Relating to actinomycosis.

Actinomyxidia Actinomyxidia (ak´ti-no-mik-sid´e-a)

A sporozoan order having a double cellular envelope, three polar capsules, and eight spores; parasitic chiefly in segmented worms, such as the common earthworm. [actino- + G. myxa, mucus]

actinoneuritis actinoneuritis (ak´ti-no-nu-rI´tis)

Obsolete term for radioneuritis.

actinophage actinophage (ak-tin´o-faj)

A virus specific for actinomycetes. [actino(myces) + G. phago, to eat]

actinophytosis actinophytosis (ak´ti-no-fI-to´sis)

1. actinomycosis 2. botryomycosis

Actinopoda Actinopoda (ak-ti-nop´o-da)

A class of Sarcodina having slender pseudopodia with a central axial filament. [actino- + G. pous, foot]

actinosin actinosin (ak-tin´o-sin)

2-Amino-4,6-dimethyl-3-oxo-3H-phenoxazine-1,9-dicarboxylic acid;a phenoxazone derivative that is the chromophore of the actinomycins.

actinotherapy actinotherapy (ak´ti-no-thar´a-pe)

In dermatology, ultraviolet light therapy.

action action (ak´shun)

1. The performance of any of the vital functions, the manner of such performance, or the result of the same. 2. The exertion of any force or power, physical, chemical, or mental. For the actions of some chemical substances, see under the substance. [L. actio, from ago, pp. actus, to do]
ball valve a. intermittent blockage of a tube or outlet of a cavity by some object or material that permits passage in one direction but not in the other.
calorigenic a. increase of heat production of the body, as by the thyroid hormone.thermogenic a;
cumulative a. cumulative effect
salt a. any physicochemical effect produced by hypertonic concentrations of osmotically active electrolytes.
sparing a. the manner in which a nonessential nutritive component, by its presence in the diet, lowers the dietary requirement for an essential component; thus, nonessential l-cysteine spares essential l-methionine and nonessential l-tyrosine spares essential l-phenylalanine.sparing phenomenon;
specific a. the a. of a drug or a method of treatment which has a direct and especially curative effect upon a disease, e.g., the a. of vitamin B₁₂ in pernicious anemia.
specific dynamic a. (SDA) increase of heat production caused by the ingestion of food, especially of protein.
thermogenic a. calorigenic a

activate activate (ak´ti-vat)

1. To render active. 2. To make radioactive.

activation activation (ak-ti-va´shun)

1. The act of rendering active. 2. An increase in the energy content of an atom or molecule, through the raising of temperature, absorption of light photons, etc., which renders that atom or molecule more reactive. 3. Techniques of stimulating the brain by light, sound, electricity, or chemical agents, in order to elicit abnormal activity in the electroencephalogram. 4. Stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers to the point that action potentials are intiated. 5. Stimulation of cell division in an ovum by fertilization or by artificial means. See cross-section. 6. The act of making radioactive.
amino acid a. the formation of the amino acyl adenylate derivative (e.g., during protein biosynthesis).
EEG a. the low voltage, fast pattern of attentive wakefulness.
feedback a. a. of an enzyme by an end product of a biochemical pathway in which that enzyme plays a part. For example, the activation of factors VIII and V by thrombin during blood clotting.
feed-forward a. the a. of an enzyme by a precursor of the substrate of that enzyme.
gene a. the process of a. of a gene so that it is expressed at a particular time. This process is crucial in growth and development.

activator activator (ak´ti-va-tor)

1. A substance that renders another substance, or catalyst, active, or that accelerates a process or reaction. 2. The fragment, produced by chemical cleavage of a proactivator, that induces the enzymic activity of another substance. 3. An apparatus for making substances radioactive; e.g., neutron generator, cyclotron. 4. A removable type of myofunctional orthodontic appliance that acts as a passive transmitter of force, produced by the function of the activated muscles, to the teeth and alveolar process that are in contact with it.
catabolite gene a. (CGA) catabolite (gene) activator protein
plasminogen a. a proteinase converting plasminogen to plasmin by cleavage of a single (usually Arg-Val) bond in the former.urokinase;
polyclonal a. (pol-e-klo´nal) a substance that will activate T cells, B cells, or both regardless of their specificities.
tissue plasminogen a. (TPA) thrombolytic serine protease catalyzing the enzymatic conversion of plasminogen to plasmin through the hypolysis of a single Arg-Val bond; a genetically engineered protein used as a thrombolytic agent in patients with thrombotic occlusion of a coronary artery.

activity activity (ak-tiv´i-te)

1. In electroencephalography, the presence of neurogenic electrical energy. 2. In physical chemistry, an ideal concentration for which the law of mass action will apply perfectly; the ratio of the a. to the true concentration is the a. coefficient (gamma), which becomes 1.00 at infinite dilution. 3. For enzymes, the amount of substrate consumed (or product formed) in a given time under given conditions; turnover number.
blocking a. repression or elimination of electrical activity in the brain by the arrival of a sensory stimulus.
insulin-like a. (ILA) a measure of substances, usually in plasma, that exert biologic effects similar to those of insulin in various bioassays; sometimes used as a measure of plasma insulin concentrations; always gives higher values than immunochemical techniques for the measurement of insulin.
intrinsic sympathomimetic a. (ISA) the property of a drug that causes activation of adrenergic receptors so as to produce effects similar to stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
nonsuppressible insulin-like a. (NSILA) plasma insulin-like a. not suppressed by antibodies to insulin and mostly present after pancreatectomy. Nonsuppressible insulin-like a. is mostly the action of polypeptide insulin-like growth factors IGF-I and IGF-II.
optical a. the ability of a compound in solution (one possessing no plane of symmetry, usually because of the presence of one or more asymmetric carbon atoms) to rotate the plane of polarized light either clockwise or counterclockwise.
plasma renin a. (PRA) estimation of renin in plasma by measuring the rate of formation of angiotensin I or II.
specific a. 1. radioactivity per unit mass of the stated element or compound; 2. for an enzyme, the amount of substrate consumed (or product formed) in a given time under given conditions per milligram of protein; 3. a. per unit mass of the stated radionuclide.
triggered a. one or a series of spontaneously generated heart beats originating from an action potential that produces an after-depolarization which reaches activation threshold.

actomyosin actomyosin (ak´-to-mI´o-sin)

A protein complex composed of the actin and myosin; it is the essential contractile substance of muscle fiber, active with MgATP.
platelet a. the contractile protein of platelets, responsible for clot retraction, platelet aggregation, and release of ADP and other biologic amines essential to platelet function.thrombosthenin;

Acuaria spiralis Acuaria spiralis (ak-u-a´re-a spI-ra´lis)

A nematode parasite in the proventriculus and esophagus, and sometimes the intestine, of chickens, turkeys, pheasants, and other birds. [L. acus, needle; Mod. L. spiralis, spiral]

acuity acuity (a-kyu´i-te)

Sharpness, clearness, distinctness. [thr. Fr., fr. L. acuo, pp. acutus, sharpen]
absolute intensity threshold a. the minimal light that can be seen.
resolution a. detection of a target having two or more parts, often measured by using the Snellen test types; indicated by two numbers: the first represents the distance at which an individual sees the test types (usually 6 meters or 20 feet), and the second, the distance at which the test types subtend an angle of 5 minutes; e.g., vision of 6/9 indicates a test distance of 6 meters and recognition of symbols which subtend an angle of 5 minutes at a distance of 9 meters.visual a;
spatial a. detection of the shape of a test object; e.g., perceiving polygons of the same size but with different numbers of sides.
stereoscopic a. the detection of differences in distance by superimposition of slightly different retinal images into a single image to the brain.
Vernier a. detection of displacement of a portion of a line.
visibility a. recognition of an object on a background of different character.
visual a. (V) resolution a

aculeate aculeate (a-kyu´le-at)

Pointed; covered with sharp spines. [L. aculeatus, pointed, fr. acus, needle]

acuminate acuminate (a-kyu´mi-nat)

Pointed;tapering to a point. [L. acumino, pp. -atus, to sharpen]

acuology acuology (ak-yu-ol´o-je)

The study of the use of needles for therapeutic purposes, as in acupuncture. [L. acus, needle, + G. logos, study]

acupressure acupressure

Application of pressure in sites used for acupuncture with therapeutic intent.

acupuncture acupuncture (ak-yu-punk´chur)

Puncture with long, fine needles: 1. An ancient Oriental system of therapy. 2. More recently, acupuncture anesthesia or analgesia. [L. acus, needle, + puncture]

acus acus (a´kus)

Rarely used term for needle. [L.]

acusection acusection (ak´yu-sek-shun)

Rarely used term for electrosurgery using a needle.

acusector acusector (ak´yu-sek-ter)

Rarely used term for needle used for electrosurgery. [L. acus, needle, + secare, to cut]

acusis acusis (a-kyu´sis)

The ability to perceive sound normally.normal hearing; [G. akousis, hearing]

acute acute (a-kyut´)

1. Referring to a health effect, brief; not chronic; sometimes loosely used to mean severe. 2. Referring to exposure, brief, intense, short-term; sometimes specifically referring to brief exposure of high intensity. [L. acutus, sharp]

acyanotic acyanotic (a-sI-a-not´ik)

Characterized by absence of cyanosis.

acyclic acyclic (a-si´klik)

Not cyclic; denoting especially an a. compound.

acycloguanosine acycloguanosine (a-sI-klo-gwan´o-sen)

acyclovir

acyclovir acyclovir (a-sI´klo-vir)

A synthetic acyclic purine nucleoside analogue used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of genital herpes; the sodium salt is used for parenteral therapy.acycloguanosine;

acyl acyl (as´il)

An organic radical derived from an organic acid by the removal of the carboxylic hydroxyl group.

acyl-ACP dehydrogenase acyl-ACP dehydrogenase , acyl-ACP reductase

enoyl-ACP reductase (NADPH)

acyladenylate acyladenylate (as´il-a-den´il-at)

A compound in which an acyl group is combined with AMP by elimination of H₂O between the OH's of a carboxyl group and of the phosphate residue of AMP, usually initially in the form of ATP and eliminating inorganic pyrophosphate in the condensation.

acylamidase acylamidase (as-il-am´i-das)

amidase

n-acylamino acid n-acylamino acid (as-il-am´i-no)

RCO-NH-CHR-COOH;an amino acid to the N of which an acyl group is attached, as in hippuric acid (N-benzoylglycine) or phenaceturic acid.

acylation acylation (as-i-la´shun)

Introduction of an acyl radical into an organic compound or formation of such a radical within an organic compound.

acylcarnitine acylcarnitine (as´il-kar´ni-ten)

Condensation product of a carboxylic acid and carnitine. The transport form for a fatty acid crossing the mitochondrial membrane.

acyl-CoA acyl-CoA

RCH₂COSCoA or RCH₂CO~SCoA;condensation product of a carboxylic acid and coenzyme A, and metabolic intermediate of importance, notably in the oxidation and synthesis of fat.acyl-coenzyme A;
a.-CoA dehydrogenase (NADPH+) enzyme catalyzing the reversible reduction of enoyl-CoA derivatives of chain length 4 to 16, with NADPH as the hydrogen donor, forming a.-CoA and NADP+.enoyl-CoA reductase;
a.-CoA synthetase 1. general term for enzymes (EC 6.2.1) that form a.-CoA, now called ligases; 2. specifically, long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase.

acyl-coenzyme A acyl-coenzyme A (as´il-ko-en´zIm)

acyl-CoA

1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase

See lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase.

acyl-malonyl-ACP synthase acyl-malonyl-ACP synthase

3-oxoacyl-ACP synthase

acylmercaptan acylmercaptan (as´il-mer-kap´tan)

thioester

N-acylsphingol N-acylsphingol (as-il-sfing´gol)

Obsolete synonym for N-acylsphingosine.

N-acylsphingosine N-acylsphingosine (as-il-sfing´go-sen)

A condensation product of an organic acid with sphingosine at the amino group of the latter compound.

acyltransferases acyltransferases (as-il-trans´fer-a-sez) [EC class 2.3]

Enzymes catalyzing the transfer of an acyl group from an acyl-CoA to various acceptors.transacylases;

acystia acystia (a-sis´te-a)

Congenital absence of the urinary bladder. [G. a- priv. + kystis, bladder]

A.D. A.D.

Abbreviation for auris dexter [L.], right ear.

ad- ad-

To, toward; increase; adherence; near; very.Prefix denoting increase, adherence, to, toward; increase; adherence; near; very. [L. ad, to, toward;]

-ad -ad

In anatomical nomenclature, -ward; toward or in the direction of the part indicated by the main portion of the word. [L. ad, to]

ADA ADA

Abbreviation for American Dental Association.

adacrya adacrya (dak´re-a)

Absence of tears; tearlessness. [G. a- priv. + dakryon, tear, + -ia]

adactylous adactylous (a-dak´tI-lus)

Without fingers or toes.

adactyly adactyly (a-dak´ti-le)

Congenital condition characterized by the absence of digits (fingers or toes); autosomal recessive in Holstein cattle. [G. a- priv. + daktylos, digit]

Adair-Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model (AKNF) Adair-Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model (AKNF)

See under model.

adamantine adamantine (ad-a-man´ten)

Exceedingly hard; formerly used in reference to the enamel of the teeth. [G. adamantinos, very hard]

adamantinoma adamantinoma (ad-a-man-ti-no´ma)

Obsolete term for ameloblastoma.
a. of long bones a rare tumor of limb bones, usually the tibia, that microscopically resembles an ameloblastoma; the histogenesis is uncertain.
pituitary a. craniopharyngioma

Adamkiewicz Adamkiewicz

Albert, Polish pathologist, 1850-1921. See artery of Adamkiewicz.

Adams Adams

Robert, Irish physician, 1791-1875. See A.-Stokes disease; Stokes-A. disease; A.-Stokes syncope, syndrome; Stokes-A. syndrome; Morgagni-A.-Stokes syndrome.

Adams Adams

Sir William, British surgeon, 1760-1829.

Adam's apple Adam's apple

laryngeal prominence

adamsite (DM) adamsite (DM) (ad´am-sIt)

A vomiting agent that has been used in military training and in riot control. [Roger Adams, Am. chemist]

Adanson Adanson

Michel, French naturalist, 1727-1806. See adansonian classification.

adaptation adaptation (ad-ap-ta´shun)

1. Preferential survival of members of a species because of a phenotype that give them an enhanced capacity to withstand the environment including the ecology. 2. An advantageous change in function or constitution of an organ or tissue to meet new conditions. 3. Adjustment of the sensitivity of the retina to light intensity. 4. A property of certain sensory receptors that modifies the response to repeated or continued stimuli at constant intensity. 5. The fitting, condensing, or contouring of a restorative material, foil, or shell to a tooth or cast so as to be in close contact. 6. The dynamic process wherein the thoughts, feelings, behavior, and biophysiologic mechanisms of the individual continually change to adjust to a constantly changing environment.adjustment (2); 7. A homeostatic response. [L. ad-apto, pp. -atus, to adjust]
dark a. the visual adjustment occurring under reduced illumination in which the retinal sensitivity to light is increased. See also dark-adapted eye.scotopic a;
light a. the visual adjustment occurring under increased illumination in which the retinal sensitivity to light is reduced. See also light-adapted eye.photopic a;
photopic a. light a
reality a. the ability to adjust to the world as it exists.
retinal a. adjustment to degree of illumination.
scotopic a. dark a
social a. adjustment to living in accordance with interpersonal, social, and cultural norms.

adapter adapter , adaptor (a-dap´ter, -tor)

1. A connecting part, joining two pieces of apparatus. 2. A converter of electric current to a desired form.

adaptometer adaptometer (ad-ap-tom´e-ter)

A device for determining the course of retinal dark adaptation and for measuring the minimum light threshold.

adaxial adaxial (ad-ak´se-al)

Toward an axis, or on one or other side of an axis.

ADC ADC

Abbreviation for AIDS dementia complex.

ADCC ADCC

Abbreviation for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

add. add.

Abbreviation for L. adde, add; L. addantur, let them be added; addendus, to be added; and addendo, by adding.

adder adder

Common name for many members of the family Viperidae (the vipers), applied to several genera, although true a.'s are of the genus Vipera. [M.E. naddre, fr. O.E. naedre]

addict addict (ad´ikt)

A person who is habituated to a substance or practice, especially one considered harmful or illegal.

addiction addiction (a-dik´shun)

Habitual psychological and physiological dependence on a substance or practice that is beyond voluntary control. [L. ad-dico, pp. -dictus, consent, fr. ad- + dico, to say]
alcohol a. alcoholism

Addis Addis

Thomas, U.S. internist, 1881-1949. See A. count.

Addison Addison

Thomas, English physician, 1793-1860. See A.'s anemia, disease; addisonian anemia; addisonian crisis; A.-Biermer disease.

Addison Addison

Christopher, English anatomist, 1869-1951. See A.'s clinical planes, under plane.

addisonian addisonian (ad-i-so´ne-an)

Relating to or described by Thomas Addison; usually used in relation to pernicious anemia

additive additive (ad´i-tiv)

1. A substance not naturally a part of a material (e.g., food) but deliberately added to fulfill some specific purpose (e.g., preservation). 2. Tending to add or be added; denoting addition. 3. In metrical studies (e.g., genetics, epidemiology, physiology, statistics), having the property that the total combined effect of two or more factors equals the sum of their individual effects in isolation. Cf. synergism.

additivity additivity (ad-i-tiv´i-te)

The quality or state of being additive.
causal a. the relationship between two or more causal components such that their combined effect is the algebraic sum of their individual effects.
interlocal a. the relationship among quantitative effects of different genetic loci such that their joint effect is equal to the sum of their individual effects; an absence of epistasis or interaction.
intralocal a. the relationship between alleles such that the quantifiable phenotype of the heterozygote is at the midpoint between those for the two homozygotes; an absence of dominance.

adducent adducent (a-du´sent)

Bringing toward; adducting. [L. adducens, pres. p. of ad-duco, to bring]

adducin adducin (a-du´sen)

A protein that binds to spectrin and actin and appears to play a role in the assembly and maintenance of the spectrin-actin network.

adduct adduct (a-dukt´)

1. To draw toward the median plane. 2. An addition product, or complex, or one part of the same. [L. ad-duco, pp. -ductus, to bring toward]

adduction adduction (a-duk´shun)

1. Movement of a body part toward the median plane (of the body, in the case of limbs; of the hand or foot, in the case of digits). 2. Monocular rotation (duction) of the eye toward the nose. 3. A position resulting from such movement. Cf. abduction.

adductor adductor (a-duk´ter, tor)

A muscle that draws a part toward the median plane; or, in the case of the digits, toward the normal axis of the middle finger or the second toe.

Ade Ade

Abbreviation for adenine.

adelomorphous adelomorphous (a-del-o-mor´fus)

Of not clearly defined form. In the past this term was applied to certain cells of the gastric glands. [G. adelos, uncertain, not clear, + morphe, shape]

aden- aden-

See adeno-.

adenalgia adenalgia (ad-e-nal´je-a)

Rarely used term for pain in a gland. [aden- + G. algos, pain]

adendric adendric (a-den´drik)

adendritic

adendritic adendritic (a-den-drit´ik)

Without dendrites.adendric; [G., a- priv. + dendron, tree]

adenectomy adenectomy (ad-e-nek´to-me)

Excision of a gland. [aden- + G. ektome, excision]

adenectopia adenectopia (ad´e-nek-to´pe-a)

Presence of a gland other than in its normal anatomical position. [aden- + G. ek, out of, + topos, place]

adenemphraxis adenemphraxis (ad´e-nem-frak´sis)

Rarely used term for an obstruction to the discharge of a glandular secretion. [aden- + G. emphraxis, stoppage]

adeniform adeniform (a-den´i-form)

adenoid (1)

adenine (A, Ade) adenine (A, Ade) (ad´e-nen)

One of the two major purines (the other being guanine) found in both RNA and DNA, and also in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as AMP (adenylic acid), ATP, NAD⁺ and NADP+, and FAD; in all these smaller compounds, a. is condensed with ribose at the nitrogen-9, forming adenosine. For structure, see adenylic acid.6-aminopurine;
a. arabinoside misnomer for arabinosyladenine.
a. deaminase an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a. to ammonia and hypoxanthine. A part of purine degradation.
a. deoxyribonucleotide deoxyadenylic acid
a. nucleotide adenylic acid
a. phosphoribosyltransferase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of a. with 5-phospho-a-d-ribose 1-diphosphate (PRPP) to form AMP and pyrophosphate. An important step in purine salvage. A deficiency of this enzyme can lead to 2,8-dihydroxyadenine lithiasis.
a. sulfate a. conjugated with sulfuric acid; used to stimulate leukocyte production in agranulocytosis.

adenitis adenitis (ad-e-nI´tis)

Inflammation of a lymph node or of a gland. [aden- + G. -itis, inflammation]

adenization adenization (ad-e-nI-za´shun)

Conversion into glandlike structure.

adeno- adeno- , aden-

A gland, glandular; corresponds to L. glandul-, glandi-.Combining forms denoting gland, glandular; corresponds to L. glandul-, glandi-. [G. aden, adenos a gland]

adenoacanthoma adenoacanthoma (ad´e-no-ak-an-tho´ma)

A malignant neoplasm consisting chiefly of glandular epithelium (adenocarcinoma), usually well differentiated, with foci of metaplasia to squamous (or epidermoid) neoplastic cells.adenoid squamous cell carcinoma;

adenoameloblastoma adenoameloblastoma (ad´e-no-am´el-o-blast-o´ma)

adenomatoid odontogenic tumor

adenoblast adenoblast (ad´e-no-blast)

A proliferating embryonic cell with the potential to form glandular parenchyma. [adeno- + G. blastos, germ]

adenocarcinoma adenocarcinoma (ad´e-no-ep-i-the-le-o´ma)

A malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells in glandular or glandlike pattern.glandular cancer, glandular carcinoma;
acinic cell a. an a. arising from secreting cells of a racemose gland, particularly the salivary glands.acinar carcinoma, acinic cell carcinoma, acinose carcinoma, acinous carcinoma;
alveolar a. a. of the lung in which tumor cells form structures resembling alveoli.
a. in Barrett's esophagus an a. arising in the lower third of the esophagus that has become columnar cell lined (Barrett's mucosa) due to gastroesophageal reflux.
bronchiolar a. bronchiolar carcinoma
bronchioloalveolar a. bronchiolar carcinoma
clear cell a. 1. a histologic type of renal a.; 2. a histologic type of a. occurring chiefly in the male and female genitourinary tracts which is characterized by distinctive hobnail cell growth of neoplastic cells in sheets, papillae, and coalescing glands.
Lucké's a. Lucké carcinoma
mesonephric a. mesonephroma
mucoid a. sometimes applied to mucinous carcinoma, or a. containing mucin secreting neoplastic cells.
papillary a. an a. containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles; occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland.
renal a. an a. arising in any part of the renal parenchyma, especially in middle-aged or older people of either sex (although more common in males).clear cell carcinoma of kidney, hypernephroma, hypernephronia, renal cell carcinoma;
a. in si´tu a noninvasive abnormal proliferation of glands believed to precede the appearance of invasive adenocarcinoma; reported in the endometrium, large intestine, cervix, and other sites.

adenocellulitis adenocellulitis (ad´e-no-sel-yu-lI´tis)

Inflammation of a gland, usually a lymph node, and of the adjacent connective tissue.

adenochondroma adenochondroma (ad´e-no-kon-dro´ma)

pulmonary hamartoma [adeno- + G. chondros, cartilage, + -oma, tumor]

adenocystoma adenocystoma (ad´e-no-sis-to´ma)

Adenoma in which the neoplastic glandular epithelium forms cysts.

adenocyte adenocyte (ad´e-no-sIt)

A secretory cell of a gland. [adeno- + G. kytos, a hollow (cell)]

adenodiastasis adenodiastasis (ad´e-no-dI-as´ta-sis)

Separation or ectopia of glands or glandular tissue from their usual anatomical sites, e.g., pancreatic glands in the wall of the small intestine, gastric glands in the wall of the esophagus. [adeno- + G. diastasis, a separation]

adenodynia adenodynia (ad´e-no-din´e-a)

Rarely used term for adenalgia. [adeno- + G. odyne, pain]

adenoepithelioma adenoepithelioma

Obsolete term for an epithelioma containing glandular elements.

adenofibroma adenofibroma (ad´e-no-fI-bro´ma)

A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and fibrous tissues, with a relatively large proportion of glands.

adenofibromyoma adenofibromyoma (ad´e-no-fI´bro-mI-o´ma)

adenomatoid tumor

adenofibrosis adenofibrosis (ad´e-no-fI-bro´sis)

sclerosing adenosis

adenogenous adenogenous (ad-e-noj´en-us)

Having an origin from glandular tissue.

adenohypophysial adenohypophysial (ad´e-no-hI-po-fiz´e-al)

Relating to the adenohypophysis.

adenohypophysis adenohypophysis (ad´e-no-hI-pof´i-sis) [NA]

It consists of the distal part, intermediate part, and infundibular part. See also hypophysis.lobus anterior hypophyseos [NA] , anterior lobe of hypophysis, glandular lobe of hypophysis, lobus glandularis hypophyseos;

adenohypophysitis adenohypophysitis (ad´e-no-hI-pof-I-sI´tis)

Inflammatory reaction or sepsis affecting the anterior pituitary gland, often related to pregnancy.
lymphocytic a. a diffuse lymphocytic infiltration of the adenohypophysis, often related to pregnancy; probably a disturbance in the immune system.

adenoid adenoid (ad´e-noyd)

1. Glandlike; of glandular appearance.adeniform, lymphoid (2); 2. See adenoids. [adeno- + G. eidos, appearance]

adenoidectomy adenoidectomy (ad´e-noy-dek´to-me)

An operation for the removal of adenoid growths in the nasopharynx. [adenoid + G. ektome, excision]

adenoiditis adenoiditis (ad´e-noy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue.

adenoids adenoids (ad´e-noydz)

1. A normal collection of unencapsulated lymphoid tissue in the nasopharynx. Also called pharyngeal tonsils. 2. Common terminology for the large (normal) pharyngeal tonsils of children. [G. aden, gland, + -eidos, resemblance]

adenoleiomyofibroma adenoleiomyofibroma (ad´e-no-lI´o-mI-o-fI-bro´ma)

adenomatoid tumor [adeno- + G. leios, smooth, + mys, muscle, + fibroma]

adenolipoma adenolipoma (ad´e-no-li-po´ma)

A benign neoplasm composed of glandular and adipose tissues. [G. aden, gland, + lipos, fat, + -oma, tumor]

adenolipomatosis adenolipomatosis (ad´e-no-lip´o-ma-to´sis)

A condition characterized by development of multiple adenolipomas.
symmetric a. multiple symmetric lipomatosis

adenolymphocele adenolymphocele (ad´e-no-lim´fo-sel)

Cystic dilation of a lymph node following obstruction of the efferent lymphatic vessels. [adeno- + L. lympha, spring water, + G. kele, tumor]

adenolymphoma adenolymphoma (ad´e-no-lim-fo´ma)

A benign glandular tumor usually arising in the parotid gland and composed of two rows of eosinophilic epithelial cells, which are often cystic and papillary, together with a lymphoid stroma.papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum, Warthin's tumor;

adenoma adenoma (ad-e-no´ma)

An ordinarily benign neoplasm of epithelial tissue in which the tumor cells form glands or glandlike structures in the stroma; usually well circumscribed, tending to compress rather than infiltrate or invade adjacent tissue. [adeno- + G. -oma, tumor]
acidophil a. a tumor of the adenohypophysis in which cell cytoplasm stains with acid dyes; often growth hormone producing.eosinophil a;
ACTH-producing a. a pituitary tumor composed of corticotrophs that produce ACTH, often a basophilic adenoma; may give rise to Cushing's disease or Nelson's syndrome.
adnexal a. an a. arising in, or forming structures resembling, skin appendages.
adrenocortical a. a benign tumor of adrenal cortical cells; small unencapuslated nodules of adrenal cortex are probably localized areas of hyperplasia rather than a.'s; true a.'s are rare and may be symptomless or associated with Cushing's syndrome or primary aldosteronism.
apocrine a. papillary hidradenoma
basal cell a. a benign tumor of major or minor salivary glands or other organs composed of small cells showing peripheral palisading.
basophil a. a tumor of the adenohypophysis in which the cell cytoplasm stains with basic dyes, often ACTH producing.
bronchial a. a slowly growing benign, or malignant but slowly progressing, polypoid epithelial tumor of bronchial mucosa, arising deep to the surface epithelium, possibly from mucous glands or their ducts; two histological types are recognized: carcinoid and cylindromatous.
canalicular a. (ca-na-nik´u-lar) a variant of monomorphic a. composed of double rows of epithelial cells in long cords.
chromophil a. any a. composed of cells that stain readily.
chromophobe a. , chromophobic a. a tumor of the adenohypophysis whose cells do not stain with either acid or basic dyes.
colloid a. a follicular a. of the thyroid, composed of large follicles containing colloid.macrofollicular a;
embryonal a. a benign neoplasm in which the glandular epithelial elements are not fully differentiated, resembling immature tissue observed in embryonic development.
eosinophil a. acidophil a
fibroid a. , a. fibro´sum fibroadenoma
follicular a. an a. of the thyroid with a simple glandular pattern.
Fuchs' a. a benign epithelial tumor of the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body, rarely exceeding 1 mm in diameter.
gonadotropin-producing a. a rare type of pituitary a. that produces FSH and LH; its cells can be identified only by immunochemical techniques.
growth hormone-producing a. an a. that produces the clinical picture of gigantism or acromegaly, although a third of the cells have no granules or are a mixture of acidophils and chromophobes; some tumors may secrete both growth hormone and prolactin; often an acidophil or eosinophil adenoma.
hepatic a. a benign tumor of the liver, usually occurring in women during the reproductive years in association with lengthy oral contraceptive use. The tumor is usually solitary, subcapsular and large, composed of cords of hepatocytes with postal triads.hepatocellular a;
hepatocellular a. hepatic a
Hürthle cell a. an uncommon type of thyroid tumor characterized by abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm containing numerous mitochondria. Often malignant with widespread metastases; rarely takes up radioiodine. See also Hürthle cell tumor.
islet cell a. a benign neoplasm of the pancreas composed of tissue similar in structure to that of the islets of Langerhans; it may contain functioning beta cells, and may cause hypoglycemia. See also insulinoma.nesidioblastoma;
lactating a. an uncommon a. of the breast composed of tubuloacinar structures with pronounced secretory changes such as seen in pregnancy and lactation.
Leydig cell a. small benign tumors of the testis that often produce testosterone, causing endocrine symptoms.interstitial cell tumor of testis;
macrofollicular a. colloid a
microfollicular a. a fetal a. of the thyroid composed of very small follicles and solid alveolar groups of thyroid epithelial cells.
monomorphic a. a benign ductal neoplasm of the salivary glands, with a uniform epithelial pattern and lacking the chondromyxoid stroma of a pleomorphic a.
nephrogenic a. a benign tumor of the urinary bladder mucosa, composed of glandular structures resembling renal tubules.
a. of nipple subareolar duct papillomatosis
null-cell a. an a. of the hypophysis composed of cells for which there is no overt evidence or hormone production, but which usually produces hypopituitarism and visual disturbances by compression of adjacent structures; approximately one third of these tumors have cells with abundant mitochondria (oncocytes) that are somewhat larger than the monocytic null cells.undifferentiated cell a;
ovarian tubular a. arrhenoblastoma
oxyphil a. oncocytoma
papillary cystic a. an a. in which the lumens of the acini are frequently distended by fluid, and the neoplastic epithelial elements tend to form irregular, fingerlike projections.
papillary a. of large intestine villous a
Pick's tubular a. androblastoma (1)
pituitary a. a benign neoplasm of the pituitary generally arising in the adenohypophysis.
pleomorphic a. mixed tumor of salivary gland
polypoid a. adenomatous polyp
prolactin-producing a. a pituitary adenoma composed of prolactin-producing cells; it gives rise to symptoms of nonpuerperal amenorrhea and galactorrhea (Forbes-Albright syndrome) in women and to impotence in men.prolactinoma;
prostatic a. a term used for the growth in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
renal cortical a. one of the usually small a.'s sometimes found in the renal cortex and derived from renal tubular tissue.
sebaceous a. a benign neoplasm of sebaceous tissue, with a predominance of mature secretory sebaceous cells. Cf. a. sebaceum.
a. seba´ceum archaic misnomer for a hamartoma occurring on the face, composed of fibrovascular tissue and appearing as an aggregation of red or yellow papules which may be associated with tuberous sclerosis; sebaceous glands may be present but are not increased. Cf. sebaceous a. Pringle's disease;
testicular tubular a. androblastoma (1)
thyrotropin-producing a. a rare pituitary adenoma usually associated with hypo- or hyperthyroidism.
tubular a. a benign neoplasm composed of epithelial tissue resembling a tubular gland.
undifferentiated cell a. null-cell a
villous a. appears as a solitary sessile, often large, tumor of colonic mucosa composed of mucinous epithelium covering delicate vascular projections; malignant change occurs frequently; hypersecretion occurs rarely. Also known as adenoma.papillary a. of large intestine;

adenomatoid adenomatoid (ad-e-no´ma-toyd)

Resembling an adenoma.

adenomatosis adenomatosis (ad´e-no-ma-to´sis)

A condition characterized by multiple glandular overgrowths.
erosive a. of nipple subareolar duct papillomatosis
familial multiple endocrine a. [MIM*131100] presence of functioning tumors in more than one endocrine gland, commonly the pancreatic islets and parathyroid glands, which may be associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome; dominant inheritance.multiple endocrine a;
fibrosing a. sclerosing adenosis
multiple endocrine a. familial multiple endocrine a
pulmonary a. a neoplastic disease in which the alveoli and distal bronchi are filled with mucus and mucus-secreting columnar epithelial cells; characterized by abundant, extremely tenacious sputum, chills, fever, cough, dyspnea, and pleuritic pain.
pulmonary a. of sheep a chronic pulmonary disease of sheep of viral origin, caused by a member of Herpesviridae characterized by adenomatous proliferations in the alveoli and small bronchioles resembling neoplasia.jaagsiekte;

adenomatous adenomatous (ad-e-no´ma-tus)

Relating to an adenoma, and to some types of glandular hyperplasia.

adenomegaly adenomegaly (ad´e-no-meg´a-le)

Enlargement of one or both adrenal glands. [adeno- + G. megas, large]

adenomere adenomere (ad´e-no-mer)

Structural unit in the parenchyma of a developing gland which becomes the functional portion of the organ. [adeno- + G. meros, part]

adenomyoma adenomyoma (ad´e-no-mI-o´ma)

A benign neoplasm of muscle (usually smooth muscle) with glandular elements; occurs most frequently in uterus and uterine ligaments. [G. aden, gland, + mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]

adenomyosarcoma adenomyosarcoma (ad´e-no-mI´o-sar-ko´ma)

Wilms' tumor

adenomyosis adenomyosis (ad´e-no-mI-o´sis)

The ectopic occurrence or diffuse implantation of adenomatous tissue in muscle (usually smooth muscle). [G. aden, gland, + mys, muscle, + -osis condition]
a. u´teri a benign invasion of myometrium by endometrial tissue.

adenoneural adenoneural (ad´e-no-nu´ral)

Obsolete term relating to a gland and a nervous element. See neuroendocrine.

adenopathy adenopathy (ad-e-nop´a-the)

Swelling or morbid enlargement of the lymph nodes. [adeno- + G. pathos, suffering]

adenophlegmon adenophlegmon (ad´e-no-fleg´mon)

Acute inflammation of a gland and the adjacent connective tissue. [adeno- + G. phlegmone, inflammation]

Adenophorasida Adenophorasida (ad´e-no-fo-ras´i-da)

A class of nematodes lacking lateral canals opening into the excretory system and phasmids, with few or no caudal papillae, eggs unsegmented, and with polar plugs or hatching in utero. It includes the genera Trichuris, Capillaria, and Trichinella among important parasites of man and domestic animals. See also Secernentasida.Adenophorea, Aphasmidia; [G. aden, gland, + phor, thief]

Adenophorea Adenophorea (ad´e-no-fo´re-a)

Adenophorasida

adenophyma adenophyma (ad´e-no-fI´ma)

Obsolete term for any condition in which a gland or glandular organ is grossly enlarged as the result of inflammation. [adeno- + G. phyma, tumor]

adenosalpingitis adenosalpingitis (ad´e-no-sal-pin-jI´tis)

salpingitis isthmica nodosa

adenosarcoma adenosarcoma (ad´e-no-sar-ko´ma)

A malignant neoplasm arising simultaneously or consecutively in mesodermal tissue and glandular epithelium of the same part.
müllerian a. a tumor of the uterus or ovaries, of low grade malignancy, characterized by benign appearing glands and a sarcomatous stroma.

adenose adenose (ad´e-nos)

Relating to a gland.

adenosinase adenosinase (ad-e-no´sin-as)

adenosine nucleosidase

adenosine (Ado) adenosine (Ado) (a-den´o-sen)

A condensation product of adenine and d-ribose; a nucleoside found among the hydrolysis products of all nucleic acids and of the various adenine nucleotides. A. accumulates in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. For structure, see adenylic acid.9-beta-d-ribofuranosyladenine;
a. cyclic phosphate See adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate.
a. deaminase an enzyme found in mammalian tissues, capable of catalyzing the deamination of adenosine, forming inosine and ammonia. A deficiency of a. can lead to one form of severe combined immunodeficiency disease.
a. diphosphate See adenosine 5´-diphosphate.
a. kinase enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group from MgATP to adenosine, forming MgADP and AMP. An important step in nucleoside salvage.
a. monophosphate (AMP) specifically, adenosine-5´-monophosphate. See adenylic acid.
a. nucleosidase an enzyme hydrolyzing adenosine to adenine and d-ribose.adenosinase;
a. phosphate specifically, adenosine 3´- or 5´-phosphate. See adenylic acid.
a. tetraphosphate a condensation product of adenosine with tetraphosphoric acid at the 5´ position.
a. triphosphate adenosine 5´-triphosphate

adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)

An activator of phosphorylase kinase and an effector of other enzymes, formed in muscle from ATP by adenylate cyclase and broken down to 5´-AMP by a phosphodiesterase; sometimes referred to as the "second messenger." A related compound (2´,3´) is also known.cyclic adenylic acid, cyclic AMP, cyclic phosphate;

adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic phosphate phosphodiesterase

an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic phosphate forming 5´-AMP. A crucial step in the regulation of cellular adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic phosphate levels. Inhibited by caffeine.cAMP phosphodiesterase;

adenosine 5´-diphosphate (ADP) adenosine 5´-diphosphate (ADP)

A condensation product of adenosine with pyrophosphoric acid, formed from ATP by the hydrolysis of the terminal phosphate group of the latter compound.

adenosine 3´-phosphate adenosine 3´-phosphate

3´-Adenylic acid. See adenylic acid.

adenosine 5´-phosphate adenosine 5´-phosphate

5´-Adenylic acid. See adenylic acid.

adenosine 3´-phosphate 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS) adenosine 3´-phosphate 5´-phosphosulfate (PAPS)

3´-phosphoadenosine 5´-phosphosulfate;an intermediate in the formation of urinary ethereal sulfates, notable for containing a "high energy" sulfate bond; the 3´-OH of adenosine is replaced by -OPO₃H₂, the 5´-OH by -OP(O₂H)-OSO₃H.active sulfate;

adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (APS) adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate (APS)

An intermediate in the formation of PAPS (active sulfate).
adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate kinase the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of active sulfate from adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate and ATP.

adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (a-den´o-sen-trI-fos´fa-tas)

An enzyme in muscle (myosin) and elsewhere that catalyzes the release of the terminal phosphate group of adenosine 5´-triphosphate; visualized cytochemically in various cell membranes, mitochondria, and in the A band of striated muscle sarcomeres associated with myosin.adenylpyrophosphatase, ATP-monophosphatase, triphosphatase;

adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP) adenosine 5´-triphosphate (ATP)

adenosine (5)pyrophosphate;adenosine with triphosphoric acid esterfied at its 5´ position; immediate precursors of adenine nucleotides in RNA. The primary energy currency of a cell.adenosine triphosphate;

adenosis adenosis (ad-e-no´sis)

A rarely used term for a more or less generalized glandular disease.
blunt duct a. a. of the breast in which the ducts are enlarged but not increased in number.
fibrosing a. sclerosing a
microglandular a. a. of the breast in which irregular clusters of small tubules are present in adipose or fibrous tissues, resembling tubular carcinoma but lacking stromal fibroblastic proliferation.
sclerosing a. a nodular, benign breast lesion occurring most frequently in relatively young women and consisting of hyperplastic distorted lobules of acinar tissue with increased collagenous stroma; the changes may be difficult to distinguish microscopically from carcinoma. Also, a benign nodular microscopic lesion of the prostate consisting of acimar tissue with increased stroma; the basal cell layer shows characteristic smooth muscle metaplasia.adenofibrosis, fibrosing adenomatosis, fibrosing a;

adenosyl adenosyl (a-den´o-sil)

The radical of adenosine minus an H or OH from one of the ribosyl OH groups, usually the 5´, e.g., S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

adenosylcobalamin adenosylcobalamin (a-den´o-sil-ko-bal´a-min)

A derivative of vitamin B₁₂. Its impaired biosynthesis can lead to methylmalonic acidemia.

S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (a-den´o-sil-ho-mo-sis´te-en)

S-(5´-deoxy-5´-adenosyl)-l-homocysteine;the compound formed by the demethylation of S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM, AdoMet) S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM, AdoMet) (a-den´o-sil-me-thI´o-nen)

S-(5´-deoxy-5´-adenosyl)-l-methionine;condensation product of adenosine and l-methionine involving replacement of the -OPO₃H₂ of adenylic acid by -S⁺ (CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH(NH₃⁺)CO ₂ of methionine; a sulfonium compound bearing a methyl group that is transferred in transmethylation reactions. See also methionine adenosyltransferase.active methionine;

adenotomy adenotomy (ad-e-not´o-me)

Incision of a gland. [adeno- + G. tome, a cutting]

adenotonsillectomy adenotonsillectomy (ad´e-no-ton-si-lek´to-me)

Operative removal of tonsils and adenoids.

adenous adenous (ad´e-nus)

Rarely used term for adenose.

Adenoviridae Adenoviridae (ad´e-no-vir´i-de)

A family of double-stranded DNA viruses, commonly known as adenoviruses, that develop in the nuclei of infected cells in mammals and birds. The virion is 70 to 90 nm in diameter, naked, and ether-resistant; the capsids are icosahedral and composed of 252 capsomeres. The family includes two genera, Mastadenovirus and Aviadenovirus.

adenovirus adenovirus (ad´e-no-vI´rus)

Adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival or A-P-C virus;any virus of the family Adenoviridae. More than 40 types are known to infect man causing upper respiratory symptoms, acute respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, hemorrhagic cystitis, and serous infections in neonates.A-P-C virus, adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival virus; [G. aden, gland, + virus]
canine a. 1 a virus causing infectious canine hepatitis in dogs.fox encephalitis virus, Rubarth's disease virus;
porcine a.'s obsolete term for viruses of the genus Mastadenovirus, with four recognized serotypes, which can cause a mild upper respiratory tract disease in swine.

adenyl adenyl (ad´e-nil)

The radical or ion of adenine; often used for adenylyl, as in adenylosuccinic acid.

adenylate adenylate (a-den´i-lat)

Salt or ester of adenylic acid.
a. cyclase an enzyme acting on ATP to form 3´,5´-cyclic AMP plus pyrophosphate. A crucial step in the regulation and formation of second messengers.3´,5´-cyclic AMP synthetase;
a. kinase adenylic acid kinase;a phosphotransferase that catalyzes the reversible phosphorylation of a molecule of ADP by MgADP, yielding MgATP and AMP.adenylic acid kinase, myokinase;

adenyl cyclase adenyl cyclase (ad´e-nil sI´klas)

An enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate to cyclic adenosine monophosphate, an intracellular second messenger of neural or hormonal activation.

adenylic acid adenylic acid (ad-e-nil´ik)

A condensation product of adenosine and phosphoric acid; a nucleotide found among the hydrolysis products of all nucleic acids. 3´-Adenylic acid (adenosine 3´-monophosphate) and 5´-adenylic acid (adenosine 5´-monophosphate [AMP]) differ in the place of attachment of the phosphoric acid to the d-ribose; deoxyadenylic acid differs in having H instead of OH at the 2´ position of d-ribose. See also AMP.adenine nucleotide;
cyclic a.a. adenosine 3´,5´-cyclic monophosphate
a.a. deaminase AMP deaminase
a.a. kinase adenylate kinase

adenylosuccinase adenylosuccinase (ad´e-nil-o-suk´sin-as)

adenylosuccinate lyase

adenylosuccinate lyase adenylosuccinate lyase (ad´e-nil-o-suk´sin-at)

adenylylsuccinate lyase;an enzyme catalyzing the nonhydrolytic cleavage of adenylosuccinic acid producing AMP and fumarate and also of 4-(N-succinocarboxamido)-5-aminoimidazole nucleotide to yield fumarate and aminoimidazole carboxamide ribosyl-5-phosphate. Both are steps in purine nucleotide biosynthesis.adenylosuccinase, adenylylosuccinate lyase;

adenylosuccinate synthase adenylosuccinate synthase

A ligase catalyzing the formation of adenylosuccinate, GDP, and P_i from inosinic acid, aspartate, and GTP. An important enzyme in purine nucleotide biosynthesis.adenylylosuccinate synthase, IMP-aspartate ligase;

adenylosuccinic acid (sAMP) adenylosuccinic acid (sAMP) (ad´e-nil-o-suk´sin-ik)

A condensation product of aspartic acid and inosine 5´-monophosphate; an intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenylic acid. Formally, it is adenylic acid with succinic acid replacing an H of the NH₂ group, forming a C-N.adenylylosuccinic acid, N-succinyladenylic acid;

adenylpyrophosphatase adenylpyrophosphatase

adenosine triphosphatase

adenylyl adenylyl (a-den´i-lil)

The radical of adenylic acid minus an OH from the phosphoric group; often shortened to adenyl in compound names, such as adenylosuccinic acid.
a. cyclase former name for adenylate cyclase.

adenylylosuccinate lyase adenylylosuccinate lyase (a-den´i-lil-o-suk´sin-at)

adenylosuccinate lyase

adenylylosuccinate synthase adenylylosuccinate synthase

adenylosuccinate synthase

adenylylosuccinic acid adenylylosuccinic acid (a-den´i-lil-o-suk´sin-ik)

adenylosuccinic acid

adenylylsulfate kinase adenylylsulfate kinase

See adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate kinase.

adeps adeps , gen. adipis adipes (ad´eps, ad´i-pis, -pez)

1. Denoting fat or adipose tissue. 2. The rendered fat of swine, lard, used in the preparation of ointments.lard; See also adeps lanae. [L. lard, fat]
a. re´nis obsolete term for the layer of adipose tissue ("fatty capsule") surrounding the kidney (perirenal fat).

adeps lanae adeps lanae

The greasy substance obtained from the wool of the sheep Ovis aries (family Bovidae). Used as an emollient base for creams and ointments.hydrous wool fat, lanolin, wool wax; [L. fat of wool]

adermia adermia (a-der´me-a)

Congenital defect or absence of skin. [G. a- priv. + derma, skin]

adermogenesis adermogenesis (a-der-mo-jen´e-sis)

Failure or imperfection in the regeneration of the skin, especially the imperfect repair of a cutaneous defect. [G. a- priv. + derma, skin, + genesis, origin]

ADH ADH

Abbreviation for antidiuretic hormone; alcohol dehydrogenase.

adherence adherence (ad-her´ens)

1. The act or quality of sticking to something. See also adhesion. 2. The extent to which the patient continues the agreed-upon mode of treatment under limited supervision. Cf. compliance (2) , maintenance. [L. adhaereo, to stick to]
immune a. the binding of antigen-antibody complexes or cells coated with antibodies or complement to cells bearing the appropriate complement or Fc receptors.

adhesins adhesins (ad-he´zins)

Microbial surface antigens that frequently exist in the form of filamentous projections (pili or fimbriae) and bind to specific receptors on epithelial cell membranes; usually classified according to their ability to induce agglutination of erythrocytes from various species, their differential attachment to epithelial cells of various origins, or their susceptibility to reversal of such binding activities in the presence of mannose. [L. ad-haereo, pp. ad-haesum, to stick to, + -in]

adhesio adhesio , pl. adhesiones (ad-he´ze-o, ad-he-ze-o´nez) [NA]

adhesion (1) [L.]
a. interthalam´ica [NA] interthalamic adhesion

adhesion adhesion (ad-he´zhun)

1. The process of adhering or uniting of two surfaces or parts, especially the union of the opposing surfaces of a wound.adhesio [NA] , conglutination (1); 2. In the plural, inflammatory bands that connect opposing serous surfaces. 3. Physical attraction of unlike molecules for one another. 4. Molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of bodies in contact. [L. adhesio, to stick to]
amniotic a.'s amniotic bands, under band
fibrinous a. an a. that consists of fine threads of fibrin resulting from an exudate of plasma or lymph, or an extravasation of blood.
fibrous a. fibrous strands resulting from the organization of fibrinous a.'s.
interthalamic a. the variable connection between the two thalamic masses across the third ventricle; absent in about 20% of human brains.adhesio interthalamica [NA] , commissura cinerea, commissura grisea (1) , intermediate mass, massa intermedia;
primary a. healing by first intention
secondary a. healing by second intention

adhesiotomy adhesiotomy (ad-he-se-ot´o-me)

Surgical section or lysis of adhesions.

adhesive adhesive (ad-he´siv)

1. Relating to, or having the characteristics of, an adhesion. 2. Any material that adheres to a surface or causes adherence between surfaces.

adhib. adhib.

Abbreviation for L. adhibendus, to be administered.

adiadochocinesia adiadochocinesia , adiadochocinesis (a-dI´a-do-ko-si-ne´se-a, -sis)

adiadochokinesis [G. a-priv. + diadochos, successive, + kinesis, movement]

adiadochokinesis adiadochokinesis (a-dI´a-do-ko-kin-e´sis)

Inability to perform rapid alternating movements. One of the clinical manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction. See also dysdiadochokinesia. Cf. diadochokinesia. adiadochocinesia, adiadochocinesis, dysdiadochokinesis; [G. a- priv. + diadochos, successive, + kinesis, movement]

adiaphoresis adiaphoresis (a´dI-a-fo-re´sis)

anhidrosis [G. a- priv. + diaphoresis, perspiration]

adiaphoretic adiaphoretic (a-dI´a-fo-ret´ik)

anhidrotic

adiaphoria adiaphoria (a-dI-a-fo´re-a)

Failure to respond to stimulation after a series of previously applied stimuli. [G. a- priv. + dia, through, + phoros, bearing]

adiaspiromycosis adiaspiromycosis (a´de-a-spI´ro-mI-ko´sis)

A rare pulmonary mycosis of humans and of rodents and other animals that dig in soil or are aquatic, caused by Emmonsia parva.

adiaspore adiaspore (a´de-a-spor)

A fungus spore which, when produced in the lungs of an animal or incubated in vitro at elevated temperatures, increases greatly in size without eventual reproduction or replication. [G. a- priv. + dia, through, + sporos, seed]

adiastole adiastole (a-dI-as´to-le)

Absence or imperceptibility of the diastolic movement of the heart; diastolic ventricular functional abnormality. [G. a- priv. + diastole, dilation]

adiathermancy adiathermancy (a-dI-a-ther´man-se)

Impermeability to heat. [G. dia-thermaino, to warm through, fr. a- priv. + dia, through, + therme, heat]

Adie Adie

William J., Australian physician, 1886-1935. See A.'s pupil; A. syndrome; Holmes-Adie pupil; Holmes-Adie syndrome.

adiemorrhysis adiemorrhysis (ad´i-em-or´i-sis)

Arrest of the capillary circulation. [G. a- priv. + dia, through, + haima, blood, + rhysis, a flowing]

adient adient (ad´e-ent)

Having a tendency to move toward the source of a stimulus, as opposed to abient. [L. adiens, pr. p. of adeo, to go toward]

Adinida Adinida (a-din´i-da)

A suborder of dinoflagellates, in which the flagella are free and do not lie in furrows. [G. a- priv. + dien, a whirling]

adip- adip- , adipo-

Fat, fatty. Corresponds to G. lip-, lipo-. See also lipo-. [L. adeps, adipis, soft animal fat, lard, grease; fatty tissue; obesity; akin to G. aleipha, unguent, anointing-oil, oil, fat, pitch, resin, lipos, animal fat, lard, tallow, vegetable oil]

adipectomy adipectomy (ad-i-pek´to-me)

Obsolete term for lipectomy. [L. adeps, fat, + G. ektome, excision]

adiphenine hydrochloride adiphenine hydrochloride (a-dif´e-nen)

a-Phenylbenzeneacetic acid 2-(diethylamino)ethyl ester hydrochloride;a spasmolytic agent used to decrease spasm of the biliary tract, gastrointestinal tract, uterus, and ureter.

adipic acid adipic acid (a-dip´ik)

Hexanedioic acid;the dicarboxylic acid, HOOC(CH₂)₄COOH.

Adipiodone Adipiodone

iodipamide

adipo- adipo-

See adip-.

adipocellular adipocellular (ad´i-po-sel´yu-lar)

Relating to both fatty and cellular tissues, or to connective tissue with many fat cells.

adipoceratous adipoceratous (ad-i-po-ser´a-tus)

Relating to adipocere.lipoceratous;

adipocere adipocere (ad´i-po-ser)

A fatty substance of waxy consistency into which dead animal tissues (as those of a corpse) are sometimes converted when kept from the air under certain favoring conditions of temperature.grave wax, lipocere; [adipo- + L. cera, wax]

adipocyte adipocyte (ad´i-po-sIt)

fat cell

adipogenesis adipogenesis (ad´i-po-jen´e-sis)

lipogenesis

adipogenic adipogenic , adipogenous (ad´i-po-jen´ik, ad-i-poj´e-nus)

lipogenic

adipoid adipoid (ad´i-poyd)

lipoid [adipo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

adipokinetic adipokinetic (ad´i-po-ki-net´ik)

Denoting a substance or factor that causes mobilization of stored lipid. [adipo- + G. kinesis, movement]

adipokinin adipokinin (ad-i-po-kI´nin)

An anterior pituitary hormone that causes mobilization of fat from adipose tissue.adipokinetic hormone;

adipometer adipometer (ad-i-pom´e-ter)

An instrument for determining the thickness of the skin. [adipo- + G. metron, measure]

adiponecrosis adiponecrosis (ad´i-po-ne-kro´sis)

Rarely used term referring to necrosis of fat, as in hemorrhagic pancreatitis.

adiposalgia adiposalgia (ad´i-po-sal´je-a)

Condition in which painful areas of subcutaneous fat develop. [adipo- + G. algos, pain]

adipose adipose (ad´i-pos)

Denoting fat.

adiposis adiposis (ad-i-po´sis)

Excessive local or general accumulation of fat in the body.lipomatosis, liposis (1) , steatosis (1); [adipo- + G. -osis, condition]
a. cerebra´lis obesity resulting from intracranial disease, most commonly of the hypothalamus, resulting in hyperphagia.
a. doloro´sa a condition characterized by a deposit of symmetrical nodular or pendulous masses of fat in various regions of the body, with discomfort or pain.Anders' disease, Dercum's disease, lipomatosis neurotica;
a. or´chica dystrophia adiposogenitalis
a. tubero´sa sim´plex a condition resembling a. dolorosa, in which the fat occurs in small, nodular masses, which are sensitive to touch and may be spontaneously painful, on the abdomen or on the extremities.
a. universa´lis excessive deposition of fat throughout all parts of the body, including the viscera.

adiposity adiposity (ad-i-pos´i-te)

1. obesity 2. Excessive accumulation of lipids in a site or organ.

adiposuria adiposuria (ad´i-po-su´re-a)

lipuria [adipo- + G. ouron, urine]

adipsia adipsia , adipsy (a-dip´se-a, -dip´se)

Absence of thirst or the lack of desire to drink. [G. a- priv. + dipsa, thirst]

aditus aditus , pl. aditus (ad´i-tus) [NA]

aperture, inlet [L. access, fr. ad-eo, pp. -itus, go to]
a. ad an´trum [NA] aperture of mastoid antrum
a. ad aqueduc´tum cer´ebri anus cerebri
a. ad infundib´ulum infundibular recess
a. ad sac´cum peritone´i mino´rem epiploic foramen
a. glot´tidis infe´rior infraglottic cavity
a. glot´tidis supe´rior intermediate laryngeal cavity
a. laryn´gis [NA] inlet of larynx
a. or´bitae [NA] orbital opening
a. pel´vis superior pelvic aperture

adjustment adjustment (a-just´ment)

1. In dentistry, any modification made upon a fixed or removable prosthesis during or after its insertion to perfect its adaptation and function. 2. adaptation (6) 3. A summarizing procedure for a statistical measure in which the effects of differences in composition of the populations being compared have been minimized by statistical methods.
occlusal a. modification of the occluding and incising surfaces of teeth to develop harmonious relationships between these surfaces.

adjuvant adjuvant (ad´ju-vant)

1. A substance added to a drug product formulation which affects the action of the active ingredient in a predictable way. 2. In immunology, a vehicle used to enhance antigenicity; e.g., a suspension of minerals (alum, aluminum hydroxide or phosphate) on which antigen is adsorbed; or water-in-oil emulsion in which antigen solution is emulsified in mineral oil (Freund's incomplete a.), sometimes with the inclusion of killed mycobacteria (Freund's complete a.) to further enhance antigenicity. [L. ad-juvo, pres. p. -juvans, to give aid to]
Freund's a. See adjuvant.
Freund's complete a. water-in-oil emulsion of antigen, to which killed mycobacteria or tuberculosis bacteria are added.
Freund's incomplete a. water-in-oil emulsion of antigen, without mycobacteria.

ADL ADL

Abbreviation for activities of daily living. See activities of daily living scale.

Adler Adler

Alfred, Austrian psychiatrist, 1870-1937. See adlerian psychology; adlerian psychoanalysis.

Adler Adler

Oscar, German physician, 1879-1932. See A.'s test.

adlerian adlerian (ad-ler´e-an)

Relating to or described by Alfred Adler.

ad lib ad lib

Abbreviation for L. ad libitum, freely, as desired.

adm. adm.

See admov.

admedial admedial , admedian (ad-me´de-al, -de-an)

Toward or near the median plane.

adminiculum adminiculum , pl. adminicula (ad-mi-nik´yu-lum, -yu-la) [NA]

That which gives support to a part. [L. a hand-rest, prop, fr. ad + manus, hand]
a. lin´eae al´bae [NA] a triangular fibrous expansion, sometimes containing a few muscular fibers, passing from the superior pubic ligament to the posterior surface of the linea alba.

admov. admov.

Abbreviation for L. admove, apply.

adnerval adnerval (ad-ner´val)

adneural

adneural adneural (ad-nur´al)

1. Lying near a nerve. 2. In the direction of a nerve; said of an electric current passing through muscular tissue toward the point of entrance of the nerve.adnerval;

adnexa adnexa , gen. adnexum (ad-nek´sa, -sum)

Parts accessory to the main organ or structure. See also appendage.annexa; [L. connected parts]
a. o´culi accessory organs of the eye, under organ
a. u´teri uterine appendages, under appendage

adnexal adnexal (ad-nek´sal)

Relating to the adnexa.annexal;

adnexectomy adnexectomy (ad-nek-sek´to-me)

1. Excision of any adnexa. 2. In gynecology, excision of the fallopian tube and ovary if unilateral and excision of both tubes and ovaries (adnexa uteri) if bilateral.annexectomy;

adnexitis adnexitis (ad-neks-I´tis)

Inflammation of the adnexa uteri.annexitis; [L. annexa, adnexa, + -itis, inflammation]

adnexopexy adnexopexy (ad-neks´o-pek-se)

Operation for suspension of the fallopian tube and ovary; usually, oophoropexy is accomplished without suspension of the tube.annexopexy; [L. annexa, adnexa, + G. pexis, fixation]

adnexum adnexum (ad-nek´sum)

Singular of adnexa.

Ado Ado

Symbol for adenosine.

adolescence adolescence (ad-o-les´ens)

The period of life beginning with puberty and ending with completed growth and physical maturity. [L. adolescentia]

adolescent adolescent (ad-o-les´ent)

1. Pertaining to adolescence. 2. An individual in that stage of development.

AdoMet AdoMet

Abbreviation for S-adenosyl-l-methionine.

adonis adonis (a-don´is)

Medicinal herb obtained from Adonis vernalis (family Ranunculaceae), grown in Eastern Europe and used there in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Contains strophanthidin and related cardiotonic glycosides.false hellebore; [G. Adonis, mythical figure, fr. Phoenicial adon, lord]

adonitol adonitol (a-don´i-tol)

ribitol

adoral adoral

Obsolete term for orad. [L. ad, to, + os(or-), mouth]

ADP ADP

Abbreviation for adenosine 5´-diphosphate.

ADPase ADPase

apyrase

adren- adren-

See adreno-.

adrenal adrenal (a-dre´nal)

1. Near or upon the kidney; denoting the suprarenal (adrenal) gland. 2. A suprarenal gland or separate tissue or product thereof. See also suprarenal. [L. ad, to, + ren, kidney]
accessory a. an island of cortical tissue separate from the adrenal gland, usually found in the retroperitoneal tissues, kidney, or genital organs.adrenal rest;
Marchand's a.'s small collections of accessory a. tissue in the broad ligament of the uterus or in the testes.Marchand's rest;

adrenalectomy adrenalectomy (a-dre-nal-ek´to-me)

Removal of one or both adrenal glands. [adrenal + G. ektome, excision]

adrenaline adrenaline (a-dren´a-lin, -len)

epinephrine
a. oxidase amine oxidase (flavin-containing)

adrenalism adrenalism

hypercorticoidism

adrenalitis adrenalitis (a-dre-nal-I´tis)

Inflammation of the adrenal gland.

adrenalone adrenalone (a-dren´a-lon)

3´4´-Dihydroxy-2-(methylamino)acetophenone; 4-methylaminoacetopyrocatechol;precursor of epinephrine in some manufacturing processes; a topical adrenergic agent in ophthalmology.

adrenalopathy adrenalopathy (a-dre-na-lop´a-the)

Any pathologic condition of the adrenal glands.adrenopathy; [adrenal + G. pathos, suffering]

adrenarche adrenarche (ad´ren-ar-ke)

1. Auxiliary and pubic hair growth during puberty induced by hyperactivity of the adrenal cortex. 2. Physiologic change at puberty caused by adrenocortical secretion of androgenic hormones or precursors of them. [adren- + G. arche, beginning]

adrenergic adrenergic (ad-re-ner´jik)

1. Relating to nerve cells or fibers of the autonomic nervous system that employ norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter. Cf. cholinergic. 2. Relating to drugs that mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. See a-adrenergic receptors, under receptor, beta-adrenergic receptors, under receptor. [adren- + G. ergon, work]

adrenic adrenic (a-dre´nik)

Relating to the suprarenal gland.

adreno- adreno- , adrenal- , adren-

Relating to the adrenal gland. [L. ad, to, near, + renes, the kidneys, + -o- + -alis, pertaining to]

adrenoceptive adrenoceptive (a-dren-o-sep´tiv)

Referring to chemical sites in effectors with which the adrenergic mediator unites. Cf. cholinoceptive.

adrenoceptor adrenoceptor (a-dre´sep´tor)

adrenergic receptors, under receptor

adrenocortical adrenocortical (a-dre-no-kor´ti-kal)

Pertaining to suprarenal cortex.

adrenocorticoid adrenocorticoid (a-dre-no-kor´ti-koid)

corticosteroid

adrenocorticomimetic adrenocorticomimetic (a-dre´no-kor´ti-ko-mi-met´ik)

Mimicking or producing effects similar to adrenocortical function. [adrenal + cortex + G. minetikos, imitating]

adrenocorticotropic adrenocorticotropic , adrenocorticotrophic (a-dre´no-kor´ti-ko-tro´pik, -tro´fik)

Stimulating growth of the adrenal cortex or secretion of its hormones.adrenotropic, adrenotrophic; [adrenal cortex + G. trophe, nurture; trope, a turning]

adrenocorticotropin adrenocorticotropin (a-dre´no-kor-ti-ko-tro´pin)

adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenogenic adrenogenic , adrenogenous (a-dre-no-jen´ik, a-dre-noj´e-nus)

Of adrenal origin. [adreno- + G. -gen, producing]

adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) (a-dre´no-lu-ko-dis´tro-fe) [MIM*300100]

An X-linked recessive disorder affecting young males, characterized by chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, skin hyperpigmentation, progressive dementia, spastic paralysis, and other intellectual and neurological disturbances; due to myelin degeneration in the white matter of the brain.

adrenolytic adrenolytic (a-dren-o-lit´ik)

Denoting antagonism to or inhibition or blockade of the action of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and related sympathomimetics. See also adrenergic blocking agent. [adreno- + G. lysis, loosening, dissolution]

adrenomegaly adrenomegaly (a-dre-no-meg´a-le)

Enlargement of the adrenal glands. [adreno- + G. megas, big]

adrenomimetic adrenomimetic (a-dre´no-mi-met´ik)

Having an action similar to that of the compounds epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are liberated from the adrenal medulla and adrenergic nerves; term proposed to replace the less accurate term, sympathomimetic. Cf. adrenergic, cholinomimetic. [adreno- + G. mimetikos, imitative]

adrenomyeloneuropathy adrenomyeloneuropathy (ad-re´no-mI´e-lo-nu-rop´a-the)

A disorder of adult males, consisting of long standing adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, progressive myelopathy, peripheral neuropathy, and sphincter disturbances; considered a variant of adrenoleukodystrophy. [adreno- + G. myelos, medulla, + neuron, nerve, + pathos, suffering]

adrenopathy adrenopathy (a-dre-nop´a-the)

adrenalopathy

adrenoprival adrenoprival (a-dre-no-prI´val)

Rarely used term indicating a loss of adrenal function, as a result of either disease or surgical excision. [adreno- + L. privo, to deprive]

adrenoreactive adrenoreactive (a-dre´no-re-ak´tiv)

Responding to the catecholamines.

adrenoreceptors adrenoreceptors (a-dre´no-re-sep´terz)

adrenergic receptors, under receptor

adrenosterone adrenosterone (a-dre-nos´ter-on)

4-androstene-3,11,17-trione;an androgen isolated from the adrenal cortex.andrenosterone;

adrenotoxin adrenotoxin (a-dre-no-tok´sin)

A substance toxic for the adrenal glands. [adreno- + toxin]

adrenotropic adrenotropic , adrenotrophic (a-dre-no-tro´pik, -tro´fik)

adrenocorticotropic

adrenotropin adrenotropin (a-dre-no-tro´pin)

adrenocorticotropic hormone

adriamycin adriamycin (a´dre-a-mI´sin)

doxorubicin

adromia adromia (a-dro´me-a)

Failure of muscle innervation. [G. a- priv. + dromos, course]

ad sat ad sat

Abbreviation for L. ad saturatum, to saturation.

Adson Adson

Alfred W., U.S. neurosurgeon, 1887-1951. See A.'s test; A. forceps, maneuver; Brown-A. forceps.

adsorb adsorb (ad-sorb´)

To take up by adsorption. [L. ad, to, + sorbeo, to suck in]

adsorbate adsorbate (ad-sor´bat)

Any substance adsorbed.

adsorbent adsorbent (ad-sor´bent)

1. A substance that adsorbs, i.e., a solid substance endowed with the property of attaching other substances to its surface without any covalent bonding, e.g., activated charcoal. 2. An antigen or antibody used in immune adsorption.

adsorption adsorption (ad-sorp´shun)

The property of a solid substance to attract and hold to its surface a gas, liquid, or a substance in solution or in suspension. For example, condensation of a gas onto a surface. Cf. absorption. [L. ad, to, + sorbeo, to suck up]
immune a. 1. removal of antibody (agglutinin or precipitin) from antiserum by use of specific antigen; after aggregation has occurred, the antigen-antibody complex is separated either by centrifugation or by filtration; 2. removal of antigen by specific antiserum in a similar manner.

adsternal adsternal (ad-ster´nal)

Near or upon the sternum.

ADTe ADTe

Abbreviation for anodal duration tetanus.

adterminal adterminal (ad-ter´mi-nal)

In a direction toward the nerve endings, muscular insertions, or the extremity of any structure.

adult adult (a-dult´)

1. Fully grown and physically mature. 2. A fully grown and mature individual. [L adultus, grown up fr. adolesco, to grow up]

adulterant adulterant (a-dul´ter-ant)

An impurity; an additive that is considered to have an undesirable effect or to dilute the active material so as to reduce its therapeutic or monetary value.

adulteration adulteration (a-dul-ter-a´shun)

The alteration of any substance by the deliberate addition of a component not ordinarily part of that substance; usually used to imply that the substance is debased as a result.

adultomorphism adultomorphism (a-dul-to-mor´fizm)

Interpretation of children's behavior in adult terms.

adv. adv.

Abbreviation for L. adversum, against.

advance advance (ad-vans´)

To move distally. [Fr. avancer, to set forward]

advanced life support advanced life support

Definitive emergency medical care that includes defibrillation, airway management, and use of drugs and medications. Cf. basic life support.

advancement advancement (ad-vans´ment)

Surgical procedure in which a ligamentous or partially tendinous insertion or a skin flap is partially severed or released from its attachment and sutured to a more distal point.
capsular a. surgical reattachment of the anterior portion of Tenon's capsule.
tendon a. excision of the tendon of an eye muscle and attachment of it to a more anterior location on the globe.

adventitia adventitia (ad-ven-tish´a)

The outermost connective tissue covering of any organ, vessel, or other structure not covered by a serosa; instead, the covering is properly derived from without (i.e., from the surrounding connective tissue) and does not form an integral part of such organ or structure.tunica adventitia [NA] , membrana adventitia (1); [L. adventicius, coming from abroad, foreign, fr. ad, to + venio, to come]

adventitial adventitial (ad-ven-tish´al)

Relating to the outer coat or adventitia of a blood vessel or other structure.adventitious (3);

adventitious adventitious (ad-ven-tish´us)

1. Arising from an external source or occurring in an unusual place or manner. See also extrinsic. 2. Occurring accidentally or spontaneously, as opposed to natural causes or hereditary. 3. adventitial

adynamia adynamia (a-dI-nam´e-a, ad-i-na´me-a)

1. asthenia 2. Lack of motor activity or strength. [G. a- priv. + dynamis, power]
a. episodica hereditaria hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, without myotonia.

adynamic adynamic (a-dI-nam´ik)

Relating to adynamia.

ae- ae-

For words so beginning and not found here, see under e-.

Aeby Aeby

Christopher T., Swiss anatomist, 1835-1885. See A.'s muscle, plane.

Aedes Aedes (a-e´dez)

A widespread genus of small mosquitoes frequently found in tropical and subtropical regions. [G. aedes, unpleasant, unfriendly]
A. aegyp´ti the yellow fever mosquito, a species that is also the vector of the pathogen of dengue; characterized by white lyre-shaped markings on the thorax.
A. albopic´tus species that is an important vector of dengue viruses widespread in the Pacific basin.
A. cabal´lus species that is an important vector of Rift Valley fever in South Africa.
A. leucocelae´nus species that transmits yellow fever in South America.
A. polynesien´sis species that is an important vector of filariasis and dengue in the Polynesian region.
A. scapular´is species that is a vector of myxomatosis of rabbits.
A. sollic´itans a common salt-marsh mosquito species and vector of eastern equine encephalomyelitis on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.
A. variegat´us a species that is a vector of filarial parasites in the Pacific Islands (Gilbert and Ellice group).

aegyptianellosis aegyptianellosis (e-jip´she-a-nel-o´sis)

A tickborne disease of birds caused by rickettsiae of the genus Aegyptianella and characterized by punctiform hemorrhages of the serosa and anemia.

aelurophobia aelurophobia (e-lu-ro-fo´be-a)

ailurophobia

Aelurostrongylus Aelurostrongylus (e´lur-o-stron´jI-lus)

A common genus of lungworm in cats; land snails and slugs serve as intermediate hosts and snail-eating animals can serve as transport hosts. [G. ailuros, cat, + Mod. L., fr. G. strongylus, round]

aequorin aequorin (e´kwo-rin)

A luminescent protein isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea which emits blue light in the presence of even minute amounts of calcium ion; injected intracellularly, it is used to measure free calcium ion transients within cells. See also fura-2, quin-2.

aer- aer- , aero-

The air, a gas; aerial, gassy. [G. aer (L. aer), air]

aerate aerate (ar´ate)

1. To supply (blood) with oxygen. 2. To expose to the circulation of air for purification. 3. To supply or charge (liquid) with a gas, especially carbon dioxide.

aerendocardia aerendocardia (ar-en-do-kar´de-a)

Presence of undissolved air in the blood within the heart. [aer- + G. endon, within, + kardia, heart]

aero- aero-

See aer-.

aeroatelectasis aeroatelectasis (ar´o-at-e-lek´ta-sis)

A partial, reversible, airless state of lung tissue most likely to occur in pilots exposed to high G forces, breathing 100% oxygen, and wearing an anti-G suit.

Aerobacter Aerobacter (ar-o-bak´ter)

An officially rejected generic name of bacteria. The type species is A. aerogenes. Motile organisms previously placed in this species are now placed in Enterobacter aerogenes; the nonmotile organisms have been transferred to Klebsiella pneumoniae. The species A. cloacae is now known as Enterobacter cloacae. [aero- + G. bakterion, a small staff]

aerobe aerobe (ar´ob)

1. An organism that can live and grow in the presence of oxygen. 2. An organism that can use oxygen as a final electron acceptor in a respiratory chain. [aero- + G. bios, life]
obligate a. an organism which cannot live or grow in the absence of oxygen.

aerobic aerobic (ar-o´bik)

1. Living in air. 2. Relating to an aerobe.aerophilic, aerophilous;

aerobiology aerobiology (ar´o-bI-ol´o-je)

The study of atmospheric constituents, living and nonliving, of biological significance, e.g., airborne spores, pathogenic bacteria, allergenic substances, pollutants.

aerobioscope aerobioscope (ar-o-bI´o-skop)

An apparatus for determining the bacterial content of the air. [aero- + G. bios, life, + skopeo, to view]

aerobiosis aerobiosis (ar-o-bI-o´sis)

Existence in an atmosphere containing oxygen. [aero- + G. biosis, mode of living]

aerobiotic aerobiotic (ar-o-bI-ot´ik)

Relating to aerobiosis.

aerocele aerocele (ar´o-sel)

Distention of a small natural cavity with gas. [aero- + G. kele, tumor]

Aerococcus Aerococcus (ar-o-kok´us)

A genus of aerobic Gram-positive cocci that resemble enterococci but do not form chains. They are frequently isolated as airborne saphrophytes in hospitals and as a pathogen of lobsters; cause greening in blood agar and grow in the presence of 40% bile. In humans, they are found in endocarditis and in urinary tract infections. The type and only species is A. viridans. [aero- + G. kokkos, berry]

aerocolpos aerocolpos (ar-o-kol´pos)

Distention of the vagina with gas. [aero- + G. kolpos, lap, hollow]

aerodermectasia aerodermectasia (ar´o-der-mek-ta´ze-a)

subcutaneous emphysema [aero- + G. derma, skin, + ektasis, a stretching out]

aerodontalgia aerodontalgia (ar´o-don-tal´je-a)

Dental pain caused by either increased or reduced atmospheric pressure.aero-odontalgia, aero-odontodynia; [aero- + G. odous, tooth, + algos, pain]
primary a. dental pain associated with expansion of trapped gases within a tooth, as under a filling or in an infected pulp.
secondary a. pain referred to the dental area from an area of aerosinusitis.

aerodontia aerodontia (ar-o-don´she-a)

The science of the effect of either increased or reduced atmospheric pressure on the teeth. [aero- + G. odous, tooth]

aerodynamics aerodynamics (ar´o-dI-nam´iks)

The study of air and other gases in motion, the forces that set them in motion, and the results of such motion. [aero- + G. dynamis, force]

aerodynamic size aerodynamic size

In aerosols, the particle size with unit density that best represents the aerodynamic behavior of a particle.

aeroemphysema aeroemphysema (ar´o-em-fi-se´ma)

Obsolete term for decompression sickness.

aerogastria aerogastria (ar-o-gas´tre-a)

Distention of the stomach with gas.
blocked a. retention of gas in the stomach due to spasm of the sphincteric region of the lower esophagus which prevents belching.

aerogen aerogen (ar´o-jen)

A gas-forming microorganism.

aerogenesis aerogenesis (ar-o-jen´e-sis)

Production of gas, as by a microorganism. [aero- + G. genesis, origin]

aerogenic aerogenic , aerogenous (ar-o-jen´ik, -oj´e-nus)

Gas-forming.

aerohydrotherapy aerohydrotherapy (ar´o-hI-dro-thar´a-pe)

Obsolete term for the treatment of disease by application, at different temperatures and by different methods, of both air and water. [aero- + G. hydor, water, + therapeia, healing]

aeromedicine aeromedicine (ar-o-med´i-sin)

aviation medicine

aeromonad aeromonad (ar-o-mo´nad)

A vernacular term used to refer to any member of the genus Aeromonas.

Aeromonas Aeromonas (ar-o-mo´nas)

A genus of aerobic, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Vibrionaceae) containing gram-negative, rod-shaped to coccoid cells that occur singly or in pairs or in clumps of chains; motile cells ordinarily possess a single, polar flagellum; some species are nonmotile. The metabolism of these organisms is both respiratory and fermentative. These bacteria are found in water and sewage; some are pathogenic to fresh water and marine animals. The type species is A. hydrophila.
A. hydroph´ila a species that causes cellulitis, wound infections, acute diarrhea (water-borne and shellfish-associated types), septicemia, and urinary tract infections in humans. Also causes red leg disease of frogs. The type species of Aeromonas.

aero-odontalgia aero-odontalgia (ar´o-o-don-tal´je-a)

aerodontalgia

aero-odontodynia aero-odontodynia (ar´o-o-don-to-din´e-a)

aerodontalgia

aeropathy aeropathy (ar-op´a-the)

Obsolete term for any morbid state induced by a pronounced change in atmospheric pressure; e.g., altitude sickness, decompression sickness. [aero- + G. pathos, suffering]

aeropause aeropause (ar´o-pawz)

An upper region of the atmosphere, between the stratosphere and outer space, in which gas particles are so sparse as to provide almost no support for man's physiologic requirements or for vehicles that require air for burning fuel.

aerophagia aerophagia , aerophagy (ar-o-fa´je-a, -of´a-je)

An abnormal swallowing of air as seen in crib-biting and wind-sucking.pneumophagia; [aero- + G. phago, to eat]

aerophil aerophil , aerophile (ar´o-fil, -fIl)

1. Air-loving. 2. An aerobic organism (aerobe), especially an obligate aerobe. [aero- + G. philos, fond]

aerophilic aerophilic , aerophilous (ar-o-fil´ik, ar-of´i-lus)

aerobic

aerophobia aerophobia (ar-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid dread of fresh air or of air in motion. [aero- + G. phobos, fear]

aeropiesotherapy aeropiesotherapy (ar´o-pI-e´so-thar´a-pe)

Treatment of disease by compressed (or rarified) air. [aero- + G. piesis, pressure, + therapeia, medical treatment]

aeroplankton aeroplankton (ar-o-plank´ton)

An organism or a substance carried by air, e.g., bacterium, pollen grain. [aero- + G. planktos, ntr. -on, wandering]

aeroplethysmograph aeroplethysmograph (ar´o-ple-thiz´mo-graf)

Obsolete term for body plethysmograph. [aero- + G. plethysmos, enlargement, + grapho, to write]

aerosialophagy aerosialophagy (ar´o-sI-al-of´a-je)

sialoaerophagy

aerosinusitis aerosinusitis (ar-o-sI-nu-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses caused by pressure difference within the sinus relative to ambient pressure, secondary to obstruction of the sinus orifice, sometimes due to high altitude flying or by descent from high altitude.barosinusitis;

aerosis aerosis (ar-o´sis)

Generation of gas in the tissues. [aero- + G. -osis, condition]

aerosol aerosol (ar´o-sol)

1. Liquid or particulate matter dispersed in air in the form of a fine mist for therapeutic, insecticidal, or other purposes. 2. A product that is packaged under pressure and contains therapeutically or chemically active ingredients intended for topical application, inhalation, or introduction into body orifices. [aero- + solution]
respirable a.'s a.'s with an aerodynamic size under 10 mum.

aerosolization aerosolization (ar-o-sol-i-za´shun)

Dispersion in air of a liquid material or a solution in the form of a fine mist, usually for therapeutic purposes, especially to the respiratory passages.

aerotherapeutics aerotherapeutics , aerotherapy (ar´o-thar-a-pyu´tiks, -thar´a-pe)

Treatment of disease by fresh air, by air of different degrees of pressure or rarity, or by air medicated in various ways.

aerotitis media aerotitis media (ar-o-tI´tis me´de-a)

An acute or chronic inflammation of the middle ear caused by a reduction in pressure in the tympanic cavity relative to ambient pressure, secondary to eustachian tube obstruction; often occurs on descent from high altitude.aviation otitis, aviator's ear, barotitis media; [aero- + G. ous, ear, + -itis, inflammation]

aerotonometer aerotonometer (ar´o-ton-om´e-ter)

1. An instrument for estimating the tension or pressure of a gas. 2. tonometer (2) [aero- + G. tonos, tension, + metron, measure]

aesculapian aesculapian (es-kyu-la´pe-an)

Relating to Aesculapius, the art of medicine, or a medical practitioner.esculapian; [L. Aesculapius, G. Asklepios, the god of medicine]

aesculin aesculin (es´kyu-lin)

esculin

aestival aestival (es´ti-val)

estival

AFB AFB

Abbreviation for acid-fast bacillus. See acid-fast.

afebrile afebrile (a-feb´ril)

apyretic

afetal afetal (a-fe´tal)

Without relation to a fetus or intrauterine life.

affect affect (af´fekt)

The emotional feeling, tone, and mood attached to a thought, including its external manifestations. [L. affectus, state of mind, fr. afficio, to have influence on]
blunted a. a disturbance in mood seen in schizophrenic patients manifested by shallowness and a severe reduction in the expression of feeling.
flat a. absence of or diminution in the amount of emotional tone or outward emotional reaction typically shown by others or oneself under similar circumstances; a milder form is termed blunted a.
inappropriate a. emotional tone or outward emotional reaction out of harmony with the idea, object, or thought accompanying it.
labile a. rapid shifts in outward emotional expressions; often associated with organic brain syndromes such as intoxication.

affect display affect display

Facial expressions, postures, and gestures indicating emotional states.

affection affection (a-fek´shun)

1. A moderate feeling of tenderness, caring, or love. 2. An abnormal condition of body or mind. [L. affectio, fr. af-ficio, to affect, influence]

affective affective (af-fek´tiv)

Pertaining to mood, emotion, feeling, sensibility, or a mental state.

affectivity affectivity (af-fek-tiv´i-te)

feeling tone

affectomotor affectomotor (af´fek-to-mo´ter)

Pertaining to muscular manifestations associated with affective tone.

afferent afferent (af´er-ent)

Inflowing; conducting toward a center, denoting certain arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves. Opposite of efferent.centripetal (1) , esodic; [L. afferens, fr. af-fero, to bring to]

affinity affinity (a-fin´i-te)

1. In chemistry, the force that impels certain atoms to bind to or unite with certain others to form complexes or compounds. 2. Selective staining of a tissue by a dye or the selective uptake of a dye, chemical, or other substance by a tissue. [L. affinis, neighboring, fr. ad, to, + finis, end, boundary]
residual a. secondary forces that enable apparently saturated atoms, ions, or molecules to attract other atoms or groups, causing such phenomena as complex formation, hydration, adsorption, etc.

affinous affinous (af´i-nus)

Pertaining to a marriage in which the partners are related, not by consanguinity, but through another marriage. [L. affinis, related by marriage, fr. ad, to + finis, limit]

affirmation affirmation (af-fer-ma´shun)

The stage in autosuggestion in which one exhibits a positive reactive tendency. [L. affirmatio, fr. affirm, to make strong, fr firmus, strong]

afflux afflux , affluxion (af´luks, af-luk´shun)

A flowing toward; specifically, a flowing of blood toward any part. See congestion. [L. af-fluo, pp. -fluxus, to flow toward]

affusion affusion (a-fyu´zhun)

Pouring of water upon the body or any of its parts for therapeutic purposes. [L. af- fundo, to pour into]

AFH AFH

Abbreviation for anterior facial height.

afibrillar afibrillar (a-fI´bri-lar)

Denoting a biological structure that does not contain fibrils.

afibrinogenemia afibrinogenemia (a-fI´brin-o-je-ne´me-a)

The absence of fibrinogen in the plasma. See also hypofibrinogenemia.
congenital a. [MIM*202400] a rare disorder of blood coagulation in which little or no fibrinogen can be found in plasma because of a mutant form in one of the three fibrinogen loci. Leads to defective platelet aggregation; autosomal recessive inheritance.

Afipia felis Afipia felis

A cause of cat-scratch disease.

aflatoxicosis aflatoxicosis (af´la-toks-e-co´sis)

A disease caused by ingestion of aflatoxin.

aflatoxin aflatoxin (af´la-tok´sin)

Toxic metabolites of some strains of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasitus, Aspergillus oryzae as well as some Penicillium strains. They play a role in the etiology of primary cancer of the liver in humans and produce disease in animals eating peanut meal and other feed contaminated by these fungi.

AFORMED AFORMED

See AFORMED phenomenon.

AFP AFP

Abbreviation for a-fetoproteins. See fetoproteins.

afterbirth afterbirth (af´ter-berth)

The placenta and membranes that are extruded from the uterus after birth.secundina, secundines;

aftercare aftercare (af´ter-kar)

1. The care and treatment of a patient after an operation or during convalescence from an illness. 2. Following psychiatric hospitalization, a continuing program of rehabilitation designed to reinforce the effects of the therapy; may include partial hospitalization, day hospital, or outpatient treatment.

aftercataract aftercataract (af´ter-kat´a-rakt)

secondary cataract (2)

afterchroming afterchroming (af´ter-krom´ing)

Additional treatment of a tissue specimen with chromate or a metal mordant to impart special staining properties.postchroming;

aftercontraction aftercontraction (af´ter-kon-trak´shun)

A muscular contraction persisting a noticeable time after the stimulus has ceased.

aftercurrent aftercurrent (af´ter-kur-ent)

An electrical current induced in a muscle upon the termination of a constant current that has been passed through it.

afterdischarge afterdischarge (af-ter-dis´charj)

Persistance of response of muscle or neural elements after cessation of stimulation.

aftereffect aftereffect (af´ter-e-fekt´)

A physical, physiologic, psychologic, or emotional effect that continues after removal of the stimulus. See flashback.

aftergilding aftergilding (af´ter-gild´ing)

The treatment of a fixed and hardened histologic specimen of nervous tissue with gold salts.

afterimage afterimage (af´ter-im´ij)

Persistence of a visual response after cessation of the stimulus.accidental image, negative image;
negative a. a. in which the lightness relationship is reversed; if chromatic, it appears in complementary color.
positive a. a. in which the lightness relationship is the same as the original one; if chromatic, it appears in the same color.

afterimpression afterimpression (af´ter-im-presh´un)

aftersensation

afterload afterload (af´ter-lod)

1. The arrangement of a muscle so that, in shortening, it lifts a weight from an adjustable support or otherwise does work against a constant opposing force to which it is not exposed at rest. 2. The load or force thus encountered in shortening.
ventricular a. formerly, the arterial pressure or some other measure of the force that a ventricle must overcome while it contracts during ejection, contributed to by aortic or pulmonic artery impedance, peripheral vascular resistance, and mass and viscosity of blood; now, more rigorously expressed in terms of the wall stress, i.e., the tension per unit cross-sectional area in the ventricular muscle fibers (calculated by an expansion of Laplace's law utilizing pressure, internal radius, and wall thickness) that is required to produce the intracavitary pressure required during ejection.

aftermovement aftermovement (af´ter-moov´ment)

Involuntary arm abduction that follows sustained isometric contraction of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles (usually performed by pushing the upper extremity forcibly and against an immovable vertical surface while standing closely beside it).Kohnstamm's phenomenon;

afterpains afterpains (af´ter-panz)

Painful cramplike contractions of the uterus occurring after childbirth.

afterperception afterperception (af´ter-per-sep´shun)

Subjective persistance of a stimulus after its cessation. Cf. palinopsia.

afterpotential afterpotential (af´ter-po-ten´shal)

The small change in electrical potential in a stimulated nerve that follows the main, or spike, potential; it consists of an initial negative deflection followed by a positive deflection in the oscillograph record.
diastolic a. in the heart, a transmembrane potential change following repolarization, which may reach threshold magnitude and cause a rhythm disturbance; often recorded in poisoning, as by digitalis overdosage.
positive a. a spontaneous or inducible increase in transmembrane potential of a cardiac or nerve cell following the completion of repolarization. In the heart, this usually corresponds to the electrocardiographic U wave.

aftersensation aftersensation (af´ter-sen-sa´shun)

Subjective persistance of sensation after cessation of stimulus.afterimpression;

aftersound aftersound (af´ter-sownd)

Subjective persistance of an auditory stimulus after cessation of the stimulus.

aftertaste aftertaste (af´ter-tast)

Subjective persistance of a gustatory stimulus after contact with the stimulating substance has ceased.

aftertouch aftertouch (af´ter-tuch)

Persistence of tactile sensation after cessation of the stimulus.

aftosa aftosa (af-to´sa)

foot-and-mouth disease [Sp. fiebre aftosa, aphthous fever]

Ag Ag

1. Symbol for silver (argentum). 2. Abbreviation for antigen.

AGA AGA

Abbreviation for N-acetylglutamate.

agalactia agalactia (a-gal-ak´she-a)

Absence of milk in the breasts after childbirth.agalactosis; [G. a- priv. + gala (galakt-), milk]
contagious a. a generalized, debilitating disease of sheep and goats caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae; udder infection leads to a decrease in milk production.

agalactorrhea agalactorrhea (a-ga-lak-to-re´a)

Absence of the secretion or flow of breast milk. [G. a- priv. + gala, milk, + rhoia, a flow]

agalactosis agalactosis (a-gal-ak-to´sis)

agalactia

agalactous agalactous (a-gal-ak´tus)

Relating to agalactia, or to the diminution or absence of breast milk.

agamete agamete (a-gam´et, ag´a-met)

A protozoan organism produced by asexual multiple fission. See also schizogony. [G. a- priv. + gametes, husband]

agamic agamic (a-gam´ik)

Denoting nonsexual reproduction, as by fission, budding, etc.agamous;

agammaglobulinemia agammaglobulinemia (a-gam´a-glob´yu-li-ne´me-a)

Absence of, or extremely low levels of, the gamma fraction of serum globulin; sometimes used loosely to denote absence of immunoglobulins in general. See also hypogammaglobulinemia.
acquired a. common variable immunodeficiency
secondary a. secondary immunodeficiency
Swiss type a. severe combined immunodeficiency
transient a. transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy

agamocytogeny agamocytogeny (a-gam´o-sI-toj´e-ne)

schizogony [G. agamos, unmarried, + kytos, cell, + genesis, becoming]

Agamofilaria Agamofilaria (a-gam´o-fI-la´re-a)

A name given to immature filarial forms, the genera of the adult forms being undetermined. [G. agamos, unmarried, + L. filum, thread]

agamogenesis agamogenesis (ag´a-mo-jen´e-sis, a-gam-o-)

asexual reproduction [G. agamos, unmarried, + genesis, production]

agamogenetic agamogenetic (ag´a-mo-je-net´ik, -a-gam-o-)

Indicating asexual reproduction.

agamogony agamogony (ag-a-mog´o-ne)

asexual reproduction [G. agamos, unmarried, + gonos, offspring]

Agamomermis culicis Agamomermis culicis (ag-a-mo-mer´mis kyu´li-kis)

A species of nematode parasitic in the mosquito; a few cases have been recorded in humans, usually larval worms found emerging from body openings, presumably after ingestion of infected insects or application of moist earth bearing free-living larval stages. [G. agamos, unmarried, + Mod. L., fr. G. mermis, cord; L. culex, gnat]

agamont agamont (ag´a-mont)

schizont [G. agamos, unmarried, + on (ont-), being]

agamous agamous (ag´a-mus)

agamic [G. agamos, unmarried]

aganglionic aganglionic (a-gang-gle-on´ik)

Without ganglia.

aganglionosis aganglionosis (a-gang´gle-o-no´sis)

The state of being without ganglia; e.g., absence of ganglion cells from the myenteric plexus as a characteristic of congenital megacolon. [G. a- priv. + ganglion + -osis, condition]

agapism agapism (ah´gahp-izm)

The doctrine that exalts nonsexual (brotherly) love. [G. agape, brotherly love]

agar agar (ah´gar, a´gar)

A polysaccharide (a sulfated galactan) derived from seaweed (various red algae); used as a solidifying agent in culture media. [Bengalese]
ascitic a. a form of serum a.
bile salt a. an a. medium containing lactose, peptone, sodium taurocholate, and neutral red, for the growth and isolation of Gram-negative rods.
birdseed a. media prepared from Guizottia abyssinica seeds used in culturing and in the presumptive diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans.
blood a. a mixture of blood and nutrient a., used for the cultivation of many medically important microorganisms.
Bordet-Gengou potato blood a. glycerine-potato a. with 25% of blood, used for the isolation of Bordetella pertussis.
brain-heart infusion a. a medium used for the isolation of fastidious microorganisms, especially fungi.
brilliant green salt a. a highly selective culture medium consisting of a. with peptone, lactose, sodium taurocholate, brilliant green, and picric acid solution used in the primary isolation of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella species.
chocolate a. blood a. heated until the blood becomes brown or chocolate in color, used especially to isolate Hemophilus influenza or Neisseria species.
cholera a. an alkaline a. medium for cultivating Vibrio cholerae.
Conradi-Drigalski a. a selective, nutrient medium for isolation of Salmonella typhi and other intestinal pathogens from fecal specimens; it contains the dye crystal violet, which generally inhibits growth of Gram-positive, but not Gram-negative, bacteria.Drigalski-Conradi a;
cornmeal a. a culture medium that is low in nutrients, used extensively in the study of yeastlike and filamentous fungi; it suppresses vegetative growth while stimulating sporulation of many species, and is widely used for producing the distinctive and rapidly diagnostic chlamydospores of Candida albicans.
Czapek's solution a. a culture medium used for the cultivation of fungus species and for identification of Aspergillus and Penicillium species.Czapek-Dox medium;
Drigalski-Conradi a. Conradi-Drigalski a
EMB a. eosin-methylene blue a
Endo a. a medium containing peptone, lactose, dipotassium phosphate, a., sodium sulfite, basic fuchsin, and distilled water; originally developed for the isolation of Salmonella typhi, this medium is now most useful in the bacteriological examination of water; coliform organisms ferment the lactose, and their colonies become red and color the surrounding medium; non-lactose-fermenting organisms produce clear, colorless colonies against the faint pink background of the medium.Endo's medium;
Endo's fuchsin a. nutrient a. containing lactose, alcoholic solution of fuchsin, sodium sulfite, and soda solution, used as a culture medium to differentiate Salmonella typhi from coliform bacteria.fuchsin a;
eosin-methylene blue a. a. composed of peptone, lactose, and sucrose and containing eosin and methylene blue, used to distinguish between lactose-fermenting and non-lactose-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria.EMB a;
French proof a. Sabouraud's a
fuchsin a. Endo's fuchsin a
Guarnieri's gelatin a. a type of a., similar to Stoddart's gelatin a., used for the cultivation of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
lactose-litmus a. a. made by adding 2% lactose and litmus to acid-free nutrient a.; formerly used in the identification of Salmonella typhi.
MacConkey a. medium containing peptone, lactose, bile salts, neutral red, and crystal violet used to identify Gram-negative bacilli and characterize them according to their status as lactose fermenters. Fermenters appear as red colonies while nonfermenters are colorless.
Mueller-Hinton a. medium containing beef infusion, peptone, and starch used primarily for the disk-agar diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Novy and MacNeal's blood a. a nutrient a. containing two volumes of defibrinated rabbit's blood; suitable for the cultivation of a number of trypanosomes.
nutrient a. a simple solid medium containing beef extract, peptone, agar, and water; used for growing many common heterotrophic bacteria.
oatmeal-tomato paste a. a special culture medium for the production of ascospore formation in the dermatophytes.
Pfeiffer's blood a. solid a. with a few drops of human blood smeared on the surface.
potato dextrose a. a culture medium used extensively for the cultivation of fungi; especially good for development of conidia and other sporulating forms by which an organism is identified microscopically.
rice-Tween a. a useful medium for the development of the differential chlamydospores in Candida albicans and for preparation of slide cultures for other forms of sporulation in other fungal species.
Sabouraud's a. a culture medium for fungi containing neopeptone or polypeptone a. and glucose, with final pH 5.6; it is the standard, most universally used medium in mycology and is the international reference. Modified Sabouraud's a. (Emmons modification) with less glucose is better for pigment development in the colonies.French proof a;
Sabouraud's dextrose a. a dextrose peptone media that supports the growth of most pathogenic fungi.
serum a. an enriched medium for cultivation of fastidious organisms; prepared by adding sterile serum to melted a.
Thayer-Martin a. a Mueller-Hinton a. with 5% chocolate sheep blood and antibiotics, used for transport and primary isolation of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Neisseria meningitides.Thayer-Martin medium;
yeast extract a. a medium used to induce sporulation and reduce vegetative growth in the cultivation of fungi.

agaric agaric (a-gar´ik)

The dried fruit body of Polyporus officinalis (family Polyporaceae), occurring in the form of brownish or whitish light masses, which contains agaric acid.amadou; [G. agarikon, a kind of fungus]
deadly a.a. Amanita phalloides
fly a.a. Amanita muscaria

agaric acid agaric acid (a-gar´ik)

a-Hexadecylcitric acid; 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-nonadecanetricarboxylic acid;obtained from agaric and responsible for the anhidrotic action of the mushroom; used as an anhidrotic agent.agaricic acid, agaricinic acid;

agaricic acid agaricic acid (a-ga-ris´ik)

agaric acid

agaricinic acid agaricinic acid (a-gar-i-sin´ik)

agaric acid

Agaricus Agaricus (a-gar´i-kus)

A large genus of mushrooms of which many are edible and others poisonous. [L. agaricum, fr. G. agarikon, a tree fungus]

agaropectin agaropectin (ag´a-ro-pek´tin)

A polysaccharide found in agar preparations consisting of d-galactose linked beta1,3 glycosidically. Some of the galactosyl units are sulfated.

agarose agarose (ag´a-ros)

The neutral linear polysaccharide fraction found in agar preparations, generally comprised of d-galactose and altered 3,6-anhydrogalactose residues; used in chromatography.

agastric agastric (a-gas´trik)

Without stomach or digestive tract. [G. a- priv. + gaster, belly]

agastroneuria agastroneuria (a-gas-tro-nur´e-a)

Lessened nervous control of the stomach. [G. a- priv. + gaster, belly, + neuron, nerve]

age age (aj)

1. The period that has elapsed since birth. 2. One of the periods into which human life is divided, distinguished by physical evolution, equilibrium, and involution; e.g., the seven a.'s of man are: infancy, childhood, adolescence, maturity, middle life, senescence, and senility. 3. To grow old; to gradually develop changes in structure that are not due to preventable disease or trauma and that are associated with decreased functional capacity and an increased probability of death. 4. To cause artificially the appearance characteristic of one who has lived long or of a thing that has existed for a long time. 5. In dentistry, to heat an alloy for amalgam so as to make it set more slowly, increase strength, reduce flow, and have a stable shelf life; aging occurs by relieving internal strains. [F. âge, L. aetas]
achievement a. the relationship between the chronologic age and the age of achievement, as established by standard achievement tests.
anatomical a. a. in terms of structure rather than of function or of passage of time.physical a;
basal a. highest mental a. level of the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale at which all items are passed.
Binet a. the a. of the normal child with whose intelligence (as measured by the Stanford-Binet scale) the intelligence of the abnormal child corresponds (the profoundly retarded individual functions like a child of 1 to 2 years; the moderately to severely retarded, 3 to 7 years; the borderline to mildly retarded, 8 to 12 years).
bone a. stage of development of bone as adjudged by radiography, in contrast to chronologic age.
childbearing a. the period in a woman's life between puberty and menopause.
chronologic a. (CA) a. expressed in years and months; used as a measurement against which to evaluate a child's mental a. in computing his Stanford-Binet intelligence quotient.
developmental a. 1. age estimated by anatomic development since implantation;fetal a; 2. (DA) age of an individual estimated from the degree of anatomic, physiologic, mental, and emotional maturation.
emotional a. a measure of emotional maturity by comparison with average emotional development.
fetal a. developmental a. (1)
gestational a. the a. of a fetus expressed in elapsed time since conception; usually measured from the first day of the last normal menstrual period.
menstrual a. a. of the conceptus computed from the start of the mother's last menstrual period.
mental a. (MA) a measure, expressed in years and months, of a child's measured intelligence relative to age norms as determined by testing with the Stanford-Binet intelligence scale.
physical a. anatomical a
physiologic a. a. estimated in terms of function.

agenesis agenesis (a-jen´e-sis)

Absence, failure of formation, or imperfect development of any part. [G. a- priv. + genesis, production]
gonadal a. gonadal aplasia
renal a. absence of one or both kidneys, most commonly unilateral with absence of the ipsilateral paramesonephric (müllerian) duct and its derivatives; renal function is normal as long as the remaining kidney is intact; bilateral or complete renal a. is associated with Potter's facies and neonatal death.
thymic a. absence of the thymus, which may be associated with parathyroid a. in DiGeorge syndrome.

agenitalism agenitalism (a-jen´i-tal-izm)

Congenital absence of genitalia.

agenosomia agenosomia (a-gen-o-so´me-a)

Markedly defective formation or absence of the genitalia in a fetus; usually accompanied by protrusion of the abdominal viscera through an incomplete abdominal wall. [G. a- priv. + genos, sex, + soma, body]

agent agent (a´jent)

1. An active force or substance capable of producing an effect. For agents not listed here, see the specific name. 2. Referring to disease, a factor such as a microorganism, chemical substance, or form of radiation whose presence, excessive presence, or relative absence (as in deficiency diseases) is essential for the occurrence of a disease. [L. ago, pres. p. agens (agent-), to perform]
adrenergic blocking a. a compound that selectively blocks or inhibits responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity (sympatholytic a.) and to epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other adrenergic amines (adrenolytic a.); two distinct classes exist, alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blocking a.'s.
a-adrenergic blocking a. an agent that competitively blocks a-adrenergic receptors; used in the treatment of hypertension.alpha-blocker;
beta-adrenergic blocking a. a class of drugs that compete with beta-adrenergic agonists for available receptor sites; some compete for both beta₁ and beta₂ receptors (e.g., propranolol) while others are primarily either beta₁ (e.g., metoprolol) or beta₂ blockers; used in the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases where beta-adrenergic blockade is desirable.beta-adrenergic receptor blocking a., beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist, beta-blocker;
adrenergic neuronal blocking a. a drug that prevents the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals; it does not inhibit the responses of the adrenergic receptors to circulating epinephrine, norepinephrine, and other adrenergic amines.
beta-adrenergic receptor blocking a. beta-adrenergic blocking a
alkylating a. a drug or chemical that, via the formation of covalent bonds, forms a derivatized tissue constituent permanently containing part of the drug or chemical compound; frequently carcinogenic and mutagenic.
antianxiety a. a functional category of drugs useful in the treatment of anxiety and able to reduce anxiety at doses which do not cause excessive sedation (e.g., diazepam).anxiolytic (1) , minor tranquilizer;
antifoaming a.'s chemicals that lower surface tension (hence production of foam), used in laboratory evaporations, and also administered with oxygen to relieve the respiratory obstruction aggravated by the foam of edema fluid in pulmonary edema.
antipsychotic a. a functional category of neuroleptic drugs that are helpful in the treatment of psychosis and have a capacity to ameliorate thought disorders (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol). See also neuroleptic (3).antipsychotic (1) , major tranquilizer;
bacteriostatic a. bacteriostat
Bittner a. mammary tumor virus of mice
blister a. vesicant
blocking a. a class of drugs that inhibit (block) a biologic activity or process, such as axonal conduction or transmission, or ions across a cell membrane; frequently called "blockers."
calcium channel-blocking a. a class of drugs that have the ability to inhibit movement of calcium ions across the cell membrane; of particular value in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders because of pharmacologic effects such as depression of mechanical contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle and of both impulse formation and conduction velocity (e.g., nifedipine).calcium antagonist, slow channel-blocking a;
chimpanzee coryza a. (CCA) respiratory syncytial virus
cholinergic a. an a. that mimics the action of the parasympathetic nervous system (e.g., methacholine).
contrast a. contrast medium
delta a. hepatitis delta virus
Eaton a. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
embedding a.'s materials such as celloidin, paraffin, etc. in which specimens of tissue are set before being cut into sections for microscopic examination.
enterokinetic a. an a. used to relieve intestinal atony.
F a. F plasmid
fertility a. F plasmid
foamy a.'s foamy viruses, under virus
ganglionic blocking a. an a. that impairs the passage of impulses in autonomic ganglia.
high osmolar contrast a. (HOCA) ionic water-soluble iodinated contrast media.high osmolar contrast medium;
initiating a. See initiation.
inotropic a.'s drugs that increase the force of contraction of cardiac muscle; examples include digitalis glycosides, amrinone, and epinephrine.
LDH a. lactate dehydrogenase virus
luting a. a fastening material or cement; e.g., plaster or wax to hold casts to an articulator, or material to hold crowns to teeth.
MS-1 a. a strain of hepatitis A virus.
MS-2 a. a strain of hepatitis B virus.
neuroleptic a. any of a family of drugs producing sedation and tranquilization (e.g., chlorpromazine, haloperidol). See also antipsychotic a.neuroleptic (1);
neuromuscular blocking a.'s a group of drugs that prevent motor nerve endings from exciting skeletal muscle. They act either by competing for the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, (like D-tubocurarine, mivacurium and pancuronium), or by first stimulating the postjunctional muscle membrane and subsequently desensitizing the muscle endplates to the acetylcholine (like succinylcholine or decamethonium); used in surgery to produce paralysis and facilitate manipulation of muscles.
nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking a. a compound that paralyzes skeletal muscle primarily by inhibiting transmission of nerve impulses at the neuromuscular junction rather than by affecting the membrane potention of motor endplate or muscle fibers.
Norwalk a. a strain of epidemic gastroenteritis virus that appears to be related to the calciviruses. [Norwalk, Ohio, where first implicated in disease]
Pittsburgh pneumonia a. Legionella micdadei
promoting a. See promotion.
psychotropic a. a chemical compound that influences the human psyche.
reovirus-like a. rotavirus
sclerosing a. a compound which acts by irritation of the veinous intimal epithelium; used in the treatment of varicose veins.
slow channel-blocking a. calcium channel-blocking a
sympathetic a. See sympathomimetic amine.
transforming a. mitogen
TRIC a.'s strains of Chlamydia trachomatis that cause trachoma and inclusion conjunctivitis a.'s See Chlamydia trachomatis.

Agent Orange Agent Orange

An herbicide and defoliant, consisting of (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid, and dioxin, that was widely used in the Vietnam War; it has been shown to possess residual post-exposure carcinogenic and teratogenic properties in humans.

agerasia agerasia (a-jer-a´ze-a)

An appearance of youth in old age. [G. agerasia, eternal youth, fr. a- priv. + geras, old age]

ageusia ageusia (a-gu´se-a)

Loss of the sense of taste.ageustia, gustatory anesthesia; [G. a- priv. + geusis, taste]

ageustia ageustia (a-gus´te-a)

ageusia

agger agger , pl. aggeres (aj´er, -ez; ag´er) [NA]

An eminence, projection, or shallow ridge. [L. mound]
a. na´si [NA] an elevation on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity lying between the atrium of the middle meatus and the olfactory sulcus; it is formed by the mucous membrane covering the base of the ethmoidal crest of the maxilla.nasal ridge;
a. perpendicula´ris eminence of triangular fossa of auricle
a. val´vae ve´nae prominence of venous valvular sinus

agglomerate agglomerate , agglomerated (a-glom´er-at)

aggregated [L. ag-glomero, to wind into a ball; from ad, to, + glomus, a ball]

agglomeration agglomeration (a-glom-er-a´shun)

aggregation

agglutinant agglutinant (a-glu´ti-nant)

A substance that holds parts together or causes agglutination. [L. ad, to + gluten, glue]

agglutinate agglutinate (a-glu´ti-nat)

To accomplish, or be subjected to, agglutination.

agglutination agglutination (a-glu-ti-na´shun)

1. The process by which suspended bacteria, cells, or other particles of similar size are caused to adhere and form into clumps; similar to precipitation, but the particles are larger and are in suspension rather than being in solution. For specific a. reactions in the various blood groups, see Blood Groups appendix. 2. Adhesion of the surfaces of a wound. [L. ad, to, + gluten, glue]
acid a. the clumping together of certain microorganisms at high hydrogen ion concentration.
bacteriogenic a. the clumping of erythrocytes as a result of effects of bacteria or their products.
cold a. a. of red blood cells by their own serum (see autoagglutination), or by any other serum when the blood is cooled below body temperature, but most pronounced below 25°C; the phenomenon results from cold agglutinins; may be seen occasionally in the blood of apparently normal persons or as a pathologic finding in patients with primary atypical pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis, and other viral diseases, certain protozoan infections, or lymphoproliferative neoplasms. See autoagglutination.
cross a. group a
false a. 1. pseudoagglutination (1) 2. rouleaux formation
group a. a. by antibodies specific for minor (group) antigens common to several microorganisms, each of which possesses its own major specific antigen.cross a;
immune a. a. caused by antibody (agglutinin) that is specific for the suspended microorganism, cell, or for an antigen that has been coated on a particle of suitable size.
indirect a. passive a
mixed a. mixed agglutination reaction
nonimmune a. 1. a. caused by a lectin having a degree of specificity, the mechanism of which is not understood; 2. a. that results from nonspecific factors, as in the case of acid a. or spontaneous a.
passive a. a. of particles that have been coated with soluble antigen, by antiserum specific for the adsorbed antigen.indirect a;
spontaneous a. nonspecific clumping of organisms in saline related to lack of polar groups in electrolyte solution.

agglutinative agglutinative (a-glu´ti-na-tiv)

Causing, or able to cause, agglutination.

agglutinin agglutinin (a-glu´ti-nin)

1. An antibody that causes clumping or agglutination of the bacteria or other cells which either stimulated the formation of the a., or contain immunologically similar, reactive antigen.agglutinating antibody, immune a; 2. A substance, other than a specific agglutinating antibody, that causes organic particles to agglutinate, commonly qualified, e.g., plant a.
blood group a.'s see Blood Groups appendix.
chief a. major a
cold a. an antibody which reacts more efficiently at temperatures below 37°C.
cross-reacting a. group a
flagellar a. H a. (1)
group a. an immune a. specific for a group antigen.cross-reacting a;
H a. 1. an a. that is formed as the result of stimulation by, and which reacts with, the thermolabile antigen(s) in the flagella of motile strains of microorganisms;flagellar a; 2. see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
immune a. agglutinin (1)
incomplete a. (a-glu´ti-nin) antibody that binds to antigen but does not induce agglutination. These antibodies are usually of the IgG class and are referred to as incomplete antibody.
major a. immune a. present in greatest quantity in an antiserum and evoked by the most dominant of a mosaic of antigens.chief a;
minor a. immune a. present in an antiserum in lesser concentration than the major a.partial a;
O a. 1. an a. that is formed as the result of stimulation by, and that reacts with, the relatively thermostable antigen(s) in the cell bodies of microorganisms;somatic a; 2. see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
partial a. minor a
plant a. a lectin.
saline a. an antibody which causes agglutination of erythrocytes when they are suspended either in saline or in a protein medium.complete antibody;
serum a. an antibody which coats erythrocytes; the cells do not agglutinate when suspended in saline, but do agglutinate when suspended in serum or other protein media such as albumin.incomplete antibody (2);
somatic a. O a. (1)
warm a.'s See autoantibody.

agglutinogen agglutinogen (a-glu-tin´o-jen)

An antigenic substance that stimulates the formation of specific agglutinin, which, under certain conditions, causes agglutination of cells that contain the antigen or particles coated with the antigen.agglutogen; [agglutinin + G. -gen, production]
blood group a.'s see Blood Groups appendix.
T a. an a. formed from a latent receptor on human red cells by the action of an enzyme in cultures of certain bacteria.

agglutinogenic agglutinogenic (a-glu´tin-o-jen´ik)

Capable of causing the production of an agglutinin.agglutogenic;

agglutinophilic agglutinophilic (a-glu´tin-o-fil´ik)

Readily undergoing pronounced agglutination. [agglutination + G. phileo, to love]

agglutinoscope agglutinoscope (a-glu´tin-o-skop)

Obsolete term for a magnifying glass or simple system of lenses used to observe agglutination in vitro. [agglutination + G. skopeo, to view]

agglutogen agglutogen (a-glu´to-jen)

agglutinogen

agglutogenic agglutogenic (a-glu-to-jen´ik)

agglutinogenic

aggregate aggregate (ag´re-gat)

1. To unite or come together in a mass or cluster. 2. The total of individual units making up a mass or cluster. [L. ag-grego, pp. -atus, to add to, fr. grex (greg-), a flock]

aggregated aggregated (ag´re-ga-ted)

Collected together, thereby forming a cluster, clump, or mass of individual units.agglomerate, agglomerated, agminate, agminated;

aggregation aggregation (ag-re-ga´shun)

A crowded mass of independent but similar units; a cluster.agglomeration;
familial a. occurrence of a trait in more members of a family than can be readily accounted for by chance; presumptive but not cogent evidence of the operation of genetic factors.

aggregometer aggregometer (ag-re-gom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring platelet adhesiveness.

aggressin aggressin (a-gres´in)

A substance postulated to inhibit the resistance mechanisms of the host. [L. agressor, an assailant, fr. ad-gredio, pp. -gressus, to attack]

aggression aggression (a-gresh´un)

A domineering, forceful, or assaultive verbal or physical action toward another person as the motor component of the affects of anger, hostility, or rage. [L. aggressio, fr. aggredior, to accost, attack]

aggressive aggressive (a-gres´iv)

1. Denoting aggression. 2. Denoting a competitive forcefulness or invasiveness, as of a behavioral pattern, a pathogenic organism, or a disease process.

aging aging (a´jing)

1. The process of growing old, especially by failure of replacement of cells in sufficient number to maintain full functional capacity; particularly affects cells (e.g., neurons) incapable of mitotic division. 2. The gradual deterioration of a mature organism resulting from time-dependent, irreversible changes in structure that are intrinsic to the particular species, and that eventually lead to decreased ability to cope with the stresses of the environment, thereby increasing the probability of death. 3. In the cardiovascular system, the progressive replacement of functional cell types by fibrous connective tissue. 4. A demographic term, meaning an increase over time in the proportion of older persons in the population.
clonal a. the deterioration in successive generations of a clone; thus paramecia and other simple forms, if allowed to reproduce asexually for a number of generations, invariably undergo deterioration, the characters of each group of descendants progressively departing from those of the original sexually produced ancestor.

agitographia agitographia (aj´i-to-graf´e-a)

A condition in which one writes with great rapidity, leaving out words or parts of words. [L. agito, to hurry, + G. grapho, to write]

agitolalia agitolalia (aj´i-to-la´le-a)

agitophasia

agitophasia agitophasia (aj´i-to-fa´ze-a)

Abnormally rapid speech in which words are imperfectly spoken or dropped out of a sentence.agitolalia; [L. agito, to hurry, + G. phasis, speech]

aglobulia aglobulia (a-glo-byu´le-a)

Obsolete term for anemia. [G. a- priv. + L. globulus, globule]

aglobuliosis aglobuliosis (a´glo-byu-le-o´sis)

Obsolete term for a condition characterized by anemia.

aglobulism aglobulism (a-glob´yu-lizm)

Obsolete term for anemia.

aglomerular aglomerular (a-glo-mer´yu-lar)

Having no glomeruli; said especially of a kidney in which the glomeruli have been destroyed, or kidneys of certain fish, e.g., toad fish, that possess tubules but no glomeruli.

aglossia aglossia (a-glos´e-a)

Congenital absence of the tongue. [G. a- priv. + glossa, tongue]

aglossostomia aglossostomia (a-glos-o-sto´me-a)

Congenital absence of the tongue, with a malformed (usually closed) mouth. [G. a- priv. + glossa, tongue, + stoma, mouth]

aglucon aglucon (a-glu´kon)

The portion of a glucoside other than the glucose. [G. a- priv. + glucose + -on]

aglutition aglutition (a-glu-tish´un)

dysphagia

aglyca aglyca , pl. aglycon (a-glI´kon)

aglycon aglycon , aglycone (a-glI´kon)

The noncarbohydrate portion of a glycoside (e.g., digoxigenin). [G. a- priv. + glykys, sweet]

aglycone aglycone

See aglycon.

aglycosuria aglycosuria (a-glI-ko-su´re-a)

Absence of carbohydrate in the urine.

aglycosuric aglycosuric (a-glI-ko-su´rik)

Relating to aglycosuria.

agmen agmen , pl. agmina (ag´men, ag´min-a)

Obsolete term for aggregation. [L. a multitude]
a. peyerian´um Peyer's patches, under patch

agminate agminate , agminated (ag´mi-nat, ag´mi-na-ted)

aggregated [L. agmen, a multitude]

agnathia agnathia (ag-na´the-a)

Congenital absence of the lower jaw, usually accompanied by approximation of the ears. See also otocephaly, synotia. [G. a- priv. + gnathos, jaw]

agnathous agnathous (ag´na-thus)

Relating to agnathia.

agnea agnea (ag-ne´a)

agnosia [G. agnoia, want of perception]

agnogenic agnogenic (ag-no-jen´ik)

idiopathic [G. a- priv. + gnosis, knowledge, + genesis, origin]

agnosia agnosia (ag-no´ze-a)

Impairment of ability to recognize, or comprehend the meaning of, various sensory stimuli, not attributable to disorders of the primary receptors or general intellect; a.'s are receptive defects caused by lesions in various portions of the cerebrum.agnea; [G. ignorance; from a- priv. + gnosis, knowledge]
auditory a. inability to recognize sounds, words, or music; caused by a lesion of the auditory cortex of the temporal lobe.
color a. inability to name or identify specific colors by sight; caused by lesions of the dominant occipital and temporal lobes.
finger a. inability to name or recognize individual fingers, of one's own or of other persons; most often caused by lesion of or near the angular gyrus of the dominant hemisphere.
localization a. inability to recognize the area where the skin is touched.
optic a. visual a
position a. failure to recognize the posture of an extremity.
tactile a. inability to recognize objects by touch, in the presence of intact cutaneous and proprioceptive hand sensation; caused by lesion in the contralateral parietal lobe.astereognosis, stereoagnosis, stereoanesthesia;
visual a. inability to recognize objects by sight; usually caused by bilateral parieto-occipital lesions.optic a;
visual-spatial a. inability to localize objects or to appreciate distance, motion, and spatial relationships; caused by lesion in the occipital lobe. Cf. simultanagnosia.

-agogue -agogue , -agog

Leading, promoting, stimulating; a promoter or stimulant of. [G. agogos, leading forth, fr. ago, to lead.]

agomphious agomphious (a-gom´-fe-us)

anodontia

agomphosis agomphosis , agomphiasis (ag-om-fo´sis, fI´a-sis)

anodontia [G. a- priv. + gomphos, peg, bolt]

agonadal agonadal (a-gon´a-dal)

Denoting the absence of gonads.

agonal agonal (ag´on-al)

Relating to the process of dying or the moment of death, so called because of the former erroneous notion that dying is a painful process.

agonist agonist (ag´on-ist)

1. Denoting a muscle in a state of contraction, with reference to its opposing muscle, or antagonist. 2. A drug capable of combining with receptors to initiate drug actions; it possesses affinity and intrinsic activity. [G. agon, a contest]

agony agony (ag´o-ne)

Intense pain or anguish of body or mind. [G. agon, a struggle, trial]

agoraphobia agoraphobia (ag´or-a-fo´be-a)

A mental disorder characterized by an irrational fear of leaving the familiar setting of home, or venturing into the open, so pervasive that a large number of external life situations are entered into reluctantly or are avoided; often associated with panic attacks. [G. agora, marketplace, + phobos, fear]

agoraphobic agoraphobic (a-gor-a-fo´bik)

Relating to or characteristic of agoraphobia.

agouti agouti (ah-gu´te)

Dasyprocta [Fr., fr. native Indian]

-agra -agra

Sudden onslaught of acute pain. [G. agra, a hunting, a catching, a trap]

agraffe agraffe (a-graf´)

An appliance for clamping together the edges of a wound, used in lieu of sutures. [Fr. agrafe, a hook, clasp]

agrammatica agrammatica (ag-ra-mat´i-ka)

agrammatism

agrammatism agrammatism (a-gram´a-tizm)

A form of aphasia characterized by an inability to construct a grammatical sentence, and the use of unintelligible or incorrect words; caused by a lesion in the dominant temporal lobe.agrammatica, agrammatologia, jargon aphasia;

agrammatologia agrammatologia (a-gram´ma-to-lo´je-a)

agrammatism

agranulocyte agranulocyte (a-gran´yu-lo-sIt)

A nongranular leukocyte. [G. a- priv. + L. granulum, granule, + G. kytos, cell]

agranulocytosis agranulocytosis (a-gran´yu-lo-sI-to´sis)

An acute condition characterized by pronounced leukopenia with great reduction in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (frequently less than 500 granulocytes per mm³); infected ulcers are likely to develop in the throat, intestinal tract, and other mucous membranes, as well as in the skin.agranulocytic angina, angina lymphomatosa, neutropenic angina;
feline a. panleukopenia

agranuloplastic agranuloplastic (a-gran´yu-lo-plas´tik)

Capable of forming nongranular cells, and incapable of forming granular cells. [G. a- priv. + L. granulum, granule, + G. plastikos, formative]

agraphia agraphia (a-graf´e-a)

Inability to write properly in the absence of abnormalities of the limb; often accompanies aphasia and alexia; caused by lesions in various portions of the cerebrum, especially those in or near the angular gyrus.anorthography, graphic aphasia, graphomotor aphasia, logagraphia; [G. a- priv. + grapho, to write]
absolute a. a. in which not even unconnected letters can be written.atactic a., literal a;
acoustic a. inability to write from dictation.
amnemonic a. a. in which letters and words can be written, but not connected sentences.
atactic a. absolute a
cerebral a. the inability to express ideas in writing.mental a;
constructional a. an a. in which letters and words can be written correctly, but not arranged appropriately on the writing surface.
literal a. absolute a
mental a. cerebral a
motor a. a. due to muscular incoordination.
musical a. an inability to write musical notation.
verbal a. a. in which single letters can be written, but not words.

agraphic agraphic (a-graf´ik)

Relating to or marked by agraphia.

agretope agretope (ag-re´top)

That part of a processed antigen that binds to the major histocompatibility complex molecule; the agretope was derived from antigen restriction element. [antigen + resriction + -tope]

agriothymia agriothymia (ag´re-o-thI´me-a)

Obsolete term for a wild, ferocious mania. [G. agriothymos, wild of temper, fr. agrios, wild, + thymos, spirit]

agromania agromania (ag-ro-ma´ne-a)

Obsolete term for a morbid impulse to live in the open country or in solitude. [G. agros, field, + mania, frenzy]

agrypnia agrypnia (a-grip´ne-a)

Rarely used term for insomnia. [G. sleeplessness, fr. agreo, to hunt after, + hypnos, sleep]

agrypnocoma agrypnocoma (a-grip´no-ko´ma)

A wakeful, apathetic, or lethargic state. [G. agrypnos, sleepless, + koma, coma]

ague ague (a´gu)

1. Archaic term for malarial fever. 2. A chill. [Fr. aigu, acute]
brass founder's a. brass founder's fever

agyiophobia agyiophobia (aj´e-o-fo´be-a)

A form of agoraphobia characterized by a morbid fear of being in the street. [G. agyia, street, + phobos, fear]

agyria agyria (a-jI´re-a)

Congenital lack or underdevelopment of the convolutional pattern of the cerebral cortex, owing to a defect of development.lissencephalia, lissencephaly; [G. a- priv. + gyros, circle]

ahaustral ahaustral (a-haw´stral)

Lacking haustra, smooth; describing the appearance of the colon on radiographs of a barium enema in ulcerative colitis. [G. a- priv. + haustra]

AHF AHF

Abbreviation for antihemophilic factor A.

AHG AHG

Abbreviation for antihemophilic globulin.

Ahumada Ahumada

J.C., Argentinian physician. See A.-Del Castillo syndrome.

aHyl aHyl

Symbol for allohydroxylysine.

ahylognosia ahylognosia (a-hI-log-no´se-a)

Inability to recognize differences of density, weight, and roughness. [G. a- priv. + hyle, matter, + gnosis, recognition]

Aicardi Aicardi

J. Dennis, 20th century French neurologist. See A.'s syndrome.

aichmophobia aichmophobia (Ik-mo-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of being touched by the finger or any slender pointed object. [G. aichme, a point, + phobos, fear]

AID AID

Abbreviation for donor of heterologous (artificial) insemination.

aidoi- aidoi- , aidoio-

(Archaic) the genitals; corresponds to L. pudend-. [G. aidoia, shameful things, the genitals]

AIDS AIDS

A syndrome of the immune system characterized by opportunistic diseases, including candidiasis (both oropharyngeal and vulvovaginal), pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, oral hairy leukoplakia, herpes zoster, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, cervical dysplasia and cervical carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, toxoplasmosis, isosporiasis, cryptococcosis, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, and peripheral neuropathy. Tuberculosis may also be considered to be an opportunistic infection. The syndrome is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2), which is transmitted by exchange of body fluids (notably blood and semen) through sexual contact, sharing of contaminated needles (by IV drug abusers), accidental needle sticks, contact with contaminated blood, or transfusion of contaminated blood/blood products. Hallmark of the immunodeficiency is depletion of T4⁺ helper/inducer lymphocytes, primarily the result of selective tropism of the virus for the lymphocytes. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, weight loss, and diarrhea of long duration (lasting more than 1 month) are associated with early stages of the disease.acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; As of 1994, the Centers for Disease Control put the number of HIV-infected people in the U.S. at 1 million, and those with full-blown AIDS at 339,250. Some 10 million people are estimated to be infected worldwide, with the highest suspected incidence in some Central and East African countries, where as much as a third of the adult population may be HIV-positive. Although in the U.S. the rise in new AIDS cases appears to have peaked among men, perhaps in part because of public education efforts, the number of new cases continues to rise rapidly among women and children (especially teens). Whereas female AIDS patients represented only 7% of total cases before 1985, they now account for an estimated 13%. Those groups showing the greatest rate of increase were Latino and black women who used IV drugs or had a partner who did. AIDS is the leading cause of death among men 25 to 44, and the fourth leading cause among women in the same age group. The speed with which researchers have identified and characterized the presumed causative agent of AIDS, the HIV virus, may be unparalleled in the history of medicine. However, therapies for halting or reversing the virally mediated collapse of immune function have yet to be devised, and work on vaccines has been stymied by the ability of HIV to mutate rapidly. See HIV.

AIH AIH

Abbreviation for homologous (artificial) insemination.

AILD AILD

Abbreviation for angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy with dysproteinemia.

aIle aIle

Abbreviation for alloisoleucine.

ailurophobia ailurophobia (I´lu-ro-fo´be-a, a´lu-)

Morbid fear of or aversion to cats.aelurophobia; [G. ailouros, cat, + phobos, fear]

ainhum ainhum (I´yum)

An acquired slowly progressive painful fibrous constriction that develops in the digitoplantar fold, usually of the little toe, gradually resulting in spontaneous amputation of the toe; most commonly affects black males in the tropics. [fr. Af. (Lagos), to saw]

AIR AIR

Abbreviation for 5-aminoimidazole ribose 5´-phosphate and 5-aminoimidazole ribotide.

air air (ar)

1. A mixture of odorless gases found in the atmosphere in the following approximate percentages by volume after water vapor has been removed: oxygen, 20.95; nitrogen, 78.08; argon 0.93; carbon dioxide, 0.03; other gases, 0.01. Formerly used to mean any respiratory gas, regardless of its composition. 2. ventilate [G. aer; L. aer]
alveolar a. alveolar gas
complemental a. inspiratory reserve volume
complementary a. inspiratory capacity
functional residual a. functional residual capacity
a. hunger extremely deep ventilation such as occurs in patients with acidosis attempting to increase ventilation of alveoli and exhale more carbon dioxide. See also Kussmaul respiration.
liquid a. a. that, by means of intense cold and pressure, has been liquefied.
minimal a. the volume of gas that remains in the lungs and cannot be expelled after they have been removed from the body, or after the chest has been opened.
reserve a. expiratory reserve volume
residual a. residual volume
supplemental a. expiratory reserve volume
tidal a. tidal volume
vitiated a. a. containing a reduced percentage of oxygen.

Aird Aird

Robert B., U.S. neurologist, *1903. See Flynn-A. syndrome.

airsacculitis airsacculitis (ar´sak-yu-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the air sacs of birds.

airsickness airsickness

A condition resembling seasickness or other forms of motion sickness occurring in airplane or space flight as a result of erratic and continuous stimuli of the inner ear.

airspace airspace (ar´spas)

Pertaining to the portion of the lung distal to the conducting airways or bronchi; alveolar.

airtrapping airtrapping (ar-trap´ing)

Slow or incomplete emptying of air from all or part of a lung on expiration; implies obstruction of regional airways or emphysema.

airway airway (ar´wa)

1. Any part of the respiratory tract through which air passes during breathing. 2. In anesthesia or resuscitation, a device for correcting obstruction to breathing, especially an oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal a., endotracheal a., or tracheotomy tube.
anatomical a. anatomical dead space
conducting a. the a. from the nasal cavity to a terminal bronchiole.
lower a. the portion of the respiratory tract that extends from the subglottis to and including the terminal bronchioles.
respiratory a. that part of the a. where interchange of gases occurs; it includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli.
upper a. the portion of the respiratory tract that extends from the nares or mouth to and including the larynx.

Ajellomyces capsulatum Ajellomyces capsulatum (ah-je-lo-mI´sez kap-su-la´tum)

The ascomycetous (perfect, sexual, teleomorph) state of Histoplasma capsulatum.Emmonsiella capsulata;

Ajellomyces dermatitidis Ajellomyces dermatitidis (ah-je-lo-mI´sez der-ma-tit´i-dis)

The perfect (teleomorph) state of the fungus Blastomyces dermatitidis; the (+) and (-) mating types cause disease with equal frequency. This sexual state is placed in the family Gymnoascaceae.

ajmaline ajmaline (aj´ma-len)

An indole alkaloid from the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina, related to reserpine, serpentine, and yohimbine; has been used for treatment of hypertension and as a tranquilizer or sedative.

ajowan oil ajowan oil (aj´o-wan)

A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Carum copticum, one of the sources of thymol; a carminative, aromatic, and expectorant.ptychotis oil;

akanthion akanthion (a-kan´the-on)

acanthion

akaryocyte akaryocyte (a-kar´e-o-sIt)

A cell without a nucleus (karyon), such as the erythrocyte.acaryote, akaryote; [G. a- priv. + karyon, kernel, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

akaryote akaryote (a-kar´e-ot)

akaryocyte [G. a- priv. + karyon, kernel]

akathisia akathisia (ak-a-thiz´e-a)

A syndrome characterized by an inability to remain in a sitting posture, with motor restlessness and a feeling of muscular quivering; may appear as a side effect of antipsychotic and neuroleptic medication.acathisia; [G. a- priv. + kathisis, a sitting]

akembe akembe (a-kem´be)

onyalai

akeratosis akeratosis (a-ker-a-to´sis)

Deficiency or absence of the horny layer of the epidermis.

Åkerlund Åkerlund

A. Olof, Swedish radiologist, 1885-1958. See A. deformity.

akinesia akinesia (a-ki-ne´se-a, a-kI-)

1. Absence or loss of the power of voluntary movement, due to an extrapyramidal disorder. 2. Obsolete term denoting the postsystolic interval of rest of the heart. 3. A neurosis accompanied by paretic symptoms.akinesis; [G. a- priv. + kinesis, movement]
a. al´gera a condition marked by severe generalized pain produced by any movement; often of psychogenic origin. [G. algos, pain]
a. amnes´tica loss of muscular power from disuse.

akinesic akinesic (a-ki-ne´sik, a-kI-)

akinetic

akinesis akinesis (a-ki-ne´sis, a-kI-)

akinesia

akinesthesia akinesthesia (a-kin´es-the´ze-a)

Inability to perceive movement or position. Absence of the sense of perception of movement or of the muscular sense. [G. a- priv. + kinesis, motion, + aisthesis, sensation]

akinetic akinetic (a-ki-net´ik, -kI-net´ik)

Relating to or suffering from akinesia.akinesic;

akiyami akiyami (ah-ke-yah´me)

hasamiyami

aklomide aklomide (ak´lo-mId)

2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzamide;a coccidiostat used in veterinary practice.

aknemia aknemia

See acnemia.

AKNF AKNF

Abbreviation for Adair-Koshland-Némethy-Filmer model.

Al Al

Symbol for aluminum.

ALA ALA

Abbreviation for delta-aminolevulinic acid. Cf. Ala.

Ala Ala

Symbol for alanine or its mono- or diradical.

ala ala , gen and pl. alae (a´la, a´le)

1. [NA] wing 2. Obsolete term for axilla. [L. wing]
a. au´ris auricle (1)
a. cerebel´li ala central lobule
a. cine´rea vagal trigone
a. cris´tae gal´li [NA] wing of crista galli
alae lin´gulae cerebel´li vincula lingulae cerebelli, under vinculum
a. lob´uli centra´lis [NA] ala central lobule
a. ma´jor os´sis sphenoida´lis [NA] greater wing of sphenoid bone
a. mi´nor os´sis sphenoida´lis [NA] lesser wing of sphenoid bone
a. na´si [NA] wing of nose
a. orbitalis lesser wing of sphenoid bone
a. os´sis il´ii [NA] wing of ilium
a. sacra´lis [NA] wing of sacrum
a. tempora´lis greater wing of sphenoid bone
a. vespertilio´nis obsolete term for broad ligament of the uterus. [L. bat's wing]
a. vo´meris [NA] wing of vomer

Alajouanine Alajouanine

Théophile, French neurologist, 1890-1980. See Foix-Alajouanine myelitis; Foix-Alajouanine syndrome.

alalia alalia (a-la´le-a)

Mutism; inability to speak. See aphonia. [G. a- priv. + lalia, talking]

alalic alalic (a-lal´ik)

Relating to alalia.

alanine (A, Ala) alanine (A, Ala) (al´a-nen)

CH₃CH(NH₃)⁺COO^-; 2-aminopropionic acid; a-aminopropionic acid;the l-stereoisomer is one of the amino acids widely occurring in proteins.

beta-alanine beta-alanine

⁺NH₃CH₂CH₂COO^-; 3- or beta-aminopropionic acid;a decarboxylation production of aspartic acid. Found in brain, in carnosine, and in coenzyme A.

alanine aminotransferase (ALT) alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

An enzyme transferring amino groups from l-alanine to 2-ketoglutarate, or the reverse (from l-glutamate to pyruvate); there is a d-alanine transaminase that effects the same reaction, but with d-alanine and d-glutamate. Used in clinical diagnosis of viral hepatitis and myocardial infarction.alanine transaminase, glutamic-pyruvic transaminase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase;

alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase

An enzyme that reversibly catalyzes the transfer of an amino group of l-alanine to glyoxylate, thus producing pyruvate and glycine. An inherited disorder that results in an alteration of a.-g.a. activity is associated with primary hyperoxaluria type I.

alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase alanine-oxomalonate aminotransferase

An enzyme that accomplishes the reversible transfer of the amino groups from l-alanine to oxomalonate, an action similar to that of alanine aminotransferase, producing pyruvate and aminomalonate.

beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase beta-alanine-pyruvate aminotransferase

An enzyme that reversibly transfers the amino group of beta-alanine to paruvate, thus producing l-alanine and malonate semialdehyde. A deficiency of this enzyme is believed to be the cause of hyper-beta-alaninemia.

alanine racemase alanine racemase

An enzyme, requiring pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme, that catalyzes the reversible racemization of l-alanine to d-alanine; found in various microorganisms, where it plays a role in the biosynthesis of the d-amino acids present in the capsular proteins.

alanine transaminase alanine transaminase

alanine aminotransferase

alanosine alanosine (a-lan´o-sen)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces alanosinicus; possesses antineoplastic and antiviral activity.

Alanson Alanson

Edward, British surgeon, 1747-1823. See A.'s amputation.

alantin alantin (a-lan´tin)

inulin

alantol alantol (al´an-tol)

A yellowish liquid obtained by distillation from the root of Inula helenium or elecampane; used internally as an irritating tonic and externally as a mild rubefacient.inulol;

alant starch alant starch (a-lant´)

inulin

alanyl alanyl (al´a-nil)

The acyl radical of alanine.

alar alar (a´lar)

1. Relating to a wing; winged. 2. axillary 3. Relating to the wings (ala) of such structures as the nose, sphenoid, sacrum, etc.

ALARA ALARA

Acronym for a philosophy of use of radiation based on using dosages as low as reasonably achievable to attain the desired diagnostic, therapeutic, or other goal.

alarmone alarmone (a-lar´mon)

A biochemical whose synthesis increases under certain stress conditions (for example, a nutritional deficiency affecting certain enzymes). [alarm + -mone]

alastrim alastrim (a-las´trim)

A mild form of smallpox caused by a less virulent strain of the virus.Cuban itch, Kaffir pox, milkpox, pseudosmallpox, pseudovariola, variola minor, West Indian smallpox, whitepox; [Pg. alastrar, to scatter over]

alba alba (al´ba)

white matter [fem. of L. albus, white]

Albarran y Dominguez Albarran y Dominguez

Joaquin, Cuban urologist, 1860-1912. See Albarran's glands, under gland; Albarran's test; A.'s tubules, under tubule.

albedo albedo (al-be´do)

A white area of the retina due to edema or infarction. [L. whiteness]

Albers-Schönberg Albers-Schönberg

Heinrich E., German radiologist, 1865-1921. See Albers-Schönberg disease.

Albert Albert

Eduard, Austrian surgeon, 1841-1900. See A.'s disease, suture.

Albert Albert

Henry, U.S. physician, 1878-1930. See A.'s stain.

albicans albicans , pl. albicantia (al´bi-kanz, -kan´te-a)

1. white 2. corpus albicans [L.]

albiduria albiduria (al-bi-du´re-a)

The passing of pale or white urine of low specific gravity, as in chyluria.albinuria; [L. albidus, whitish, + G. ouron, urine]

albidus albidus (al´bi-dus)

White, whitish. [L.]

Albini Albini

Giuseppe, Italian physiologist, 1827-1911. See A.'s nodules, under nodule.

albinism albinism (al´bi-nizm)

A group of inherited (usually autosomal recessive) disorders with deficiency or absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes, or eyes only, due to an abnormality in production of melanin. See ocular a., piebaldism. [albino + ism]
cutaneous a. [MIM*126070] an autosomal dominant condition characterized by patterned loss of skin pigment on extremities and ventral thorax; a white forelock is often present, but no ocular findings.
ocular a. [MIM*300650 & *300700] absence of pigment chiefly in the iris, choroid, and retinal pigment epithelium with deafness; X-linked inheritance.
oculocutaneous a. autosomal recessive deficiency of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes; in the tyrosinase negative type [MIM*203100], there is an absence of tyrosinase; in the tyrosinase positive type [MIM*203200], there is normal tyrosinase which cannot enter pigment cells; it is transmitted by an autosomal recessive inheritance. The compound heterozygote is normal so the two forms are not allelic. There are several types: type IA is characterized by absence of tyrosinase with life-long complete absence of melanin, marked photophobia, and nystagmus. Type IB, yellow a. with low or absent tyrosinase; improves with age. Type II, with normal tyrosinase activity is the most common; hair darkens and nevi and freckles develop. Type III is characterized by absent tyrosinase but pigmentation of the iris in the first decade. Type IV in Africans with normal tyrosinase. Type V with red hair. Type VI, Hermansky-Padlak syndrome, with hemorrhage due to platelet deficiency and low to absent tyrosinase.Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome type VI;
rufous a. xanthism

albino albino (al-bI´no)

An individual with albinism. [Pg., little white one, fr. albo, white, fr. L. albus + -ino, dim. suffix]

albinotic albinotic (al-bi-not´ik)

Pertaining to albinism.

albinuria albinuria (al-bi-nu´re-a)

albiduria

Albinus Albinus , Weiss

Bernhard S., German anatomist and surgeon, 1697-1770. See A.'s muscle.

albocinereous albocinereous (al-bo-si-ne´re-us)

Relating to both the white and the gray matter of the brain or spinal cord. [L. albus, white, + cinereus, ashen, fr. cinis (ciner-), ashes]

Albrecht Albrecht

Karl M.P., German anatomist, 1851-1894. See A.'s bone.

Albright Albright

Fuller, U.S. physician, 1900-1969. See A.'s disease, syndrome, hereditary osteodystrophy; Forbes-A. syndrome; McCune-A. syndrome.

albuginea albuginea (al-byu-jin´e-a)

A white fibrous tissue layer, such as the tunica albuginea. See tunica albuginea, tunica albuginea of corpus spongiosum, tunica albuginea of corpora cavernosi, tunica albuginea oculi, tunica albuginea of testis. [L. albugineus, fr. albugo, white spot]

albugineotomy albugineotomy (al-byu-jin-e-ot´o-me)

Incision into any tunica albuginea. [albuginea + G. tome, cutting]

albugineous albugineous (al-byu-jin´e-us)

1. Resembling boiled white of egg. 2. Relating to any tunica albuginea. [L. albugineus, fr. albugo, white spot]

albumen albumen (al-byu´men)

ovalbumin [see albumin]

albumin albumin (al-byu´min)

A type of simple protein, varieties of which are widely distributed throughout the tissues and fluids of plants and animals; a.'s are soluble in pure water, precipitable from solution by strong acids, and coagulable by heat in acid or neutral solution. [L. albumen (-min-), the white of egg]
a. A the normal or common type of human serum a.
acetosoluble a. Patein's a
a. B See inherited albumin variants, under variant.
Bence Jones a. See Bence Jones proteins, under protein.
blood a. serum a
bovine serum a. (BSA) a source of a. commonly used in in vitro biological studies.
dried human a. normal human serum a
egg a. ovalbumin
a. Ghent See inherited albumin variants, under variant.
iodinated ¹³¹I human serum a. a sterile, buffered, isotonic solution prepared to contain not less than 10 mg of radioiodinated normal human serum a. per ml, and adjusted to provide not more than 1 mCi of radioactivity per ml; used as a diagnostic aid in the measurement of blood volume and cardiac output.
iodinated ¹²⁵I serum a. a sterile, buffered, isotonic solution prepared to contain not less than 10 mg of radioiodinated normal human serum albumin per ml, and adjusted to provide not more than 1 mCi of radioactivity per ml; used as a diagnostic aid in determining blood volume and cardiac output.radioiodinated serum a;
macroaggregated a. (MAA) conglomerates of human serum a. in a suspension; usually refers to particles 10 to 50 mum in size; used as a tagged agent for lung scanning.
a. Mexico See inherited albumin variants, under variant.
a. Naskapi See inherited albumin variants, under variant.
native a. a. existing in its natural state, the two principal forms being serum a. and egg a.; it is soluble in water and not precipitated by diluted acids.
normal human serum a. a sterile preparation of serum a. obtained by fractionating blood plasma proteins from healthy persons; used as a transfusion material and to treat edema due to hypoproteinemia.dried human a;
Patein's a. a substance resembling serum a., but soluble in acetic acid.acetosoluble a;
plasma a. serum a
radioiodinated serum a. (RISA) iodinated ¹²⁵I serum a
a. Reading See inherited albumin variants, under variant.
serum a. the principal protein in plasma, present in blood plasma and in serous fluids. Participates in fatty acid transport and helps regulate the osmotic pressure of blood.blood a., plasma a., seralbumin;
a. tannate an astringent powder obtained by the action of tannic acid on a.; contains about 50% tannic acid; used as an astringent disinfectant in diarrhea and as a dusting powder.

albuminate albuminate (al-byu´min-at)

The product of the reaction between native albumin and dilute acids or dilute bases, thereby resulting in acid a.'s or alkali a.'s; both types are characterized by solubility in dilute acid or alkali, and relative insolubility in water, dilute solutions of salts, and alcohol.

albuminaturia albuminaturia (al-byu´mi-na-tu´re-a)

The presence of an abnormally large quantity of albuminates in the urine when voided. [albuminate + G. ouron, urine]

albuminiferous albuminiferous (al-byu-min-if´er-us)

Producing albumin. [albumin + L. fero, to bear]

albuminiparous albuminiparous (al-byu-min-ip´ar-us)

Forming albumin. [albumin + L. pario, to bring forth]

albuminocholia albuminocholia (al-byu´min-o-ko´le-a)

Obsolete term for albumin in the bile. [albumin + G. chole, bile]

albuminogenous albuminogenous (al-byu-min-oj´en-us)

Producing or forming albumin.

albuminoid albuminoid (al-byu´min-oyd)

1. Resembling albumin. 2. Any protein. 3. A simple type of protein, insoluble in neutral solvents, present in horny and cartilaginous tissues and in the lens of the eye; e.g., keratin, elastin, collagen.glutinoid, scleroprotein;

albuminolysis albuminolysis (al-byu-min-ol´i-sis)

Proteolysis; often, specifically the proteolysis of albumins. [albumin + G. lysis, dissolution]

albuminoptysis albuminoptysis (al-byu-mi-nop´ti-sis)

Albuminous expectoration. [albumin + G. ptysis, a spitting]

albuminorrhea albuminorrhea (al-byu-min-o-re´a)

albuminuria [albumin + G. rhoia, a flow]

albuminous albuminous (al-byu´min-us)

Relating to, containing, or consisting of albumin.

albuminuria albuminuria (al-byu-mi-nu´re-a)

Presence of protein in urine, chiefly albumin but also globulin; usually indicative of disease, but sometimes resulting from a temporary or transient dysfunction.albuminorrhea, proteinuria (2); [albumin + G. ouron, urine]
adolescent a. functional a. occurring at about the time of puberty; it is usually cyclic or orthostatic a.
adventitious a. a. resulting from the presence of blood escaping somewhere in the urinary tract, of chyle, or of some other albuminous fluid, not caused by filtration of albumin from the blood through the kidneys.false a;
a. of athletes a form of functional a. following excessive muscular exertion.
Bamberger's a. obsolete term for hematogenous a. that is sometimes observed during the later phases of advanced anemia.
benign a. a collective term for types that are not the result of pathologic changes in the kidneys.essential a;
cardiac a. a. caused by congestive heart failure.
colliquative a. an a. that is at first slight in degree, but unexpectedly becomes greatly increased during convalescence from highly febrile disease, e.g., typhoid fever.
cyclic a. a functional a. sometimes observed intermittently in cycles of 12 to 36 hours' duration, chiefly in younger persons; the degree of a. is usually slight.recurrent a;
dietetic a. the excretion of protein in the urine following the ingestion of certain foods.
essential a. benign a
false a. adventitious a
febrile a. a. associated with fever.
functional a. a collective term denoting types of benign a. that are associated with physical exertion or other conditions in which there are physiologic changes such as during pregnancy or adolescence.physiologic a. (2);
intermittent a. functional a. occurring at intervals, such as cyclic a. or a. of athletes.
lordotic a. so-called on the theory that the a. results from pressure due to lordosis in the lumbar spine.
neuropathic a. a. associated with epilepsy or other convulsive disorders, trauma to the brain, and cerebral hemorrhage.
orthostatic a. the appearance of albumin in the urine when the patient is erect and its disappearance when recumbent.orthostatic proteinuria, postural proteinuria, postural a;
physiologic a. 1. presence of slight traces of protein in otherwise normal urine; 2. functional a
postrenal a. a. caused by disease distal to the kidney.
postural a. orthostatic a
prerenal a. a. caused by disease other than disease of the kidney or genitourinary tract.
recurrent a. cyclic a
regulatory a. transitory a. occurring after unusual physical exertion.
transient a. a. of a temporary or short-lived nature.

albuminuric albuminuric (al-byu-mi-nu´rik)

Relating to or characterized by albuminuria.

albuterol albuterol (al-byu´ter-ol)

a´-[(tert-butylamino)methyl]-4-hydroxy-m-xylene-a,a´-diol;a sympathomimetic bronchodilator with relatively selective effects on beta₂receptors, by inhalation.salbutamol;

Alcaligenes Alcaligenes (al-ka-lij´en-ez)

A genus of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-fermenting bacteria (family Achromobacteraceae) which are either motile and peritrichous or nonmotile. They are strictly aerobic; some strains are capable of anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrate or nitrite. Their metabolism is respiratory, never fermentative. They do not utilize carbohydrates. They are found mostly in the intestinal canal, decaying materials, dairy products, water, and soil. They can be isolated from human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts and wounds in hospitalized patients with compromised immune systems. Occasionally the cause of opportunistic infections, including nosocomial septicemia. The type species is A. faecalis. [alkali + G. -gen, producing]

alcapton alcapton (al-kap´ton)

homogentisic acid

alcaptonuria alcaptonuria , alkaptonuria (al-kap-to-nu´re-a)

Excretion of homogentisic acid (alkapton) in the urine due to congenital lack of the enzyme homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase, which mediates an essential step in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine; urine turns dark if allowed to stand or is alkalinized (a result of formation of polymerization products of homogentisic acid); frequently occurs throughout relatively long periods or may recur and subside at irregular intervals; arthritis and ochronosis are late complications; autosomal recessive inheritance. [alkapton + G. ouron, urine]

alcaptonuric alcaptonuric , alkaptonuric (al-kap-to-nu-rik;)

1. Relating to alcaptonuria. 2. A person with alcaptonuria.

Alcian blue Alcian blue (al´se-an) [C.I. 74240]

A complex phthalocyanin dye used as a stain to distinguish sulfomucins from sialomucins and uronic acid mucins, to demonstrate sulfated polysaccharides, and to detect glycoproteins in electrophoresis; often used in combination with PAS or aldehyde fuchsin.

alclofenac alclofenac (al-klo´fe-nak)

[4-(Allyloxy)-3-chlorophenyl]acetic acid;an anti-inflammatory agent.

alclometasone alclometasone (al-klo-met´a-son)

7-Chloro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione;a potent corticosteroid used as the 17,21-dipropionate in topical therapy for psoriasis and other deep-seated dermatoses.

Alcock Alcock

Benjamin, Irish anatomist, 1801-?. See A.'s canal.

alcogel alcogel (al´ko-jel)

A hydrogel, with alcohol instead of water as the dispersion medium.

alcohol alcohol (al´ko-hol)

1. One of a series of organic chemical compounds in which a hydrogen (H) attached to carbon is replaced by a hydroxyl (OH); a.'s react with acids to form esters and with alkali metals to form alcoholates. For individual a.'s not listed here, see specific name. 2. CH₃CH₂OH;made from sugar, starch, and other carbohydrates by fermentation with yeast, and synthetically from ethylene or acetylene. It has been used in beverages and as a solvent, vehicle, and preservative; medicinally, it is used externally as a rubefacient, coolant, and disinfectant, and internally as an analgesic, stomachic, sedative, and antipyretic.ethanol, ethyl alcohol, grain a., rectified spirit, wine spirit; 3. The azeotropic mixture of CH₃CH₂OH and water (92.3% by weight of ethanol at 15.56°C). [Ar. al, the, + kohl, fine antimonial powder, the term being applied first to a fine powder, then, to anything impalpable (spirit)]
absolute a. 1. 100% a., water having been removed;anhydrous a; 2. a. with a minimum admixture of water, at most 1%.dehydrated a;
acid a. ethyl a. (70%) containing 1% hydrochloric acid.
anhydrous a. absolute a. (1)
bile a. one of a group of polyhydroxylated a.'s derived from cholestane.
dehydrated a. absolute a. (2)
denatured a. ethyl a. rendered unfit for consumption as a beverage by the addition of one or several chemicals for commercial purposes (e.g., sucrose octa-acetate).industrial methylated spirit, methylated spirit;
dihydric a. a. containing two OH groups in its molecule; e.g., ethylene glycol.
dilute a. an a. in water mixtures of various concentrations, e.g., 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 45, 25, and 20% v/v of C₂H₅OH.
fatty a. a long chain a., analogous to the fatty acids, of which the fatty a. may be viewed as a reduction product; e.g., octadecanol from stearic acid. It is often found esterified in waxes.wax a;
grain a. alcohol (2)
monohydric a. an a. containing one OH group.
multiple a. an a. containing more than one OH group.
polyoxyethylene a.'s used as emulsifying and wetting agents, antistats, solubilizers, defoamers, and other industrial applications. Laureth 9 as spermaticide; pharmaceutic aid (surfactant).
primary a. an a. characterized by the univalent radical, -CH₂OH.
pyroligneous a. methyl alcohol
rubbing a. an alcoholic mixture intended for external use; it usually contains 70% by volume of absolute a. or isopropyl a.; the remainder consists of water, denaturants (with and without coal tar colors), and perfume oils; used as a rubefacient for muscle and joint aches and pains.
secondary a. an a. characterized by the bivalent atom group,
sugar a. See sugar alcohol.
tertiary a. an a. characterized by the trivalent atom group,
trihydric a. an a. containing three OH groups; e.g., glycerol.
unsaturated a.'s those a.'s whose carbon chains contain one or more double or triple bonds.
wax a. fatty a

alcohol acids alcohol acids

A group of compounds that contain both the carboxyl and hydroxy radicals; e.g., glycolic acid.

alcoholate alcoholate (al-ko-hol´at)

1. A tincture or other preparation containing alcohol. 2. A chemical compound in which the hydrogen in the OH group of an alcohol is replaced by an alkali metal; e.g., sodium methylate, CH₃ONa.

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

An oxidoreductase that reversibly converts an alcohol to an aldehyde (or ketone) with NAD⁺ as the H acceptor. For example, ethanol + NAD⁺ <-> acetaldehyde + NADH. Plays an important role in alcoholism. See also alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor), alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+).

alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor) alcohol dehydrogenase (acceptor)

An oxidoreductase that reversibly converts primary alcohols to aldehydes with an H acceptor other than NADP+.

alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP⁺)

An oxidoreductase reversibly converting alcohols to aldehydes (or ketones) with NAD(P)⁺ as H acceptor.aldehyde reductase, DPNH -> aldehyde transhydrogenase;

alcoholic alcoholic (al-ko-hol´ik)

1. Relating to, containing, or produced by alcohol. 2. One who suffers from alcoholism. 3. One who abuses or is dependent upon alcohol.

alcoholism alcoholism (al´ko-hol-izm)

Chronic alcohol abuse, dependence, or addiction; chronic excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages resulting in impairment of health and/or social or occupational functioning, and increasing adaptation to the effects of alcohol requiring increasing doses to achieve and sustain a desired effect; specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal usually are shown upon sudden cessation of such drinking.alcohol addiction;
acute a. a temporary deterioration in mental function, accompanied by muscular incoordination and paresis, induced by the rapid ingestion of alcoholic beverages.intoxication (2);
alpha a. Jellinek's term for a still controllable and strictly psychological dependence on alcohol, as to relieve emotional or physical pain, with resulting interference with interpersonal relationships.
beta a. Jellinek's term for the physical complaints associated with excessive use of alcohol, such as polyneuropathy, gastritis, and liver cirrhosis.
chronic a. a pathologic condition, affecting chiefly the nervous and gastroenteric systems, associated with impairment in social and occupational functioning, caused by the habitual use of alcoholic beverages in toxic amounts. See also gamma a.
delta a. Jellinek's term for an advanced form of gamma a. in which the individual has lost the ability to abstain from partaking of alcohol even for a brief period.
epsilon a. Jellinek's term for "spree-drinking," such as might occur during periods away from home.
gamma a. Jellinek's term for a severe stage of a. characterized by a progression from psychological to physiological dependence upon alcohol, including tissue dependence and withdrawal symptoms, with loss of control over alcohol intake and destructive effects on interpersonal relationships.

alcoholization alcoholization (al´ko-hol-i-za´shun)

Permeation or saturation with alcohol.

alcoholophobia alcoholophobia (al´ko-hol-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of alcohol, or of becoming an alcoholic. [alcohol + G. phobos, fear]

alcoholysis alcoholysis (al-ko-hol´i-sis)

Splitting of a chemical bond with the addition of the elements of alcohol at the point of splitting. [alcohol + G. lysis, dissolution]

alcuronium chloride alcuronium chloride (al-kyur-o´ne-um)

N,N´-Diallylnortoxiferinium dichloride;a skeletal muscle relaxant active as a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent.

ALD ALD

Abbreviation for adrenoleukodystrophy.

aldadiene aldadiene (al-da-dI´en)

A metabolite of spironolactone that contains double bonds between C-4 and C-5 and between C-6 and C-7; formed upon removal of the 7a-acetylthiol side chain from spironolactone and as potent a diuretic as the parent compound.

aldaric acid aldaric acid (al´dar-ik)

One of a group of sugar acids characterized by the formula HOOC-(CHOH)_n-COOH; e.g., saccharic acid.

aldehol aldehol (al´de-hol)

An oxidation product of kerosene; used for denaturing ethyl alcohol.

aldehyde aldehyde (al´de-hId)

A compound containing the radical -CH=O, reducible to an alcohol (CH₂OH), oxidizable to a carboxylic acid (COOH); e.g., acetaldehyde.
activated glycol aldehyde 2-(1,2-dihydroxyethyl)thiamin pyrophosphate;an intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism and in transketolization.
active a. any aldehyde derivative of thiamin pyrophosphate.
angular a. the a. group attached to carbon 13 (between rings C and D) of the steroid nucleus in aldosterone.
a. reductase alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+)

aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating) aldehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)

An oxidoreductase converting an aldehyde and CoA to acyl-CoA with NAD⁺ as H acceptor.

aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD⁺)

An oxidoreductase reversibly converting aldehydes to acids with NADP+ as H acceptor.

aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)+) aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(P)⁺)

An oxidoreductase reversibly converting aldehydes to acids with NAD⁺ or NADP+ as H acceptor.

aldehyde->DPN transhydrogenase aldehyde->DPN transhydrogenase

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD⁺).

aldehyde-lyases aldehyde-lyases [EC sub-subgroup 4.1.2]

Enzymes catalyzing the reversal of an aldol condensation.

aldehyde->TPN transhydrogenase aldehyde->TPN transhydrogenase

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (NADP+).

Alder Alder

Albert von. See A.'s anomaly; A. bodies, under body.

aldimine aldimine (al´de-men)

Schiff base

alditol alditol (al´di-tol)

The polyalcohol derived by reduction of an aldose; e.g., sorbitol. See also aldose reductase.

aldobiuronic acid aldobiuronic acid (al´do-bI-yu-ron´ik)

Condensation products of an aldose and a uronic acid; such groupings occur among the components of various mucopolysaccharides, notably hyaluronic acid.

aldocortin aldocortin (al´do-kor´tin)

aldosterone

aldohexose aldohexose (al-do-heks´os)

A 6-carbon sugar characterized by the (potential) presence of an aldehyde group in the molecule; e.g., glucose, galactose.

aldoketomutase aldoketomutase (al´do-ke-to-myu´tas)

lactoylglutathione lyase

aldol aldol (al´dol)

See aldol condensation.

aldolase aldolase (al´do-las)

1. Generic term for aldehyde-lyase. 2. Name sometimes applied to fructose-bisphosphate aldolase.

aldonic acids aldonic acids (al-don´ik)

Monosaccharide derivatives in which the aldehyde group has been oxidized to a carboxyl group. They may form lactones (e.g., galactonic acid).glyconic acids;

aldopentose aldopentose (al-do-pen´tos)

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms, of which one is a (potential) aldehyde group; e.g., ribose.

aldose aldose (al´dos)

A monosaccharide potentially containing the characteristic group of the aldehydes, -CHO; a polyhydroxyaldehyde.
a. mutarotase aldose 1-epimerase
a. reductase polyol dehydrogenase (NADP+);an oxidoreductase that reversibly converts aldoses to alditols (e.g., glucose to sorbitol) with NADPH as hydrogen donor. An important step in the metabolism of sorbitol and in the formation of diabetic cataracts. See also d-sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

aldose 1-epimerase aldose 1-epimerase

An enzyme catalyzing the reversible interconversion of a- and beta-aldoses (e.g., a- and beta-d-glucose); also acts on l-arabinose, d-xylose, d-galactose, maltose, and lactose.aldose mutarotase, mutarotase;

aldoside aldoside (al´do-sId)

A glucoside in which the sugar moiety is an aldose.

aldosterone aldosterone (al-dos´ter-on)

11beta,21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxopregn-4-en-18-al(11->1 8 lactone);a mineralocorticoid hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; its major action is to facilitate potassium exchange for sodium in the distal renal tubule, causing sodium reabsorption and potassium and hydrogen loss; the principal mineralocorticoid.aldocortin;

aldosteronism aldosteronism (al-dos´ter-on-izm)

A disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone.hyperaldosteronism;
idiopathic a. primary a
primary a. an adrenocortical disorder caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone and characterized by headaches, nocturia, polyuria, fatigue, hypertension, potassium depletion, hypokalemic alkalosis, hypervolemia, and decreased plasma renin activity; may be associated with small benign adrenocortical adenomas.Conn's syndrome, idiopathic a;
secondary a. a. resulting not from a defect intrinsic to the adrenal cortex but from a stimulation of hormonal secretion caused by extra-adrenal disorders; associated with increased plasma renin activity and occurs in heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis, and hypoproteinemia.

aldosteronogenesis aldosteronogenesis (al-dos´ter-on-o-jen´e-sis)

Formation of the hormone, aldosterone. [aldosterone + G. genesis, production]

aldotetrose aldotetrose (al-do-tet´ros)

A four-carbon aldose; e.g., threose, erythrose.

aldotriose aldotriose (al-do-trI´os)

A three-carbon aldose; e.g., d- or l-glyceraldehyde.

aldoxime aldoxime (al-doks´em)

A compound derived by the reaction of an aldose with hydroxylamine, thus containing the a. group -HC=NOH.

Aldrich Aldrich

Robert Anderson, U.S. pediatrician, *1917. See A. syndrome; Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.

aldrin aldrin (al´drIn)

A hexachlorohexahydrodimethanonaphthalene;a volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an insecticide; if absorbed through the skin, it causes toxic symptoms consisting of irritability followed by depression.

alecithal alecithal (a-les´i-thal)

Without yolk; denoting ova with little or no deutoplasm. [G. a- priv. + lekithos, yolk]

Alectorobius talaje Alectorobius talaje (a-lek-tor-o´be-us ta-la´je)

An insect, commonly found in Mexico and South America, whose bites, like those of the bedbug, may suppurate.

alemmal alemmal (a-lem´al)

Denoting a nerve fiber lacking a neurolemma. [G. a- priv. + lemma, husk]

alethia alethia (a-leth´e-a)

Rarely used term for an incapacity to forget past events. [G. a- priv. + lethe, forgetfulness]

aleukemia aleukemia (a-lu-ke´me-a)

1. Literally, a lack of leukocytes in the blood. The term is generally used to indicate varieties of leukemic disease in which the white blood cell count in circulating blood is normal or even less than normal (i.e., no leukocytosis), but a few young leukocytes are observed; sometimes used more restrictedly for unusual instances of leukemia with no leukocytosis and no young forms in the blood. 2. Leukemic changes in bone marrow associated with a subnormal number of leukocytes in the blood. See also subleukemic leukemia. [G. a- priv. + leukos, white, + haima, blood]

aleukemic aleukemic (a-lu-ke´mik)

Pertaining to aleukemia.

aleukemoid aleukemoid (a-lu-ke´moyd)

Resembling aleukemia symptomatically.

aleukia aleukia (a-lu´ke-a)

1. Absence or extremely decreased number of leukocytes in the circulating blood; sometimes also termed aleukemic myelosis. 2. Obsolete name for thrombocytopenia. [G. a- priv. + leukos, white]

aleukocytic aleukocytic (a-lu-ko-sit´ik)

Manifesting absence or extremely reduced numbers of leukocytes in blood or lesions.

aleukocytosis aleukocytosis (a-lu-ko-sI-to´sis)

Absence or great reduction (relative or absolute) of the number of white blood cells in the circulating blood (i.e., an advanced degree of leukopenia), or the lack of leukocytes in an anatomical lesion. [G. a- priv. + leukos, white, + kytos, a hollow (cell)]

aleurioconidium aleurioconidium (a-lu´re-o-ko-nid´e-um)

A conidium developed from the blown out end of conidiogenous cells or hyphal branches, and released by rupture below the base of attachment.aleuriospore; [G. aleuron, flour, + conidium]

aleuriospore aleuriospore (a-lu´re-o-spor)

aleurioconidium

aleuron aleuron (al´u-ron)

Protein granules in the endosperm of seeds, supposed to contain the vitamins of edible seeds and grains. [G. flour]

aleuronate aleuronate (a-lu´ro-nat)

Protein from the aleuron layer (endosperm) of cereal grains; used to make bread for diabetics.

aleuronoid aleuronoid (a-lu´ro-noyd)

Resembling flour.

Alexander Alexander

Gustav, Austrian otolaryngologist, *1873. See A.'s deafness.

Alexander Alexander

W. Stewart, 20th century New Zealand pathologist. See A.'s disease.

alexia alexia (a-lek´se-a)

An inability to comprehend the meaning of written or printed words and sentences, caused by a cerebral lesion. Also called optical a. , sensory a. , or visual a. , in distinction to motor a. (anarthria), in which there is loss of the power to read aloud although the significance of what is written or printed is understood.text blindness, word blindness, visual aphasia (1); [G. a- priv. + lexis, a word or phrase]
incomplete a. dyslexia
musical a. loss of the power to read musical notation.music blindness, note blindness;

alexic alexic (a-lek´sik)

Pertaining to alexia.

alexin alexin (a-lek´sin)

Obsolete term for the bactericidal substances of cell-free serum, the activity of which is destroyed by heating at 56°C; applied by Bordet to the heat-labile substance normally present in serum and distinct from the sensitizing substance (antibody) produced by infection or immunization. In this sense it is synonymous with complement. [G. alexo, to ward off]

alexipharmac alexipharmac (a-lek-si-far´mak)

1. antidotal 2. An antidote. [G. alexipharmakos, preserving against poison]

alexithymia alexithymia (a-lek-si-thI´me-a)

Difficulty in recognizing and describing one's emotions, defining them in terms of somatic sensations or behavioral reactions. [G. a- priv. + lexis, word, + -thymia, feelings, passion]

aleydigism aleydigism (a-lI´dig-izm)

Aplasia of Leydig cells, seen in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.

Alezzandrini Alezzandrini

Arturo Alberto, Argentinian ophthalmologist, *1932. See A.'s syndrome.

alfacalcidol alfacalcidol (al-fa-kal´si-dol)

1-a-Hydroxycholecalciferol;a derivative of vitamin D used in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D dependent rickets, and rickets associated with malabsorption syndromes.

alfentanil hydrochloride alfentanil hydrochloride (al-fen´ta-nil)

C₂₁H₃₂N₆O₃ ·HCl ·H₂O;a very potent, short acting narcotic agonist analgesic used as an anesthetic or as an adjunct in the maintenance of general anesthesia.

ALG ALG

Abbreviation for antilymphocyte globulin.

algae algae (al´je)

A division of eukaryotic, photosynthetic, nonflowering organisms that includes many seaweeds. [pl. of L. alga, seaweed]
blue-green a. former name for the blue-green bacteria, now classified as Cyanobacteria.

algal algal (al´gal)

Resembling or pertaining to algae.

algaroba algaroba (al-ga-ro´ba)

Ground meal of the fruit of Ceratonia siliqua; used as an adsorbent-demulcent in the treatment of diarrhea.carob flour, locust gum;

alge- alge- , algesi- , algio- , algo-

Pain; corresponds to L. dolor-. [G. algos, a pain]

algedonic algedonic (al-je-don´ik)

Relating to a mixed sensation or emotion of pleasure and pain. [G. algos, pain, + hedone, pleasure]

algefacient algefacient (al-je-fa´shent)

An agent that has a cooling action. [L. algeo, to be cold, + facio, pr. pl. -iens, to make]

algesi- algesi-

See alge-.

algesia algesia (al-je´ze-a)

algesthesia [G. algesis, a sense of pain]

algesic algesic (al-jez-ik)

1. Painful; related to or causing pain. 2. Relating to hypersensitivity to pain.algetic;

algesichronometer algesichronometer (al-je´ze-kro-nom´e-ter)

An instrument for recording the time required for the perception of a painful stimulus. [G. algesis, sense of pain, + chronos, time, + metron, measure]

algesidystrophy algesidystrophy (al-je-si-dis´tro-fe)

algodystrophy [G. algesis, sense of pain, + dys-, bad, + trophe, nourishment]

algesimeter algesimeter (al-je-sim´e-ter)

algesiometer

algesiogenic algesiogenic (al-je´ze-o-jen´ik)

Pain-producing.algogenic; [G. algesis, sense of pain, + -gen, production]

algesiometer algesiometer (al-je-ze-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the degree of sensitivity to a painful stimulus.algesimeter, algometer, odynometer; [G. algesis, sense of pain, + metron, measure]

algesthesia algesthesia (al-jes-the´ze-a)

1. The appreciation of pain. 2. Hypersensitivity to pain.algesia, algesthesis; [G. algos, pain, + aisthesis, sensation]

algesthesis algesthesis (al-jes-the´sis)

algesthesia

algestone acetophenide algestone acetophenide (al-jes´ton a-se-to-fe´nId)

16a,17-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione cyclic acetal with acetophenone;a progestogen with contraceptive properties.alphasone acetophenide;

algetic algetic (al-jet´ik)

algesic

-algia -algia

Pain, painful condition. [G. algos, a pain]

algicide algicide (al´ji-sId)

An agent active against algae. [algae, + L. caedo, to kill]

algid algid (al´jid)

Chilly, cold. [L. algidus, cold]

algin algin (al´jin)

A carbohydrate product from a seaweed, Macrocystis pyrifera; used as a gel in pharmaceutical preparations.sodium alginate;

alginate alginate (al´ji-nat)

An irreversible hydrocolloid consisting of salts of alginic acid, a colloidal acid polysaccharide obtained from seaweed and composed of mannuronic acid residues; used in dental impression materials.

algio- algio-

See alge-.

algiomotor algiomotor (al-je-o-mo´tor)

Causing painful muscular contractions.algiomuscular; [algio- + L. motor, mover]

algiomuscular algiomuscular (al´je-o-mus´kyu-lar)

algiomotor

algiovascular algiovascular (al´je-o-vas´kyu-lar)

algovascular

algo- algo-

See alge-.

algodystrophy algodystrophy (al-go-dis´tro-fe)

A painful local disturbance of growth, particularly due to focal aseptic necrosis of bone and cartilage.algesidystrophy; [algo- + G. dys-, bad, + trophe, nourishment]

algogenesis algogenesis , algogenesia (al-go-jen´e-sis, -je-ne´ze-a)

The production or origin of pain. [algo- + G. genesis, origin]

algogenic algogenic (al-go-jen´ik)

algesiogenic

algolagnia algolagnia (al-go-lag´ne-a)

Form of sexual perversion in which the infliction or the experiencing of pain increases the pleasure of the sexual act or causes sexual pleasure independent of the act; includes both sadism (active a.) and masochism (passive a.).algophilia (2); [algo- + G. lagneia, lust]

algology algology (al-golo-je)

The study of pain. [G. algos, pain, + -logy]

algometer algometer (al-gom´e-ter)

algesiometer [algo- + G. metron, measure]

algometry algometry (al-gom´e-tre)

The process of measuring pain.

algophilia algophilia (al-go-fil´e-a)

1. Pleasure experienced in the thought of pain in others or in oneself. 2. algolagnia [algo- + G. phileo, to love]

algophobia algophobia (al-go-fo´be-a)

Abnormal fear of or sensitiveness to pain. [algo- + G. phobos, fear]

algopsychalia algopsychalia (al-go-si-ka´lI-ah)

psychalgia (1) [algo- + G. psyche, mind]

algorithm algorithm (al´go-rithm)

A systematic process consisting of an ordered sequence of steps, each step depending on the outcome of the previous one. In clinical medicine, a step-by-step protocol for management of a health care problem; in computed tomography, the formulas used for calculation of the final image from the x-ray transmission data. [Mediev. L. algorismus, after Muhammad ibn-Musa al-Khwarizmi, Arbian mathematician, + G. arithmos, number]

algoscopy algoscopy (al-gos´ko-pe)

cryoscopy [L. algor, cold, + G. skopeo, to view]

algospasm algospasm (al´go-spazm)

Spasm produced by pain. [G. algos, pain, + spasmos, convulsion]

algovascular algovascular (al-go-vas´kyu-lar)

Relating to changes in the lumen of the blood vessels occurring under the influence of pain.algiovascular; [G. algos, pain]

alible alible (al´i-bl)

nutritive [L. alibilis, nutritive, fr. alo, to nourish]

alicyclic alicyclic (al-i-sik´lik)

Denoting an alicyclic compound.

alienation alienation (a-le-en-a´shun)

A condition characterized by lack of meaningful relationships to others, sometimes resulting in depersonalization and estrangement from others. [L. alieno, pp. -atus, to make strange]

alienia alienia (a-li-e´ne-a)

Congenital absence of the spleen. [G. a- priv. + L. lien, spleen]

alienist alienist (al´yen-ist, a-le´en-ist)

Obsolete term for one who treats mental diseases.

aliform aliform (al´i-form)

Wing-shaped. [L. ala, + forma, shape]

alignment alignment (a-lIn´ment)

1. The longitudinal position of a bone or limb. 2. The act of bringing into line. 3. In dentistry, the arrangement of the teeth in relation to the supporting structures and the adjacent and opposing dentitions.alinement; [Fr. aligner, to line up, fr. L. linea, line]

aliment aliment (al´i-ment)

1. nourishment 2. In sensorimotor theory, that which is assimilated to a schema; analogous to a stimulus. [L. alo, to nourish]

alimentary alimentary (al-i-men´ter-e)

Relating to food or nutrition. [L. alimentarius, fr. alimentum, nourishment]

alimentation alimentation (al-i-men-ta´shum)

Providing nourishment. See also feeding.
forced a. forced feeding
parenteral a. providing nourishment intravenously.
rectal a. nourishment provided by retention enemas.

alinasal alinasal (al´i-na´sal)

Relating to the wings of the nose (alae nasi), or flaring portions of the nostrils. [L. ala, + nasus, nose]

alinement alinement (a-lIn´ment)

alignment

alinjection alinjection (al´in-jek´shun)

Injection of alcohol for hardening and preserving pathologic and histologic specimens.

aliphatic aliphatic (al-i-fat´ik)

Denoting the acyclic carbon compounds, most of which belong to the fatty acid series. [G. aleiphar (aleiphat-), fat, oil]
a. acids The acids of nonaromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., acetic, propionic, butyric acids); the so-called fatty acids of the formula R-COOH, where R is a nonaromatic (aliphatic) hydrocarbon.

alipoid alipoid (a-lip´oyd)

Characterized by absence of lipoids. [G. a- priv. + lipoides, resembling fat]

alipotropic alipotropic (a´lip-o-trop´ik)

Having no effect upon fat metabolism, or upon the movement of fat to the liver. [G. a- priv. + lipos, fat, + tropos, a turning]

aliquant aliquant (al´I-kwant)

In chemistry and immunology, pertaining to a portion that results from dividing the whole in a manner that some is left after the a.'s (equal in volume or weight) have been apportioned.

aliquot aliquot (al´i-kwot)

In chemistry and immunology, pertaining to a portion of the whole; loosely, any one of two or more samples of something, of the same volume or weight. [L. a few, several]

alisphenoid alisphenoid (al-i-sfe´noyd)

Relating to the greater wing of the sphenoid bone. [L. ala, + sphen, wedge]

alizarin alizarin (a-liz´a-rin) [C.I. 58000]

1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinone;a red dye that occurs in the root of madder (Rubia tinctorum and other Rubiaceae) in glucose combination (ruberythric acid) as orange needles, slightly soluble in water; used by the ancients as a dye. Now made synthetically from anthracene and used in the manufacture of dyes, e.g., a. blue, a. orange, "Turkey red." As an indicator, it changes from yellow to red at pH 5.5 to 6.8; other modified a.'s have other colors and change color at other pH values.
a. cyanin [C.I. 58610] disulfonate of hexahydroxyanthraquinone;an acid dye used as a nuclear stain after mordanting and as a fluorochrome in ultraviolet microscopy.
a. purpurin purpurin (2)
a. red S [C.I. 58005] sodium a. sulfonate;used as a stain for calcium in bone (calcium appears red-orange, magnesium, aluminum, and barium are varying shades of red), in the determination of fluorine; as a pH indicator it changes from yellow to purple between pH 3.7 and 5.2.

alkadiene alkadiene (al-ka-dI´en)

An acyclic hydrocarbon (alkane) containing two double bonds.

alkalemia alkalemia (al-ka-le´me-a)

A decrease in H-ion concentration of the blood or a rise in pH, irrespective of alterations in the level of bicarbonate ion. [alkali + G. haima, blood]

alkalescence alkalescence (al-ka-les´ens)

1. A slight alkalinity. 2. The process of becoming alkaline.

alkalescent alkalescent (al-ka-les´ent)

1. Slightly alkaline. 2. Becoming alkaline.

alkali alkali , pl. alkalis alkalies (al´ka-lI, -lIz)

1. A strongly basic substance yielding hydroxaide ions (OH_-) in solution; e.g., sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide. 2. base (3) 3. alkali metal [Ar., al, the, + qalIy, soda ash]
caustic a. a highly ionized (in solution) alkali; e.g., NaOH.
fixed a. any a. other than a weakly ionized one, like ammonia.
vegetable a. a mixture of potassium hydroxide and carbonate.

alkaline alkaline (al´ka-lIn)

Relating to or having the reaction of an alkali.

alkalinity alkalinity (al-ka-lin´i-te)

The state of being alkaline.

alkalinization alkalinization (al´ka-lin-i-za´shun)

alkalization

alkalinuria alkalinuria (al´ka-li-nu´re-a)

The passage of alkaline urine.alkaluria; [alkaline + G. ouron, urine]

alkalitherapy alkalitherapy (al´ka-lI-thar´a-pe)

Therapeutic use of alkali for local or systemic effect.

alkalization alkalization (al´kal-i-za´shun)

The process of rendering alkaline.alkalinization;

alkalizer alkalizer (al´ka-lIz-er)

An agent that neutralizes acids or renders a solution alkaline.

alkaloid alkaloid (al´ka-loyd)

Originally, any one of hundreds of plant products distinguished by alkaline (basic) reactions, but now restricted to heterocyclic nitrogen-containing and often complex structures possessing pharmacological activity; their trivial names usually end in -ine (e.g., morphine, atropine, colchicine). A.'s are synthesized by plants and are found in the leaf, bark, seed, or other parts, usually constituting the active principle of the crude drug; they are a loosely defined group, but may be classified according to the chemical structure of their main nucleus. For medicinal purposes, due to improved water solubility, the salts of a.'s are usually used. See also individual a. or a. class.vegetable base;
ergot a.'s (er´got) any of a large number of a.'s obtained from the ergot fungus Claviceps purpurea or semisynthetically derived; examples include ergotamine, ergonovine, dihydroergotamine, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methysergide.
fixed a. a nonvolatile a.
Vinca a.'s a.'s such as vincristine and vinblastine (antitumor agents) extracted from the periwinkle plant.Catharanthus alkaloids;

alkalosis alkalosis (al-ka-lo´sis)

A pathophysiological disorder characterized by H-ion loss or base excess in body fluids (metabolic a.), or caused by CO₂ loss due to hyperventilation (respiratory a.).
acapnial a. respiratory a
compensated a. a. in which there is a change in bicarbonate but the pH of body fluids approaches normal; respiratory a. may be compensated by increased production of metabolic acids or increased renal excretion of bicarbonate; metabolic a. is rarely compensated by hypoventilation.
compensated metabolic a. retention of acid, primarily carbon dioxide by the lung and acid ions by the renal tubules, to reduce the effect on the pH of the blood of excess alkali produced by ingestion or metabolism of alkali-producing substances.
compensated respiratory a. increased excretion of acid ions by the kidney to minimize the effect on the pH of the blood of excessive loss of carbon dioxide via the lungs, such as occurs with hyperventilation.
metabolic a. an a. associated with an increased arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration, possibly resulting from an excessive intake of alkaline materials or an excessive loss of acid in the urine or through persistent vomiting; the base excess and standard bicarbonate are both elevated. See also compensated a.
respiratory a. a. resulting from abnormal loss of CO₂ produced by hyperventilation, either active or passive, with concomitant reduction in arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration. See also compensated a.acapnial a;
uncompensated a. a. in which the pH of body fluids is elevated because of lack of the compensatory mechanisms of compensated a.

alkalotic alkalotic (al-ka-lot´ik)

Relating to alkalosis.

alkaluria alkaluria (al-ka-lu´re-a)

alkalinuria

alkane alkane (al´kan)

The general term for a saturated acyclic hydrocarbon; e.g., propane, butane.

alkanet alkanet (al´ka-net) [C.I. 75530, 75520]

The root of a herb, Alkanna, or Anchusa tinctoria (family Boraginaceae), that yields red dyes alkannan and alkannin; used as a coloring agent; also used, combined with tannin, as an astringent.

alkannan alkannan (al´ka-nan) [C.I. 75520]

A minor red dye component derived from alkanet.

alkannin alkannin (al´ka-nin) [C.I. 75530]

(-)-5,8-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxy-4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone;the major red dye derived from alkanet; used as an astringent, and in cosmetics and foods; can be used as an indicator: red at pH 6.8, changing to purple at pH 8.8 and blue at pH 10.0; also used as a fat stain.anchusin;

alkapton alkapton (al-kap´ton)

homogentisic acid [Boedeker's coinage fr. alkali + L + G. kaptein, to suck up greedily]

alkatriene alkatriene (al-ka-trI´en)

An acyclic hydrocarbon containing three double bonds; e.g., 2,4,6-octatriene, CH₃-CH=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH- CH₃.

alkavervir alkavervir (al-ka-ver´vir)

A mixture of alkaloids obtained by the selective extraction of Veratrum viride with various organic solvents; used orally or parenterally as a hypotensive agent.

alkene alkene (al´ken)

An acyclic hydrocarbon containing one or more double bonds; e.g., ethylene, propene.olefin;

alkenyl alkenyl (al´ken-il)

The radical of an alkene.

alk-1-enyl alk-1-enyl

The radical of an alkene in which the double bond indicated by "en(e)" is between carbons 1 and 2 (carbon 1 being the radical or "yl" carbon), i.e., R-CH=CH-; sometimes expressed as alk-1-en-1-yl.

alk-1-enylglycerophospholipid alk-1-enylglycerophospholipid

A phosphatidate in which at least one of the radicals attached to the glycerol is an alk-1-enyl rather than the usual acyl radical (i.e., is derived from an aldehyde rather than an acid, hence the older trivial names phosphatidal and acetal phosphatid(at)e); "plasmenic acid" has been proposed as a name for such phosphatidates.

alkide alkide (al´kId)

alkyl (2)

alkyl alkyl (al´kil)

1. A hydrocarbon radical of the general formula C_nH_2n+1. 2. A compound, such as tetraethyl lead, in which a metal is combined with alkyl radicals.alkide;
arylated a. aralkyl

alkylamine alkylamine (al-kil´a-men)

An alkane containing an -NH₂ group in place of one H atom; e.g., ethylamine.

alkylating agent alkylating agent

See under agent.

alkylation alkylation (al´ki-la´shun)

Substitution of an alkyl radical for a hydrogen atom; e.g., introduction of a side chain into an aromatic compound.

ALL ALL

Abbreviation for acute lymphocytic leukemia.

allachesthesia allachesthesia (al´a-kes-the´ze-a)

A condition in which a tactile sensation is referred to a point other than that to which the stimulus is applied. See also allochiria. [G. allache, elsewhere, + aisthesis, sensation]

allantiasis allantiasis (al-an-tI´a-sis)

Obsolete term for sausage poisoning due to botulism. [G. allas (allant-), sausage]

allanto- allanto- , allant-

Allantois; allantoid; sausage. [G. allas, allantos, sausage]

allantoate deiminase allantoate deiminase

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of allantoic acid to ureidoglycine, NH₃, and CO₂.

allantochorion allantochorion (a-lan-to-kor´e-on)

Extraembryonic membrane formed by the fusion of the allantois and chorion.

allantogenesis allantogenesis (a-lan-to-jen´e-sis)

Formation and development of the allantois. [allanto- + G. genesis, origin]

allantoic allantoic (a-lan-to´ik)

Relating to the allantois.

allantoic acid allantoic acid (a-lan-to´ik as´id)

diureidoacetic acid;a degradation product of allantoin.

allantoid allantoid (a-lan´toyd)

1. Sausage-shaped. 2. Relating to, or resembling, the allantois. [allanto- + G. eidos, appearance]

allantoidoangiopagus allantoidoangiopagus (a-lan-toyd´o-an-je-op´a-gus)

omphaloangiopagus See allantoidoangiopagous twins, under twin. [allantoid + G. angeion, vessel, + pagos, fastened]

allantoin allantoin (a-lan´to-in)

5-ureidohydantoin;a substance present in allantoic fluid, fetal urine, and elsewhere; also an oxidation product of uric acid and the end product of purine metabolism in animals other than humans and the other primates.3-ureidohydantoin, cordianine, glyoxyldiureide;

allantoinase allantoinase (a-lan-to´i-nas)

An enzyme (an amidohydrolase) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of allantoin to allantoic acid.

allantoinuria allantoinuria (a-lan´to-in-yu´re-a)

The urinary excretion of allantoin; normal in most mammals, abnormal in humans. [allantoin + G. ouron, urine]

allantois allantois (a-lan´to-is)

A fetal membrane developing from the hindgut (or yolk sac, in humans). In humans it is vestigial; externally, in mammals, it contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord and placenta; in birds and reptiles it lies close beneath the porous shell and serves as an organ of respiration.allantoid membrane; [allanto- + G. eidos, appearance]

allaxis allaxis (a-laks´is)

metamorphosis [G. allattein, to alter]

allele allele (a-lel´)

Any one of a series of two or more different genes that may occupy the same locus on a specific chromosome. As autosomal chromosomes are paired, each autosomal gene is represented twice in normal somatic cells. If the same a. occupies both units of the locus, the individual or cell is homozygous for this a. If the a.'s are different, the individual or cell is heterozygous for both a.'s. See DNA markers. See also dominance of traits.allelomorph; [G. allelon, reciprocally] Dominant traits or conditions are caused by inheritance of a single allele from either parent; recessive ones by inheritance of a relevant allele from each parent. With the advent of DNA technology, the allele has become the focus of intense scrutiny, as molecular biologists attempt to track down genes responsible for physical and behavioral traits, and for the 3,500 human diseases that have been identified as chromosomally linked. Paired with radioisotopes or fluorescent dyes, alleles may serve as probes that allow for the identification of such genes.
codominant a. See codominant.
silent a. amorph

allelic allelic (a-le´lik)

Relating to an allele.allelomorphic;

allelism allelism (al´e-lizm)

The state held in common by alleles.allelomorphism;

allelocatalysis allelocatalysis (a-le´lo-ka-tal´i-sis)

Self-stimulation of growth in a bacterial culture by addition of similar cells. [G. allelon, mutually, reciprocally, + catalytikos, able to dissolve]

allelocatalytic allelocatalytic (a-le´lo-kat-a-lit´ik)

Mutually catalytic; denoting two substances each of which is decomposed in the presence of the other.

allelochemicals allelochemicals (a-le´lo-kem´i-kalz)

Signal substances between individuals of different species. Cf. pheromones. [G. allelon, reciprocally, + chemical]

allelomorph allelomorph (a-le´lo-morf)

allele [G. allelon, reciprocally, + morphe, shape]

allelomorphic allelomorphic (a-le-lo-mor´fik)

allelic

allelomorphism allelomorphism (a-le-lo-mor´fizm)

allelism

allelotaxis allelotaxis , allelotaxy (a-lel-o-taks´is, -taks´e)

Development of an organ from a number of embryonal structures or tissues. [G. allelon, reciprocally, + taxis, an arranging]

Allen Allen

Alfred Henry, U.S. chemist, 1846-1904. See A.'s test.

Allen Allen

Willard Myron, U.S. gynecologist, *1904. See Corner-A. test, unit; A.-Masters syndrome.

Allen Allen

Edgar Van Nuys, U.S. physician, 1900-1961. See A.'s test.

Allen Allen

Edgar, U.S. endocrinologist, 1892-1943. See A.-Doisy test, unit.

allergen allergen (al´er-jen)

Term for an incitant of altered reactivity (allergy), an antigenic substance. [allergy + G. -gen, producing]

allergenic allergenic (al-er-jen´ik)

antigenic

allergic allergic (a-ler´jik)

Relating to any response stimulated by an allergen.

allergic salute allergic salute

A characteristic wiping or rubbing of the nose with a transverse or upward movement of the hand, as seen in children with allergic rhinitis.

allergin allergin (al´er-jin)

A seldom used term denoting the reactive substance in the passive transference of anaphylaxis.

allergist allergist (al´er-jist)

One who specializes in the treatment of allergies.

allergization allergization (al´er-ji-za´shun)

Active sensitization as a result of allergens being naturally or artificially brought into contact with susceptible tissues; the procedure of being allergized.

allergized allergized (al´er-jIzd)

Specifically altered in reactivity; rendered capable of exhibiting one or another aspect of allergy.

allergosis allergosis (al´er-go´sis)

Any abnormal condition characterized by allergy. [allergy + G. -osis, condition]

allergy allergy (al´er-je)

1. Hypersensitivity caused by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in a marked increase in reactivity to that antigen upon subsequent exposure sometimes resulting in harmful immunologic consequences.acquired sensitivity, induced sensitivity; See also allergic reaction, anaphylaxis, immune. 2. That branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of allergic manifestations. 3. An acquired hypersensitivity to certain drugs and biologic materials. [G. allos, other, + ergon, work]
atopic a. See atopy.
bacterial a. 1. the concept that the atopic kind of type I allergic reactions may be caused by bacterial allergens; 2. the delayed type of skin test, so-called because of its early association with bacterial antigens (e.g., the tuberculin test).
cold a. physical symptoms produced by hypersensitivity to cold.
contact a. allergic contact dermatitis
delayed a. a type IV allergic reaction; so called because in a sensitized subject the reaction becomes evident hours after contact with the allergen (antigen), reaches its peak after 36 to 48 hours, then recedes slowly. Associated with cell-mediated responses. See also delayed reaction. Cf. immediate a.
drug a. sensitivity (hypersensitivity) to a drug or other chemical.
immediate a. a type I allergic reaction; so called because in a sensitized subject the reaction becomes evident usually within minutes after contact with the allergen (antigen), reaches its peak within an hour or so, then rapidly recedes. See also immediate reaction, anaphylaxis. Cf. delayed a.
latent a. a. that causes no signs or symptoms but can be revealed by means of certain immunologic tests with specific allergens.
physical a. excessive response to factors in the environment such as heat or cold.
polyvalent a. allergic response manifested simultaneously for several or numerous specific allergens.

Allescheria boydii Allescheria boydii (al-es-ke´re-a boy´de-I)

Pseudallescheria boydii

allesthesia allesthesia (al-es-the´ze-a)

allochiria [G. allos, other, + aisthesis, sensation]

allethrins allethrins (al´e-thrinz)

Allethrolone esters of chrysanthemum-monocarboxylic acids and synthetic analogs of pyrethrins, which are pyrethrolone esters of the same acids; viscous liquids, insoluble in water, that can be absorbed by lungs, skin, and mucous membranes and may cause liver and kidney injury, with lung congestion; used as an insecticide.

allethrolone allethrolone (a-leth´ro-lon)

2-Methyl-4-oxo-3-(2-propenyl)-2-cyclopentenol;an analog of pyrethrolone (2-propenyl replacing the 2,4-pentadienyl group) used in allethrins.

allied health professional allied health professional

An individual trained to perform services in the care of patients other than a physician or registered nurse; includes a variety of therapy technicians (e.g., pulmonary), radiology technicians, physical therapists, etc.

alligation alligation (al-i-ga´shun)

A rule of mixtures whereby 1) the cost of a mixture may be determined, given the proportions and prices of the several ingredients; or 2) in pharmacy, the relative amounts of solutions of different percentages which must be taken to form a mixture of a given strength. [L. alligatio, fr. al-ligo (adl-), pp. -atus, to bind to]

Allis Allis

Oscar Huntington, U.S. surgeon, 1836-1921. See A. forceps; A.'s sign.

alliteration alliteration (a-lit-er-a´shun)

In psychiatry, a speech disturbance in which words commencing with the same sounds, usually consonants, are notably frequent. [Fr. allitération, fr. L. ad, to, + littera, letter of alphabet]

allium allium (al´e-um)

Allium sativum (family Liliaceae), whose bulb contains up to 0.9% of volatile irritating oil with antiseptic action; has been used as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and expectorant.garlic; [L.]

all or none all or none

See Bowditch's law.

allo- allo-

1. Other; differing from the normal or usual. 2. Chemical prefix formerly used with amino acids whenever their side chain contained an asymmetric carbon; for example, the alloisoleucines and allothreonines. [G. allos, other]

alloalbuminemia alloalbuminemia (al´o-al-byu´mi-ne´me-a) [MIM*103600]

The autosomal dominant condition of having serum albumin of a variant type that differs in mobility on electrophoresis from the usual type A; individuals are heterozygous or homozygous for one of the genes for variant albumin types, a genetic polymorphism without known clinical significance. See also inherited albumin variants, under variant. [allo- + albumin + G. haima, blood, + -ia]

alloantibody alloantibody (al-o-an´ti-bod-e)

An antibody specific for an alloantigen. Isoantibody is sometimes used in this sense.

alloantigen alloantigen (al-o-an´ti-jen)

An antigen that occurs in some, but not in other members of the same species. Isoantigen is sometimes used in this sense.

allobarbital allobarbital (al-o-bar´bi-tal)

5,5-Diallylbarbituric acid;a hypnotic with intermediate duration of action.

allocentric allocentric (al-o-sen´trik)

Characterized by or denoting interest centered in other persons rather than in one's self. Cf. egocentric. heterocentric (2); [allo- + G. kentron, center]

allochezia allochezia , allochetia (al-o-ke´ze-a, -ke´she-a)

Obsolete term for passage of feces through a fistula or other false passage. [allo- + G. chezo, to defecate]

allochiria allochiria , allocheiria (al´-o-kI´re-a, al-o-kI´re-a)

A form of allachesthesia in which the sensation of a stimulus in one limb is referred to the contralateral limb.allesthesia, alloesthesia, Bamberger's sign (2); [allo- + G. cheir, hand]

allocholane allocholane (al-o-ko´lan)

Original term for 5a-cholane.

allocholesterol allocholesterol (al-o-ko-les´ter-ol)

cholest-4-en-3beta-ol;an isomer of cholesterol, differing in the position of the one double bond.coprostenol;

allochroic allochroic (al-o-kro´ik)

Changed or changeable in color; relating to allochroism.

allochroism allochroism (al-o-kro´izm)

A change or changeableness in color. [allo- + G. chroa, color]

allochromasia allochromasia (al-o-kro-ma´ze-a)

Change of color of the skin or hair. [allo- + G. chroma, color]

allocortex allocortex (al´o-kor´teks)

O. Vogt's term denoting several regions of the cerebral cortex, in particular the olfactory cortex and the hippocampus, characterized by fewer cell layers than the isocortex; See also cerebral cortex.heterotypic cortex; [allo- + L. cortex, bark (cortex)]

a-allocortol a-allocortol (al-o-kor´tol)

5a-Pregnane-3a,11beta,17,20a,21-pentaol;the 5a enantiomer of a-cortol; a metabolite of hydroxycortisone found in the urine.

beta-allocortol beta-allocortol

5a-Pregnane-3a,11beta,17,20beta,21-pentaol;the 20beta isomer of a-allocortol and 5a enantiomer of beta-cortol; a metabolite of hydrocortisone found in urine.

a-allocortolone a-allocortolone (al-o-kor´to-lon)

3a,17,20a,21-Tetrahydroxy-5a-pregnane-11-one;the 5a enantiomer of a-cortolone; a metabolite of hydrocortisone found in urine.

beta-allocortolone beta-allocortolone

3a,17,20beta,21-Tetrahydroxy-5a-pregnane-11-one;the 20beta isomer of a-allocortolone and 5a enantiomer of beta-cortolone; a metabolite of hydrocortisone found in urine.

allodeoxycholic acid allodeoxycholic acid (al-o-de-oks´e-ko´lik)

3a,12a-dihydroxy-5a-cholan-24-oic acid, one of the bile acids.

allodiploid allodiploid (al-o-dip´loyd)

See alloploid.

allodynia allodynia (al-o-din´e-a)

Condition in which ordinarily nonpainful stimuli evoke pain. [allo- + G. odyne, pain]

alloerotic alloerotic (al´o-e-rot´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by alloerotism.heteroerotic;

alloeroticism alloeroticism (al´o-e-rot´i-sizm)

alloerotism

alloerotism alloerotism (al-o-ar´o-tizm)

Sexual attraction toward another person. Cf. autoerotism. alloeroticism, heteroerotism; [allo- + G. eros, love]

alloesthesia alloesthesia (al-o-es-the´ze-a)

allochiria

allogamy allogamy (al-og´a-me)

Fertilization of the ova of one individual by the spermatozoa of another. Cf. autogamy. [allo- + G. gamos, marriage]

allogenic allogenic , allogeneic (al-o-jen´ik, -je-ne´ik)

Used in transplantation biology. It pertains to different gene constitutions within the same species; antigenically distinct.

allogotrophia allogotrophia (al´o-go-tro´fe-a)

Growth or nourishment of one part or tissue at the expense of another part of the body. [allo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

allograft allograft (al´o-graft)

A graft transplanted between genetically nonidentical individuals of the same species.allogeneic graft, homologous graft, homoplastic graft;

allogroup allogroup (al´o-grup)

A term formerly used to denote a haplotype composed of closely linked allotypic markers.

allohexaploid allohexaploid (al-o-heks´a-ployd)

See alloploid.

allohydroxylysine (aHyl) allohydroxylysine (aHyl) (a-lo-hI-drok-se-lI-sen)

5-allohydroxylysine;a stereoisomer of 5-hydroxylysine; D-a is the diastereoisomer of D-5-hydroxylysine.

alloisoleucine (aIle) alloisoleucine (aIle) (a-lo-I-so-lu´sen)

A stereoisomer of isoleucine; D-a. is the diastereoisomer of D-isoleucine.

alloisomer alloisomer (al-o-I´som-er)

A geometric isomer.

allokeratoplasty allokeratoplasty (al-o-ker´a-to-plas-te)

Replacement of opaque corneal tissue with a transparent prosthesis, usually plastic.

allokinesis allokinesis (al-o-ki-ne´sis, -kI-ne´sis)

Passive or reflex movement; nonvoluntary movement. [allo- + G. kinesis, movement]

allolactose allolactose (a-lo-lak´tos)

A sugar, isomeric with lactose, that is the true inducer of the lac operon.

allolalia allolalia (al-o-la´le-a)

Any speech defect, especially one caused by a cerebral disorder. [allo- + G. lalia, talking]

allomaleic acid allomaleic acid (al-o-mal´e-ik)

fumaric acid

allomerism allomerism (a-lom´er-izm)

The state of differing in chemical composition but having the same crystalline form. [allo- + G. meros, part]

allometron allometron (al-o-me´tron)

An evolutionary change in form or proportion of organic beings. [allo- + G. metron, measure]

allomones allomones (a-lo-mon)

A pheromone that induces a behavioral or physiologic change in a member of another species that is of benefit to the producer. Cf. kairomones, pheromones. [G. allos, other, + -mone]

allomorphism allomorphism (al-o-mor´fizm)

1. Change of shape in cells due to mechanical causes, such as flattening from pressure, or to progressive metaplasia, such as the change of bile duct cells into liver cells. 2. The state of being similar in chemical composition but differing in form (especially crystalline). [allo- + G. morphe, form]

allongement allongement (al-onzh´-maw)

Rarely used term for lengthening of a structure during an operation by appropriate incisions. [Fr. elongation]

allonomous allonomous (a-lon´o-mus)

Governed by external stimuli. [allo- + G. nomos, law]

allopath allopath (al´o-path)

1. One who is a practitioner of allopathy. 2. Erroneously, a traditional medical physician, as distinguished from eclectic or homeopathic practitioners.allopathist;

allopathic allopathic (al-o-path´ik)

Relating to allopathy.

allopathist allopathist (al-op´a-thist)

allopath

allopathy allopathy (al-op´a-the)

A therapeutic system in which a disease is treated by producing a second condition that is incompatible with or antagonistic to the first. Cf. homeopathy. heteropathy (2) , substitutive therapy; [allo- + G. pathos, suffering]

allopentaploid allopentaploid (al-o-pent´a-ployd)

See alloploid.

allophanamide allophanamide (al´o-fan-am´id)

biuret

allophanic acid allophanic acid (al-o-fan´ik)

NH₂CONHCOOH; urea carbonic acid;its amide is biuret (allophanamide).carbamoylcarbamic acid, N-carboxyurea;

allophasis allophasis (al-of´a-sis)

Speech that is incoherent, disordered. [allo- + G. phasis, speech]

allophenic allophenic (al-o-fe´nik)

Pertaining to an animal with different cellular phenotypes produced by combining dividing fertilized eggs (blastomeres) of different genotypes (i.e., from different pairs of parents). See also mosaic. [allo- + G. phaino, to appear, + -ic]

allophore allophore (al´o-for)

erythrophore

allophthalmia allophthalmia (al-of-thal´me-a)

heterophthalmus

alloplasia alloplasia (al-o-pla´ze-a)

heteroplasia [allo- + G. plasis, a molding]

alloplast alloplast (al´o-plast)

1. A graft of an inert metal or plastic material. 2. A relatively inert foreign body used for implantation into tissues. [allo- + G. plastos, formed]

alloplasty alloplasty (al´o-plas-te)

Repair of defects by allotransplantation.

alloploid alloploid (al´o-ployd)

Relating to a hybrid individual or cell with two or more sets of chromosomes derived from two different ancestral species; depending on the number of multiples of haploid sets, a.'s are referred to as allodiploids, allotriploids, allotetraploids, allopentaploids, allohexaploids, etc. See also heterokaryon. [allo- + -ploid]

alloploidy alloploidy (al-o-ploy´de)

The condition of being alloploid.

allopolyploid allopolyploid (al-o-pol´i-ployd)

An alloploid having three or more haploid sets of chromosomes. [allo- + polyploid]

allopolyploidy allopolyploidy (al-o-pol´i-ploy-de)

The condition of being allopolyploid.

allopregnane allopregnane (al-o-preg´nan)

Original name for 5a-pregnane. See pregnane.

a-allopregnanediol a-allopregnanediol (al´o-preg-nan-dI´ol)

5a-Pregnane-3a,20a-diol;a metabolite of progesterone and adrenocortical hormones, found in urine.

beta-allopregnanediol beta-allopregnanediol

The 5a-pregnane-3beta,20a(and beta)-diols; both are metabolites of progesterone and adrenocortical hormones; found in urine.

allopsychic allopsychic (al-o-sI´kik)

Denoting the mental processes in their relation to the outer world. [allo- + G. psyche, mind]

allopurinol allopurinol (al-o-pyu´ri-nol)

4-Hydroxypyrazolo-[3,4-d]pyrimidine;inhibitor of xanthine oxidase to inhibit uric acid formation; used in the treatment of gout and to retard the rapid metabolic degradation of 6-mercaptopurine.

allorhythmia allorhythmia (al-o-rith´me-a)

An irregularity in the cardiac rhythm that repeats itself any number of times. [allo- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

allorhythmic allorhythmic (al-o-rith´mik)

Relating to or characterized by allorhythmia.

allose allose (al´os)

C₆H₁₂O₆;an aldohexose. d-A. is epimeric with d-glucose.

allosensitization allosensitization (al´o-sen´si-ti-za-shun)

Exposure to an alloantigen that induces immunological memory cells.

allosome allosome (al´o-som)

One of the chromosomes differing in appearance or behavior from the autosomes and sometimes unequally distributed among the germ cells.heterochromosome, heterotypical chromosome; [allo- + G. soma, body]
paired a. diplosome
unpaired a. accessory chromosome

allosteric allosteric (al-o-star´ik)

Pertaining to or characterized by allosterism.

allosterism allosterism , allostery (a-los´ter-izm, -los´ter-e)

The influencing of an enzyme activity, or the binding of a ligand to a protein, by a change in the conformation of the protein, brought about by the binding of a substrate or other effector at a site (allosteric site) other than the active site of the protein. Cf. cooperativity, hysteresis.

allotetraploid allotetraploid (al-o-tet´ra-ployd)

See alloploid. [allo- + tetraploid]

allotherm allotherm (al´o-therm)

poikilotherm [allo- + G. therme, heat]

allothreonines allothreonines (al-o-thre´o-nenz)

Two of the four diastereoisomers of threonine, differing from the l- and d-threonines in the configuration of the hydroxyl group in the side chain.

allotope allotope (al´o-top)

The antigenic determinant of an allotype. [allo- + -tope]

allotopia allotopia (al-o-to´pe-a)

dystopia [allo- + G. topos, place]

allotransplantation allotransplantation (al´o-tranz-plan-ta´shun)

Transplantation of an allograft.homotransplantation;

allotrichia circumscripta allotrichia circumscripta (al-o-trik´e-a ser-kum-skrip´ta)

woolly-hair nevus [allo- + G. thrix, hair, + L. circumscriptio, a boundary]

allotriodontia allotriodontia (al-ot´re-o-don´she-a)

1. Growth of a tooth in some abnormal location. 2. Transplantation of teeth. [G. allotrios, foreign, + odous (odont-), tooth]

allotriogeustia allotriogeustia (al-ot´re-o-gu´ste-a)

Perverted taste for innutritious or unusual substances. [G. allotrios, foreign, + geusis, taste]

allotriophagy allotriophagy (al-ot-re-of´a-je)

The habit of eating innutritious or unusual substances. See also pica. [G. allotrios, foreign, + phago, to eat]

allotriosmia allotriosmia (al-ot-re-oz´me-a)

Incorrect recognition of odors.heterosmia; [G. allotrios, foreign, + osme, smell]

allotriploid allotriploid (al-o-trip´loyd)

See alloploid. [allo + triploid]

allotrope allotrope (al´o-trop)

A substance in one of the allotropic forms that the element may assume. [allo- + G. tropos, a turning]

allotrophic allotrophic (al-o-tro´fik)

Having an altered nutritive value. [allo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

allotropic allotropic (al-o-trop´ik)

1. Relating to allotropism. 2. Denoting a type of personality characterized by a preoccupation with the reactions of others.

allotropism allotropism , allotropy (a-lot´ro-pizm, -lot´ro-pe)

The existence of certain elements, in several forms differing in physical properties; e.g., carbon black, graphite, and diamond are all pure carbon. [allo- + G. tropos, a turning]

allotype allotype (al´o-tIp)

Any one of the genetically determined antigenic differences within a given class of immunoglobulin that occur among members of the same species. See also antibody.allotypic marker; [allo- + G. typos, model]
Gm a.'s (al´lo-tIps) refers to human immunoglobulin gamma heavy chains that express different Gm allotypic determinants (antigens). Each of the 25 different Gm a.'s is the product of genes within the constant regions of the human gamma heavy chain.
InV a.'s (al´lo-tIps) Km a.'s
Km a.'s (al´lo-tIp) refers to human kappa immunoglobulin light chains that express different Km allotypic determinants (antigens).InV a.'s;

allotypic allotypic (al-o-tip´ik)

Pertaining to an allotype.

allowance allowance (a´lau-antz)

1. Permission. 2. A portion allotted.
recommended daily a. (RDA) the amount of daily nutrient intake judged to be adequate for the maintenance of good nutrition in an average adult.

alloxan alloxan (a-loks´-an)

An oxidation product of uric acid, 2,4,5,6-pyrimidinetetrone; administration to experimental animals causes hypoglycemia due to insulin liberation, followed by hyperglycemia due to destruction of the islets of Langerhans (alloxan diabetes).

alloxantin alloxantin (a-loks´an-tin)

A condensation product of two molecules of alloxan, formed in the presence of reducing agents; a diabetogenic.uroxin;

alloxazine alloxazine (a-loks´a-zen)

Isomer of isoalloxazine.

alloxuremia alloxuremia (al-oks-yu-re´me-a, al-ok-su-re´me-a)

The presence of purine bases in the blood. [alloxan + G. haima, blood]

alloxuria alloxuria (al-oks-yu´re-a, al-ok-su´re-a)

The presence of purine bodies in the urine. [alloxan + G. ouron, urine]

alloy alloy (al´oy)

A substance composed of a mixture of two or more metals.
chrome-cobalt a.'s a.'s of cobalt and chromium containing molybdenum and/or tungsten plus trace elements; used in dentistry for denture bases and frameworks, and other structures.
eutectic a. an a., generally brittle and subject to tarnish and corrosion, with a fusion temperature lower than that of any of its components; used in dentistry mainly in solders.
gold a. an a. whose principal ingredient is gold, usually contains copper or platinum and silver; used in dentistry for restorations requiring considerable strength.
Raney a. an a. of Ni and Al in equal proportions, used in the preparation of Raney Nickel.
silver-tin a. any a. of silver and tin; commonly 3 parts Ag and 1 part Sn, forming Ag₃Sn, the chief intermetallic compound in dental amalgam.

all-trans-retinal all-trans-retinal

The orange retinaldehyde resulting from the action of light on the rhodopsin of the retina, which converts the 11-cis-retinal component of the rhodopsin to all-trans-retinal plus opsin.trans-retinal, visual yellow;

allspice oil allspice oil (awl´spIs)

pimenta oil

allulose allulose (al´yu-los)

Obsolete term for psicose.

allyl allyl (al´il)

2-Propenyl;the monovalent radical, CH₂=CHCH₂-.
a. alcohol CH₂₌CHCH₂OH; 2-propenol;a colorless liquid of pungent odor used in making resins and plasticizers; highly irritating to mucous membranes and readily absorbed, causing depression and coma.vinyl carbinol;
a. cyanide CH₂=CHCH₂CN; 3-butenenitrile;found in some mustard oils.
a. isothiocyanate CH₂=CH-CH₂-NCS; volatile mustard CH-allylisosulfocyanate; isothiocyanic allyl ester;obtained from Brassica nigra or produced synthetically; a vesicant, used in 10% solution in 50% alcohol as a counterirritant in neuralgia. Gives mustard its characteristics flavor and aroma. See also mustard oil.volatile mustard oil;
a. sulfide (CH₂=CHCH₂)S; diallyl sulfide; thioallyl ether; "oil garlic";a constituent of garlic oil used in the manufacture of flavors.

allylamine allylamine (al-il-am´en)

CH₂=CH-CH₂-NH₂; 3-Aminopropylene;a colorless liquid derived from crude oil of mustard and used in the pharmaceutical industry, e.g., in the manufacture of mercurial diuretics.

allylbarbital allylbarbital (al-il-bar´bi-tal)

butalbital

allylestrenol allylestrenol (al-il-es´tre-nol)

17-Allylestr-4-en-17beta-ol;a progestational agent.

allylmercaptomethylpenicillin allylmercaptomethylpenicillin (al´il-mer-kap´to-meth´il-pen-i-sil´in)

penicillin O

N-allylnormorphine N-allylnormorphine (al´il-nor-mor´fen)

nalorphine

allysines allysines (al´i-senz)

Two or more six-carbon a-amino acids connected by a carbon-carbon bond; constituents of connective tissue and other structural elements. See also desmins.

Almeida Almeida

Floriano Paulo de, Brazilian physician, *1898. See A.'s disease; Lutz-Splendore-A. disease.

Almén Almén

August Teodor, Swedish physiologist, 1833-1903. See A.'s test for blood.

almond oil almond oil (aw´mund, awl´mund)

A fixed oil expressed from sweet almonds, the kernels of varieties of Prunus amygdalus; used in ointments.
bitter a.o. a volatile oil from the dried ripe kernels of bitter almonds and from other kernels containing amygdalin; it contains between 2 and 4% of hydrocyanic acid and 95% of benzaldehyde.

aloe aloe (al´o)

1. The dried juice from the leaves of plants of the genus Aloe (family Liliaceae), from which are derived aloin, resin, emodin, and volatile oils. 2. The dried juice from the leaves of Aloe perryi (socotrine a.'s), of A. barbadensis (Barbados and Curaçao a.'s), or of A. capensis (Cape a.'s); used as a purgative; used topically in cosmetics where it has no demonstrated value.

aloe-emodin aloe-emodin (al´o-em´o-din)

1,8-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)anthraquinone; 3-hydroxymethylchrysazin;the trimethyl ether of emodin; used as a laxative. See aloin, emodin.rhabarberone;

aloetin aloetin (al-o-e´tin)

aloin

alogia alogia (a-lo´je-a)

1. aphasia 2. Inability to speak due to mental deficiency or an episode of dementia. [G. a- priv. + logos, speech]

aloin aloin (al´o-in)

1,8-dihydroxy-3-hydroxymethyl-10-(6-hydroxymethyl-3,4,5-tr ihydroxy-2-pyranyl)anthrone; 10-(1´,5´-anhydroglucosyl)-aloe-emodin-9- anthrone;a yellow crystalline principle made up of aloe-emodin and glucose, obtained from aloe; used as a laxative.aloetin, barbaloin;

alopecia alopecia (al-o-pe´she-a)

Loss of hair.acomia, baldness, calvities, pelade; [G. alopekia, a disease like fox mange, fr. alopex, a fox]
a. adnata underdevelopment of the lashes. See also a. congenitalis.madarosis;
androgenic a. gradual decrease of scalp hair density in adults with transformation of terminal to vellus hairs which become lost as a result of familial increase susceptibility of hair follicles to androgen secretion following puberty. Two areas of the scalp are commonly affected in men; when it occurs in females it is associated with other evidence of excessive androgen activity, such as hirsutism. See female pattern a., male pattern a.a. hereditaria, common baldness, patterned a;
a. area´ta [MIM*104000] a condition of undetermined etiology characterized by circumscribed, nonscarring, usually asymmetrical areas of baldness on the scalp, eyebrows, and bearded portion of the face. Hairy skin anywhere on the body may be affected; occasionally follows an autosomal dominant inheritance. Slow enlargement but eventual regrowth within one year is common, but relapse is frequent and progression to a. totalis may occur, especially with childhood onset.
a. cap´itis tota´lis a. totalis
a. cel´si obsolete term for a. areata.
Celsus' a. obsolete term for a. areata.
cicatricial a. scarring a [L. cicatrix, cicatricis, scar + suffix -al, characterized by]
a. cicatrisa´ta scarring a
a. circumscrip´ta obsolete term for a. areata.
a. congenita´lis [MIM*104130] absence of all hair at birth, associated with psychomotor epilepsy; autosomal dominant inheritance.congenital baldness, hypotrichiasis (2);
congenital sutural a. dyscephalia mandibulo-oculofacialis
a. dissemina´ta loss of hair from all parts of the body.
female pattern a. diffuse partial hair loss in the centroparietal area of the scalp, with preservation of the frontal and temporal hair lines; the most frequent type of androgenic a. in women.
a. follicula´ris folliculitis decalvans
a. heredita´ria [MIM*109200] androgenic a
Jonston's a. obsolete term for a. areata.
a. leproti´ca thinning or total loss of the lateral third of the eyebrows, eyelashes, and body hairs, seen in leprosy; loss of scalp hair is rare.
a. limina´ris fronta´lis a. marginalis
lipedematous a. a. with itching, soreness, or tenderness of the scalp in adult negro women; the scalp is thickened and soft, subcutaneous fat is increased, and the hair is sparse and short.
male pattern a. the most common form of androgenic a., seen in men as receding frontal and bilateral triangular temple hair lines, and a balding patch on the vertex, which may progress to complete a.male pattern baldness;
a. margina´lis hair loss at the hair line, a condition most commonly seen in blacks; commonly transient and caused by chronic traction, although long-continued traction may cause permanent a.a. liminaris frontalis;
a. medicamento´sa diffuse hair loss, most notably of the scalp, caused by administration of various types of drugs.
moth-eaten a. patchy hair loss of parietal and occipital regions of the scalp, characteristic of secondary syphilis.
a. mucino´sa follicular mucinosis with a. appearing in areas of erythema and edema in the bearded portion of the face or in the scalp.
a. neurot´ica a. of trophoneurotic origin.
patterned a. androgenic a
a. pityro´des a loss of hair, of the body as well as of the scalp, accompanied by an abundant branlike desquamation.
postoperative pressure a. loss of hair over a circumscribed area usually on the posterior scalp, resulting from continuous pressure on the occiput in a lengthy operative procedure, or unconsciousness following a drug overdose.
postpartum a. temporary diffuse telogen loss of scalp hair at the termination of pregnancy.
premature a. , a. prematu´ra male pattern baldness appearing at an unusually early age.
a. preseni´lis ordinary or common baldness occurring in early or middle life without any apparent disease of the scalp.
pressure a. loss of hair over a circumscribed area usually on the posterior scalp, resulting from the continuous pressure on the occiput in a lengthy operative procedure, or unconsciousness following a drug overdose.
scarring a. a. in which hair follicles are irreversibly destroyed by scarring processes including trauma, burns, lupus erythematosus, lichen planopilaris, scleroderma, folliculitis decalvans, or of uncertain cause (pseudopelade).a. cicatrisata, cicatricial a;
a. seni´lis the normal loss of scalp hair in old age.
a. symptomat´ica a. occurring in the course of various constitutional or local diseases, or following prolonged febrile illness.
a. syphilit´ica moth-eaten a. of secondary syphilis.
a. tota´lis total loss of hair of the scalp either within a very short period of time or from progression of localized a., especially a. areata. Cf. a. universalis. a. capitis totalis;
a. tox´ica hair loss attributed to febrile illness.
traction a. circumscribed or diffuse loss of hair resulting from repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or twisting; also occurs after excessive application of hair "softeners" such as permanent wave solutions or hot combs. A. marginalis is a form of traction a.traumatic a;
traumatic a. traction a
a. triangularis (trI´ang-u-la-ris) bilateral receding temporal hair lines in male pattern a.
a. triangula´ris congenita´lis a congenital triangular patch of baldness on the frontal or temporal region of the scalp.
a. universa´lis total loss of hair from all parts of the body. Cf. a. totalis.

alopecic alopecic (al-o-pe´sik)

Relating to alopecia.

aloxiprin aloxiprin (a-lok´si-prin)

A condensation product of aluminum oxide and aspirin, used as an analgesic.

Alpers Alpers

Bernard J., U.S. neurologist, 1900-1981. See A. disease.

alpha alpha (al´fa)

First letter of the Greek alphabet, a.

alpha amylase alpha amylase

A starch-splitting enzyme obtained from a nonpathogenic bacterium of the Bacillus subtilis class, used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions and edema of soft tissues associated with traumatic injury; its therapeutic usefulness has not been fully established and its mode of action is not known.

alpha-blocker alpha-blocker (al´fa-blok´er)

a-adrenergic blocking agent

alphadione alphadione (al-fa-dI´on)

An intravenous anesthetic containing two steroids, alfaxalone, and alfadolone acetate, dissolved in 20% polyoxyethylated castor oil.

alphaprodine alphaprodine (al-fa-pro´den)

a-1,3-Dimethyl-4-phenyl-4-piperidinyl propionate;a narcotic analgesic related to meperidine; physical and psychic dependence may develop.

alphasone acetophenide alphasone acetophenide (al´fa-son)

algestone acetophenide

Alphavirus Alphavirus (al´fa-vI-rus)

One of the genera of the family Togaviridae that was formerly classified as part of the "group A" arboviruses and includes the viruses that cause eastern equine, western equine, and Venezuelan encephalitis.

alphos alphos (al´fos)

Obsolete term for psoriasis. [G. alphos, leprosy]

alpidem alpidem (al-pI´dem)

A benzodiazepine anxiolytic/sedative/hypnotic.

Alport Alport

Arthur Cecil, South African physician, 1880-1959. See A.'s syndrome.

alprazolam alprazolam (al-praz´o-lam)

A benzodiazepine minor tranquilizer used for management of anxiety disorders and panic attack; abuse may lead to habituation or addiction.

alprenolol hydrochloride alprenolol hydrochloride (al-pren´o-lol)

The hydrochloride salt of 1-(o-allylphenoxy)-3-(isopropylamino)propan-2-ol; a beta-receptor blocking agent, used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.

alprostadil alprostadil (al-pros´ta-dil)

11,15-dihydroxy-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oic acid;a vasodilator used for palliative therapy to temporarily maintain patency of the ductus arteriosus in neonates with congenital heart defects.prostaglandin E₁;

ALS ALS

Abbreviation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; antilymphocyte serum.

alseroxylon alseroxylon (al´ser-ok´si-lon)

A fat-soluble alkaloidal fraction extracted from the root of Rauwolfia serpentina, containing reserpine and other nonadrenolytic amorphous alkaloids; used as a sedative in psychoses, in mild hypertension, and as an adjunct to more potent hypotensive drugs.

Alström Alström

Carl-Henry, Swedish geneticist, *1907. See A.'s syndrome.

ALT ALT

Abbreviation for alanine aminotransferase.

alteration alteration (awl-ter-a´shun)

1. A change. 2. A changing; a making different.
modal a. in electric irritability, a change in the mode of response of degenerated muscle to electric stimulation, the contraction being sluggish instead of quick.
qualitative a. in electric irritability, a change in which the muscle contracts as readily on application of the anode as on that of the cathode.
quantitative a. in electric irritability, a gradual loss of contractility in a muscle in response to static, faradic, and galvanic currents successively.

alteregoism alteregoism (awl-ter-e´go-izm)

Identification with people of similar personality to one's own.

alternans alternans (awl-ter´nanz)

Alternating; often used substantively for alternation of the heart, either electrical or mechanical. [L.]
auditory a. auscultatory a
auscultatory a. alternation in the intensity of heart sounds or murmurs in the presence of a regular cardiac rhythm as a result of alternation of the heart.auditory a;
concordant a. simultaneous occurrence of right ventricular and pulmonary artery a. with left ventricular and peripheral pulsus a.
discordant a. presence of right ventricular and pulmonary artery a. with peripheral pulsus a., but with the strong beat of the right ventricle coinciding with the weak beat of the left and vice versa.
electrical a. electrical alternation of the heart.

Alternaria Alternaria (al-ter-na´re-a)

A genus of fungi easily isolated from air and considered to be a common laboratory contaminant and an allergen; occasionally pathogenic in humans.

alternation alternation (awl-ter-na´shun)

The occurrence of two things or phases in succession and recurrently; used interchangeably with alternans.
cardiac a. the occurrence of any cardiac phenomenon every other beat.
concordant a. a. in either the mechanical or electrical activity of the heart, occurring in both systemic and pulmonary circulations.
discordant a. a. in cardiac activities of either the systemic or the pulmonary circulations, but not of both, or in both but oppositely directed in each.
electrical a. of heart a disorder in which the ventricular or atrial complexes or both are regular in time but of alternating pattern; detected by electrocardiography. The P, QRS, T, QRS-T, or P-QRST alternate singly or in combination.
a. of generations a succession of generations of individuals like and unlike the original parents, or an a. of sexual and nonsexual generations.
mechanical a. of the heart disorder in which contractions of the heart are regular but are alternately stronger and weaker.

alternator alternator (awl´ter-na-ter)

Mechanical apparatus with movable transparent racks to which a large number of radiographs can be attached, to enable selection and viewing in front of a stationary bank of lights. [L. alterno, to do by turns, fr. alter, either of two]

alternocular alternocular (awl-ter-nok´yu-lar)

Denoting the use of each eye separately instead of binocularly. [L. alternus, by turns, + ocular]

alteromonas alteromonas

A Gram-negative bacteria that has curved rods and is motile by means of a single polar flagellum. It requires a seawater base for growth.
A. putrefa´ciens a marine species implicated as a cause of fish spoilage but rarely as a human pathogen.

althea althea (al-the´a)

Derived from Althaea officinalis, a perennial herb which is found wild in moist places in Europe. Contains a high proportion of starches, pectin, and sugars; used as a flavor and demulcent.marshmallow root; [L., fr. G. althaia, marshmallow]

Altherr Altherr

Franz. See Meyenburg-A.-Uehlinger syndrome.

alt. hor. alt. hor.

Abbreviation for L. alternis horis, every other hour.

altitudinal altitudinal (al-ti-tu´di-nal)

Relating to vertical relationships; e.g., a. hemianopsia.

Altmann Altmann

Richard, German histologist, 1852-1900. See A.'s fixative, granule, anilin-acid fuchsin stain, theory; A.-Gersh method.

altrigendrism altrigendrism (al-trI-jen´drizm)

Natural, wholesome, nonerotic activity between the sexes. [L. alter, the other, + gender]

altrose altrose (al´tros)

An aldohexose isomeric with glucose, tallose, allose, etc. d-a. is epimeric with d-mannose.

alum alum (al´um)

A double sulfate of aluminum and of an alkaline earth element or ammonium; chemically, an a. is any one of the markedly astringent double salts formed by a combination of a sulfate of aluminum, iron, manganese, chromium, or gallium with a sulfate of lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, cesium, or rubidium; used locally as styptics. [L. alumen]
burnt a. dried a
cake a. aluminum sulfate octadecahydrate
chrome a. the sulfate of chromium and potassium; used as a mordant in histologic staining.
dried a. a. deprived of its water of crystallization by heat; an astringent dusting powder.burnt a;
exsiccated a. a. heated to complete dryness; a local astringent.
ferric a. ferric ammonium sulfate
whey a. an astringent and styptic preparation made by boiling a. (1 oz.) in milk (10 oz.).

alum-hematoxylin alum-hematoxylin (al´um-he-ma-tok´si-lin)

A purple nuclear stain used in histology; a mixture of an aqueous solution of ammonium alum and an alcoholic solution of hematoxylin which is ripened or oxidized to hematein.

alumina alumina (a-lu´mi-na)

aluminum oxide
hydrated a. aluminum hydroxide

aluminated aluminated (a-lu´mi-na-ted)

Containing alum.

aluminon aluminon (a-lu´min-on)

The ammonium salt of aurintricarboxylic acid, so-called because of its usefulness in the detection of aluminum in biologic material, foods, etc.

aluminosis aluminosis (a-lu-min-o´sis)

A pneumoconiosis caused by inhalation of aluminum particles into the lungs.

aluminum (Al) aluminum (Al) (a-lu´min-um)

A white silvery metal of very light weight; atomic no. 13, atomic wt. 26.981539. Many salts and compounds are used in medicine and dentistry. [L. alumen, alum]
a. acetate used as a disinfectant by embalmers; proposed as desiccant and deodorant powder for eczema and chronic skin ulcers.
a. acetotartrate basic aluminum acetate (70%) and tartaric acid (30%); antiseptic.
a. acetylsalicylate a. aspirin
a. ammonium sulfate AlNH₄(SO₄)₂;an astringent.
a. aspirin an analgesic and antipyretic.a. acetylsalicylate;
a. bismuth oxide bismuth aluminate
a. carbonate, basic Al₂O₃CO₂;an a. hydroxide-carbonate complex consisting of white lumps, insoluble in water; aqueous suspensions bind phosphorus in the intestine and lower serum inorganic phosphorus resulting in an increase in reabsorption of phosphorus by renal tubules and reduction of urinary excretion of phosphorus; it reduces formation of phosphatic urinary calculi and gastric acidity.
a. chlorate nonahydrate Al(ClO₃)₃. 9H₂O;an antiseptic.mallebrin;
a. chloride hexahydrate AlCl₃. 6H₂O;used as an astringent or antiseptic in solution.
a. diacetate a. subacetate
a. hydrate a. hydroxide
a. hydroxide Al(OH)₃;an astringent dusting powder; also used internally as a mild astringent antacid.a. hydrate, hydrated alumina;
a. hydroxide gel a suspension containing Al₂O₃, mainly in the form of a. hydroxide, used as an antacid; a dried form, with the same use, is obtained by drying the product of interaction in aqueous solution of an a. salt with ammonium or sodium carbonate.
a. hydroxychloride an antiperspirant.
a. magnesium silicate magnesium aluminum silicate
a. monostearate a compound of a. with a mixture of solid organic acids obtained from fats, and consisting chiefly of a. monostearate and a. monopalmitate; used as a suspending medium in pharmaceutical preparations.
a. nicotinate tris(nicotinato)aluminum;a lipopenic agent with peripheral vasodilator action.
a. oleate Al(C₁₈H₃₃O₂)₃;used as an ointment in certain cutaneous affections and in burns.
a. oxide Al₂O₃;used as an abrasive, as a refractory, and in chromatography.alumina;
a. penicillin See aluminum penicillin.
a. phenolsulfonate Al(C₆H₄(OH)SO₃)₃;antiseptic and astringent for local application, usually for cutaneous ulcers.
a. phosphate AlPO₄;an infusible powder, insoluble in water but soluble in alkali hydroxides, used for dental cements with calcium sulfate and sodium silicate.
a. phosphate gel an aqueous suspension of between 4.0 and 5.0% of a. phosphate; used as an antacid.
a. potassium sulfate AlK(SO₄)₂;an astringent and styptic; also used in veterinary medicine for ulcerative stomatitis, leukorrhea, and conjunctivitis.potassium alum;
a. salicylate, basic used in the treatment of ozena and pharyngitis.
a. salicylate, basic, soluble used in solution as a spray for diseases of the upper air passages.
a. silicate kaolin
a. subacetate Al(CH₃CO₂)₂OH;used in solution (as in Burow's solution) as an astringent, as an ingredient in mouthwashes, and in embalming fluids.a. diacetate;
a. sulfate octadecahydrate astringent detergent for skin ulcers.cake alum;

aluminum group aluminum group

Aluminum, boron, gallium, indium, and thallium.

alvei alvei (al´ve-I)

Plural of alveus.

alveoalgia alveoalgia (al´ve-o-al´je-a)

A postoperative complication of tooth extraction in which the blood clot in the socket disintegrates, resulting in focal osteomyelitis and severe pain.alveolalgia, alveolar osteitis, dry socket; [alveolus + G. algos, pain]

alveolalgia alveolalgia (al´ve-o-lal´je-a)

alveoalgia

alveolar alveolar (al-ve´o-lar)

Relating to an alveolus.

alveolate alveolate (al-ve´o-lat)

Pitted like a honeycomb. [L. alveolus, dim. of alveus, trough, hollow sac, cavity]

alveolectomy alveolectomy (al´ve-o-lek´to-me)

Surgical excision of a portion of the dentoalveolar process, for recontouring of the alveolar ridge at the time of tooth removal to facilitate a dental prosthesis. [alveolus + G. ektome, excision]

alveoli alveoli (al-ve´o-lI)

Plural of alveolus.

alveolingual alveolingual (al´ve-o-ling´gwal)

alveololingual

alveolitis alveolitis (al´ve-o-lI´tis)

1. Inflammation of alveoli. 2. Inflammation of a tooth socket.
acute pulmonary a. acute inflammation involving exudate into the pulmonary alveoli and impaired gas exchange; may result in necrosis with hemorrhage into the lungs; occurs in Goodpasture's syndrome, in association with a glomerulonephritis.
chronic fibrosing a. idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
extrinsic allergic a. pneumoconiosis resulting from hypersensitivity due to repeated inhalation of organic dust, usually specified according to occupational exposure; in the acute form, respiratory symptoms and fever start several hours after exposure to the dust; in the chronic form, there is eventual diffuse pulmonary fibrosis after exposure over several years.
fibrosing a. usual interstitial pneumonia of Liebow

alveolo- alveolo-

An alveolus, the alveolar process; alveolar. [L. alveolus, a concave vessel, a bowl, a basin, fr. alveus, a trough, + -olus, small, little; akin to alvus, the belly, the womb]

alveoloclasia alveoloclasia (al-ve´o-lo-kla´ze-a)

Destruction of the alveolus. [alveolo- + G. klasis, breaking]

alveolodental alveolodental (al-ve´o-lo-den´tal)

Relating to the alveoli and the teeth.

alveololabial alveololabial (al-ve´o-lo-la´be-al)

Relating to the labial or vestibular (outer) surface of the alveolar processes of the upper or lower jaw.

alveololabialis alveololabialis (al-ve´o-lo-la-be-a´lis)

Relating to the alveololabial groove or region. [L.]

alveololingual alveololingual (al-ve´o-lo-ling´gwal)

Relating to the lingual (inner) surface of the alveolar process of the lower jaw.alveolingual;

alveolopalatal alveolopalatal (al-ve´o-lo-pal´a-ta1)

Relating to the palatal surface of the alveolar process of the upper jaw.

alveoloplasty alveoloplasty (al-ve´o-lo-plas-te)

Surgical preparation of the alveolar ridges for the reception of dentures; shaping and smoothing of socket margins after extraction of teeth with subsequent suturing to insure optimal healing.alveoplasty; [alveolo- + G. plasso, to form]
interradicular a. , intraseptal a. removal of the interradicular bone and collapsing of the cortical plates to a more desirable alveolar contour.

alveoloschisis alveoloschisis (al-ve-o-los´ki-sis)

A cleft of the alveolar process. [alveolo- + G. schisis, cleaving]

alveolotomy alveolotomy (al-ve-o-lot´o-me)

Surgical opening into a dental alveolus to allow drainage of pus from a periapical or other intraosseous abscess. [alveolo- + G. tome, incision]

alveolus alveolus , gen and pl. alveoli (al-ve´o-lus, -o-lI) [NA]

A small cell, cavity, or socket. 1. pulmonary a 2. One of the terminal secretory portions of an alveolar or racemose gland. 3. One of the honeycomb pits in the wall of the stomach. 4. tooth socket [L. dim. of alveus, trough, hollow sac, cavity]
a. dentalis , pl. alveoli dentales [NA] tooth socket
pulmonary a. one of the thin-walled saclike terminal dilations of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs across which gas exchange occurs between alveolar air and the pulmonary capillaries.alveoli pulmonis [NA] , alveolus (1) [NA] , air cells (1) , air vesicles, bronchic cells;
alveoli pulmo´nis [NA] pulmonary a

alveoplasty alveoplasty (al´ve-o-plas-te)

alveoloplasty

alveus alveus , pl. alvei (al´ve-us, -ve-I)

A channel or trough. [L. tray, trough, cavity, fr. alvus, belly]
a. hippocam´pi [NA] a. of hippocampus
a. of hippocampus a thin white band of fornix fibers covering the ventricular surface of the hippocampus.a. hippocampi [NA];
a. urogenita´lis obsolete term for prostatic utricle.

alvinolith alvinolith (al-vin´o-lith, al-vI´no-lith)

Obsolete term for coprolith. [L. alvus, belly, + G. lithos, stone]

A.L.W. A.L.W.

Abbreviation for arch-loop-whorl system.

alymphia alymphia (a-lim´fe-a)

Absence or deficiency of lymph. [G. a- priv + lymph +-ia]

alymphocytosis alymphocytosis (a-lim´fo-sI-to´sis)

Absence or great reduction of lymphocytes.

alymphoplasia alymphoplasia (a-lim-fo-pla´ze-a)

Obsolete term for aplasia or hypoplasia of lymphoid tissue.
Nezelof type of thymic a. cellular immunodeficiency with abnormal immunoglobulin synthesis
thymic a. hypoplasia with absence of Hassall's corpuscles and deficiency of lymphocytes in the thymus and usually in lymph nodes, spleen, and gastrointestinal tract; there is peripheral lymphopenia and often hypogammaglobulinemia and absence of plasma cells; presents in early infancy with respiratory infections and leads to death within a few months. See also immunodeficiency with hypoparathyroidism.

Alzheimer Alzheimer

Alois, German neurologist, 1864-1915. See A.'s dementia, disease, sclerosis.

Am Am

Symbol for americium.

am am

Abbreviation for ammeter.

AMA AMA

Abbreviation for American Medical Association.

amacrine amacrine (am´a-krin)

1. A cell or structure lacking a long, fibrous process. 2. Denoting such a cell or structure. See also amacrine cell. [G. a- priv. + makros, long, + is (in-), fiber]

amadou amadou (ahm´ah-du)

agaric [Fr.]

amalgam amalgam (a-mal´gam)

An alloy of an element or a metal with mercury. In dentistry, primarily of two types: silver-tin alloy, containing small amounts of copper, zinc and perhaps other metals, and a second type containing more copper (12 to 30% by weight); they are used for restoring teeth and making dies. [G. malagma, a soft mass]
pin a. an a. restoration held in place largely by small metal rods protruding from holes drilled into tooth structure.
spherical a. an alloy for dental a. composed of spherical particles instead of filings.

amalgamate amalgamate (a-mal´ga-mat)

To make an amalgam.

amalgamation amalgamation (a-mal-ga-ma´shun)

The process of combining mercury with a metal or an alloy to form a new alloy.

amalgamator amalgamator (a-mal´ga-ma-tor)

A device for combining mercury with a metal or an alloy to form a new alloy.

Amanita Amanita (am-a-nI´ta)

A genus of fungi, many members of which are highly poisonous. [G. amanitai, fungi]
A. musca´ria ha toxic species of mushroom with yellow to red pileus and white gills; it contains muscarine, which produces psychosis-like states and other symptoms.fly agaric;
A. phalloi´des a species containing poisonous principles, including phalloidin and amanitin, that cause gastroenteritis, hepatic necrosis, and renal necrosis.deadly agaric;

a-amanitin a-amanitin (am-a-nI´tin)

A highly toxic, heat-stable bicyclic oligopeptide in Amanita phalloides. It inhibits transcription by certain RNA polymerases.

amantadine hydrochloride amantadine hydrochloride (a-man´ta-den)

1-Adamantanamine;an antiviral agent used for influenza; also used to treat parkinsonism where it increases dopamine release and reduces its reuptake into dopaminergic nerve terminals of substantia nigra neurons.

amara amara (a-mah´ra)

bitters (2) [neut. pl. of L. amarus, bitter]

amaranth amaranth , amaranthum (am´a-ranth, am-a-ran´thum) [C.I. 16185]

1-(4-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonate (trisodium salt);an azo dye; a soluble reddish brown powder, the color turning to magenta red in solution; used as a food and cosmetic coloring agent, and occasionally in histology. [G. amaranthon, a never-fading flower]

amarine amarine (am´a-rin)

A name applied to various bitter principles derived from plants, especially to a poisonous substance, 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoline, obtained from oil of bitter almond. [L. amarus, bitter]

amaroid amaroid (am´a-royd)

A bitter extractive that does not belong to the class of glycosides, alkaloids, or any of the known proximate principles of plants. [L. amarus, bitter, + G. eidos, like]

amaroidal amaroidal (am-a-roy´dal)

Resembling bitters; having a slightly bitter taste.

amarum amarum (a-mah´rum)

One of a class of vegetable drugs of bitter taste, such as gentian and quassia, used as appetizers and tonics. [neut. of L. amarus, bitter]

amastia amastia (a-mas´te-a)

Absence of the breasts.amazia; [G. a- priv. + mastos, breast]

amastigote amastigote (a-mas´ti-got)

Leishman-Donovan body [G. a- priv. + mastix, whip]

amathophobia amathophobia (a-math-o-fo´be-a)

Morbid dread of dust or dirt. [G. amathos, dust, + phobos, fear]

amativeness amativeness (ahm´a-tiv-nes)

Rarely used term for the propensity to love. [L. amo, pp. amatus, to love]

amatoxin amatoxin (am-a-tok´sin)

One of a group of bicyclic octapeptides from Amanita phalloides.

amaurosis amaurosis (am-aw-ro´sis)

Blindness, especially that occurring without apparent change in the eye itself, as from a brain lesion. [G. amauros, dark, obscure, + -osis, condition]
a. congen´ita of Leber [MIM*204000 & MIM*204100] an autosomal recessive cone-rod abiotrophy causing blindness or severely reduced vision at birth.
a. fu´gax a transient blindness that may result from a transient ischemia due to carotid artery insufficiency, retinal artery embolus, or to centrifugal force (visual blackout in flight).
pressure a. loss of vision occurring a few seconds after intraocular pressure exceeds systolic pressure of retinal arteries.
toxic a. blindness due to optic neuritis caused by methyl alcohol, lead, arsenic, quinine, or other poisons.

amaurotic amaurotic (am-aw-rot´ik)

Relating to or suffering from amaurosis.

amaxophobia amaxophobia (a-mak-so-fo´be-a)

Rarely used term for morbid fear of, or of riding in, a vehicle.hamaxophobia; [G. amaxa, hamaxa, a carriage, + phobos, fear]

amazia amazia (a-ma´ze-a)

amastia

ambageusia ambageusia (am-ba-gu´se-a)

Loss of taste from both sides of the tongue. [L. ambo, both, + G. a- priv. + geusis, taste]

Ambard Ambard

Léon, French pharmacologist, 1876-1962. See A.'s constant, laws, under law.

ambenonium chloride ambenonium chloride (am-be-no´ne-um)

N,N´-Bis-2-[(2-chlorobenzyl)diethylammonium chloride]ethyloxamide;a cholinesterase inhibitor similar to neostigmine in actions; used chiefly in the management of myasthenia gravis and occasionally for intestinal and urinary tract obstruction.

AMBER AMBER (am´ber)

Acronym for advanced multiple-beam equalization radiography.

amber amber (am´ber)

1. A hard, dark yellow to tan, fossilized resin derived from pine trees. 2. See amber codon. [Ar. anbar]

Amberg Amberg

Emil, U.S. otologist, 1868-1948. See A.'s lateral sinus line.

ambergris ambergris (am´ber-gris)

A grayish pathologic secretion from the intestine of the sperm whale that occurs as a flammable waxy mass (melting point about 60°C), insoluble in water; contains cholesterol and benzoic acid, and is used as a base for perfume. [Mod. L. ambra grisea, gray amber]

ambi- ambi-

Around; on all (both) sides; both, double; corresponds to G. amphi-. See also ambo-. [L., around, about, akin to ambo, both]

ambidexterity ambidexterity (am-bi-deks-ter´i-te)

The ability to use both hands with equal ease.ambidextrism;

ambidextrism ambidextrism (am-bi-deks´trizm)

ambidexterity

ambidextrous ambidextrous (am-bi-deks´trus)

Having equal facility in the use of both hands.

ambient ambient (am´be-ent)

Surrounding, encompassing; pertaining to the environment in which an organism or apparatus functions. [L. ambiens, going around]

ambiguous ambiguous (am-big´yu-us)

1. Having more than one interpretation. 2. In anatomy, wandering; having more than one direction. 3. In neuroanatomy, applied to a nucleus (nucleus ambiguus) supplying special visceral efferent fibers to vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. [L. ambiguus, fr. ambigo, to wander]

ambilateral ambilateral (am-bi-lat´er-al)

Relating to both sides. [ambi- + L. latus, side]

ambilevous ambilevous (am-bi-le´vus)

Awkwardness in the use of both hands.ambisinister, ambisinistrous; [ambi- + L. laevus, left]

ambisexual ambisexual (am-bi-seks´yu-al)

1. denoting sexual characteristics found in both sexes, e.g., breast, pubic hair. 2. Slang term for bisexual.

ambisinister ambisinister (am-bi-sin´is-ter)

ambilevous [ambi- + L. sinister, left]

ambisinistrous ambisinistrous (am´bi-sin´is-trus)

ambilevous

ambivalence ambivalence (am-biv´a-lens)

The coexistence of antithetical attitudes or emotions toward a given person or thing, or idea, as in the simultaneous feeling and expression of love and hate toward the same person. [ambi- + L. valentia, strength]

ambivalent ambivalent (am-biv´a-lent)

Relating to or characterized by ambivalence.

ambivert ambivert (am´bi-vert)

One who falls between the two extremes of introversion and extroversion, possessing some of the tendencies of each.

ambly- ambly-

Dullness, dimness; blunt, dull, dim, dimmed. [G. amblys, blunt, dulled; faint, dim]

amblyaphia amblyaphia (am-bli-a´fe-a)

Diminution in tactile sensibility. [ambly- + G. haphe, touch]

amblygeustia amblygeustia (am-bli-gus´te-a)

A dimunition in the sense of taste. [ambly- + G. geusis, taste]

Amblyomma Amblyomma (am-ble-om´a)

A genus of ornate, hard ticks (family Ixodidae) characterized by having eyes, festoons, and deeply imbedded ventral plates near the festoons in males. [ambly- + G. omma, eye, vision]
A. america´num the Lone-Star tick, a species that is an important pest and vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, found primarily in the southern United States and northern Mexico; it occurs on dogs and many other hosts, including domestic animals, birds, and man; it bites man in larval, nymphal, and adult stages.
A. cajennen´se the Cayenne tick, a species that is an important pest in southern Texas, Central and South America, and the larger Caribbean islands, and a vector of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in Mexico and Central and South America; all stages attack man and many species of domestic and wild animals.
A. hebrae´um the South African bont tick, an important vector of heartwater in southern Africa.
A. macula´tum the Gulf Coast tick, a species that is a pest of livestock in the southeastern United States.
A. variega´tum the tropical bont tick, a serious pest of domestic livestock and an important vector of heartwater in Africa and the Caribbean; it is closely associated with the development of severe clinical dermatophilosis in cattle in the Caribbean.

amblyopia amblyopia (am-ble-o´pe-a)

This ancient word has meant "impaired vision" for many centuries. As knowledge increased, it became reserved for cases with poor vision in one eye without detectable cause. In most recent decades, as there came to be more discussion of "suppression amblyopia" in childhood, and as other causes of poor vision in one eye became evident, the word amblyopia has become almost synonymous with suppression amblyopia. [G. amblyopia, dimness of vision, fr. amblys dull, + ops, eye]
anisometropic a. a suppression of central vision due to an unequal refractive error (anisometropia) of at least two diopters. This induces a sufficient difference in image size (aniseikonia) that the two images cannot be fused. In order to avoid confusion, the blurrier image is suppressed.refractive a;
deprivation a. sensory a
a. ex anop´sia suppression a
hysterical a. functional visual loss.
nocturnal a. nyctalopia
nutritional a. a. resulting from lack of vitamin B-complex constituents.
refractive a. anisometropic a
sensory a. a suppression of central vision in one eye due to faulty image formation; for example, by a corneal scar, a cataract, or a droopy eyelid.deprivation a;
strabismic a. a suppression of central vision due to the two eyes pointing in different directions. The two scenes cannot be fused into a single image, so, to avoid confusion, one of the images is suppressed.
suppression a. suppression of the central vision in one eye when the images from the two eyes are so different that they cannot be fused into one. This may be due to: 1) faulty image formation (sensory a.); 2) a large difference in refraction between the two eyes (anisometropic a.); or 3) the two eyes pointing in different directions (strabismic a.). Most suppression a. can be reversed if appropriately treated before age 6 years.a. ex anopsia;
toxic a. See toxic amaurosis.

amblyopic amblyopic (am-ble-o´pik)

Relating to, or suffering from, amblyopia.

amblyoscope amblyoscope (am´ble-o-skop)

A reflecting stereoscope used to evaluate or stimulate binocular vision. See also haploscope. [amblyopia + G. skopeo, to view]
major a. an a. in which intensity of illumination as well as targets may be varied.
Worth's a. the original a.; a hand-held a. consisting of angled tubes that can be swiveled to any degree of convergence or divergence.

ambo- ambo-

Around; on all (both) sides; corresponds to G. ampho-. See also ambi-. [L. ambo, both]

amboceptor amboceptor (am´bo-sep-tor)

Ehrlich's term for his concept, now obsolete, of the structure of complement-fixing antibody; now used chiefly to denote the anti-sheep erythrocyte antibody used in the hemolytic system of complement-fixation tests. [ambo- + L. capio, to take]

ambomalleal ambomalleal (am-bo-mal´e-al)

incudomallealar

ambos ambos (am´bos)

Obsolete term for incus. [Ger.]

ambrosin ambrosin (am-bro´sin)

A principle in ragweed related to absinthin.

ambucetamide ambucetamide (am-byu-set´a-mId)

a-Dibutylamino-a-(p-methoxyphenyl)acetamide;an intestinal antispasmodic.

ambulance ambulance (am´byu-lans)

A vehicle used to transport sick or injured persons to a treatment facility. [Fr., fr. (hôpital) ambulant, mobile hospital]

ambulatory ambulatory , ambulant (am´byu-la-tor-e, am´byu-lant)

Walking about or able to walk about; denoting a patient who is not confined to bed or hospital as a result of disease or surgery. [L. ambulans, walking]

ambuphylline ambuphylline (am-byu´fi-lin)

A diuretic and bronchodilator.theophylline aminoisobutanol;

ambustion ambustion (am-bus´chun)

Obsolete term for a burn or scald. [L. amb-uro, pp. -ustus, to burn around, scorch]

amcinonide amcinonide (am-sin´o-nid)

A glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of dermatoses.

amdinocillin amdinocillin (am´di-no-sil´in)

C₁₅H₂₃N₃O₃S;a penicillin derivative of amidinopenicillamic acid which, unlike other penicillins, is very active against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria.mecillinam;

ameba ameba , pl. amebae amebas (a-me´ba, -be, -baz)

Common name for Amoeba and similar naked, lobose, sarcodine protozoa.

amebacide amebacide (a-me´ba-sId)

amebicide

amebaism amebaism (a-me´ba-izm)

1. ameboidism (1) 2. ameboididity

amebiasis amebiasis (a-me-bI´a-sis)

Infection with Entamoeba histolytica or other pathogenic amebas. [ameba + G. -iasis, condition]
canine a. infection of dogs with Entamoeba histolytica acquired from man; dogs are seldom cyst passers, and therefore are not a reservoir for human infection.
a. cu´tis cutaneous a., appearing usually as an extension of underlying infection (e.g., anus or colostomy site or over a liver abscess).
hepatic a. infection of the liver with Entamoeba histolytica; may occur with or without antecedent amebic dysentery.
pulmonary a. infection of the lung by amebae; usually indicates extension of Entamoeba histolytica infection from abscess of liver, penetrating through the diaphragm into the lung.

amebic amebic (a-me´bik)

Relating to, resembling, or caused by amebas.

amebicidal amebicidal (a-me-bi-sI´dal)

Destructive to amebas.

amebicide amebicide (a-me´bi-sId)

Any agent that causes the destruction of amebas.amebacide; [ameba + L. caedo, to kill]

amebiform amebiform (a-me´bi-form)

Of the shape or appearance of an ameba. [ameba + L. forma, shape]

amebiosis amebiosis (a-me-bI-o´sis)

Obsolete term for amebiasis.

amebism amebism (a-me´bizm)

Obsolete term for amebiasis.

amebocyte amebocyte (a-me´bo-sIt)

1. A wandering cell found in invertebrates. 2. Obsolete term for leukocyte. 3. An in vitro tissue culture leukocyte. [ameba, + kytos, cell]

ameboid ameboid (a-me´boyd)

1. Resembling an ameba in appearance or characteristics. 2. Of irregular outline with peripheral projections; denoting the outline of a form of colony in plate culture. [ameba + G. eidos, appearance]

ameboididity ameboididity (a-me-boy-did´i-te)

The power of locomotion after the manner of an ameboid cell.amebaism (2);

ameboidism ameboidism (a-me´boyd-izm)

1. The performance of movements similar to those of an ameba.amebaism (1); 2. Denoting a condition sometimes seen in certain nerve cells.

ameboma ameboma (a-me-bo´ma)

A nodular, tumor-like focus of proliferative inflammation sometimes developing in chronic amebiasis, especially in the wall of the colon.amebic granuloma; [ameba + G. -oma, tumor]

amebula amebula , pl. amebulae (a-me´byu-la, -le)

Term applied to the excysted young amebas of Entamoeba species that emerge from the cyst in the human or vertebrate gut and their immediate progeny, usually totalling eight, prior to their localization in the large intestine. [fr. G. amoibe, a change, alteration]

amebule amebule (a-me´byul)

A minute ameba.

ameburia ameburia (am-e-byu´re-a)

The presence of amebas in the urine. [ameba + G. ouron, urine]

amelanotic amelanotic (a-mel-a-not´ik)

Lacking in melanin. [G. a- priv. + melas, black]

amelia amelia (a-me´le-a) [MIM104400]

Congenital absence of a limb or limbs. Mostly sporadic; any genetic factors are obscure. [G. a- priv. + melos, a limb]
porcine a. autosomal recessive a. in piglets.

amelioration amelioration (a-mel-yo-ra´shun)

Improvement; moderation in the severity of a disease or the intensity of its symptoms. [L. ad, to, + melioro, to make better]

ameloblast ameloblast (a-mel´o-blast, am-e-lo´blast)

One of the columnar epithelial cells of the inner layer of the enamel organ of a developing tooth, concerned with the formation of enamel.enamel cell, enameloblast, ganoblast; [Early E. amel, enamel, + G. blastos, germ]

ameloblastoma ameloblastoma (am´e-lo-blas-to´ma)

A benign odontogenic epithelial neoplasm that histologically mimics the embryonal enamel organ but does not differentiate to the point of forming dental hard tissues; it behaves as a slowly growing expansile radiolucent tumor, occurs most commonly in the posterior regions of the mandible, and has a marked tendency to recur if inadequately excised. [ameloblast + G. -oma, tumor]
pigmented a. melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy
pituitary a. craniopharyngioma

amelodentinal amelodentinal (am´e-lo-den´ti-nal)

dentinoenamel

amelogenesis amelogenesis (am´e-lo-jen´e-sis)

The deposition and maturation of enamel.enamelogenesis;
a. imperfec´ta a group of hereditary ectodermal disorders in which the enamel is defective in structure or deficient in quantity. Three major groups are recognized: hypoplastic types, with defective enamel matrix deposition but normal mineralization; hypomineralization types, with normal matrix but defective mineralization; and hypomaturation type, in which the enamel crystallites remain immature. The several types may be inherited as autosomal dominant [MIM*104500, 104510, 104550], recessive [MIM*205650, 204690, 204700] or X-linked [MIM*301100, 301200].enamel dysplasia, enamelogenesis imperfecta;

amenia amenia (a-me´ne-a)

Rarely used term for amenorrhea. [G. a- priv. + men, month]

amenorrhea amenorrhea (a-men-o-re´a)

Absence or abnormal cessation of the menses. [G. a- priv. + men, month, + rhoia, flow]
dietary a. loss of menstrual function due to severe weight loss or gain.
emotional a. a. caused by a strong emotional disturbance, e.g., fright, grief.
exercise-induced a. temporary cessation of menstrual function due to strenuous, daily exercise, as in jogging; increased endorphins inhibiting hypothalamic function.
hyperprolactinemic a. a. associated with abnormally high levels of serum prolactin; often accompanied by unphysiological lactation.
hypophysial a. a. due to inadequate gonadotrophic secretions by the anterior lobe of the hypophysis.
hypothalamic a. secondary a. arising from defective hypothalamic stimulation of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis.
lactation a. physiological suppression of menses while nursing.
ovarian a. a. due to deficiency of estrogenic hormone.
pathologic a. a. due to organic disease, either uterine or other, e.g., ovarian or pituitary failure, Simmonds' disease, inconstant and irrelevant debility.
physiologic a. a. of pregnancy or the menopause, not associated with an organic disorder.
postpartum a. permanent a. following childbirth, sometimes due to pituitary failure resulting from postpartum hemorrhage and consequent necrosis of the pituitary (Simmonds' disease).
primary a. a. in which the menses have never occurred.
secondary a. a. in which the menses appeared at puberty but subsequently ceased.
traumatic a. absence of menses because of endometrial scarring or cervical stenosis resulting from injury or disease.

amenorrheal amenorrheal , amenorrheic (a-men-o-re´al, -re´ik)

Relating to, accompanied by, or due to amenorrhea.

amentia amentia (a-men´she-a)

1. mental retardation 2. dementia [L. madness, fr. ab, from, + mens, mind]
nevoid a. Brushfield-Wyatt disease
phenylpyruvic a. a. accompanied by the appearance of phenylpyruvate in the urine.
Stearns alcoholic a. a temporary alcoholic mental disorder resembling delirium tremens but lasting for a longer time and showing a greater degree of amnesia and other mental defects.

amential amential (a-men´she-al)

Pertaining to amentia.

American Law Institute formulation American Law Institute formulation

Used in certain jurisdictions to determine criminal responsibility in legal proceedings. See criminal insanity.

American Law Institute rule American Law Institute rule

See under rule.

American Red Cross American Red Cross

The national Red Cross society of the United States, established by Congress to assist in caring for the sick and wounded, serving as a communications link between members of the U.S. armed forces and their families, conducting disaster relief and prevention programs, and furnishing other humanitarian services, the largest of which is a network of regional blood centers providing blood and blood products.

americium (Am) americium (Am) (am´e-ris´e-um)

An element obtained by the bombardment of uranium with neutrons or beta decay of plutoniums 241, 242, and 243; atomic no. 95; atomic weight 243.06. ²⁴¹Am (half-life of 432.2 years) has been used in the diagnosis of bone disorders. ²⁴³Am has a half-life of 7370 years. [the Americas]

amerism amerism (am´er-izm)

The condition or quality of not dividing into parts, segments, or merozoites. [G. a- priv. + meros, part]

ameristic ameristic (am-e-ris´tik)

Endowed with amerism; not dividing into parts or segments.

Ames Ames

Bruce N., U.S. molecular geneticist, *1928. See A. assay, test.

amethopterin amethopterin (a-meth-o-ter´in, am-e-thop´te-rin)

methotrexate

ametria ametria (a-me´tre-a)

Congenital absence of the uterus; the genetics is obscure. [G. a- priv. + metra, uterus]

ametriodinic acid ametriodinic acid (a´me-trI-o-din´ik)

iodamide

ametropia ametropia (am-e-tro´pe-a)

The optical condition in which there is an error of refraction so that with the eye at rest the retina is not in conjugate focus with light rays from distant objects, i.e., only objects located a finite distance from the eye are focused on the retina. [G. ametros, disproportionate, fr. a- priv. + metron, measure, + ops, eye]
axial a. that resulting from a shortening or lengthening of the eyeball on the optic axis, causing hyperopia or myopia, respectively.
index a. that resulting from alteration in the refractive index of the lens of the eye.

ametropic ametropic (am-e-tro´pik)

Relating to, or suffering from, ametropia.

amiantaceous amiantaceous (am´i-an-ta´shus)

Asbestos-like; describing thin plates of inflammatory crusting of a cutaneous lesion. [G. amiantus, asbestos]

amianthoid amianthoid (am-i-an´thoyd)

Having a crystalline appearance like asbestos.asbestoid; [G. amianthus, asbestos]

-amic -amic

Chemical suffix denoting the replacement of one COOH group of a dicarboxylic acid by a carboxamide group (-CONH₂); applied only to trivial names (e.g., succinamic acid).

amicrobic amicrobic (a-mI-kro´bik)

Not microbic; not related to or caused by microorganisms.

amicroscopic amicroscopic (a´mI-kro-skop´ik)

submicroscopic

amidase amidase (am´i-das)

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of monocarboxylic amides to free acid plus NH₃; omega-a. acts on amides such as a-ketoglutaramic acid and a-ketosuccinamic acid.acylamidase;

amidases amidases

amidohydrolases

amide amide (am´Id, am´id)

A substance formally derived from ammonia through the substitution of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by acyl groups, R-CO-NH₂, or from a carboxylic acid by replacement of a carboxylic OH by NH₂. Replacement of one hydrogen atom constitutes a primary a. ; that of two hydrogen atoms, a secondary a. ; and that of three atoms, a tertiary a. .
substituted a. a secondary or tertiary a.; peptide linkages are substituted a.'s.

amidine amidine (am´i-din)

The monovalent radical -C(NH)-NH₂.

amidinohydrolases amidinohydrolases (am´i-din-o-hI´dro-las-ez) [EC sub-subgroup 3.5.3]

Enzymes cleaving linear amidines; e.g., arginase, creatinase.

amidinotransferases amidinotransferases (am´i-din-o-trans´fer-as-ez) [EC sub-subclass 2.1.4]

Enzymes catalyzing a transamidination reaction (e.g., glycine amidinotransferase).transamidinases;

amido- amido-

Prefix denoting the amide radical, R-CO-NH- or R-SO₂-NH-, etc. [am(monia) + -id(e) + -o-]

amido black 10B amido black 10B (am´i-do) [C.I. 20470]

An acid diazo dye, C₁₂H₁₄N₆O₉S₂Na₂, used as a connective tissue stain, for staining protein in paper chromatography, and in electrophoresis.

amidogen amidogen (am´i-do-jen)

Obsolete term for the amino group -(NH₂).

amidohydrolases amidohydrolases (am´i-do-hI´dro-la-sez) [EC class 3.5.1 and 3.5.2]

Enzymes hydrolyzing C-N bonds of amides and cyclic amides; e.g., asparaginase, barbiturase, urease, amidase.amidases, deamidases, deamidizing enzymes;

amidonaphthol red amidonaphthol red (am´i-do-naf´thol) [C.I. 18050]

An azo dye, C₁₈H₁₃N₃S₂Na₂, used in light and fluorescence microscopy as a real acid counterstain.azophloxin;

amidopyrine amidopyrine (am-i-do-pI´ren)

aminopyrine

Amidostomum anseris Amidostomum anseris (am-i-dos´to-mum an´ser-is)

A species of bloodsucking nematodes, similar to those of the genus Trichostrongylus, that parasitizes the gizzard and sometimes also the proventriculus and esophagus of domestic and wild ducks and geese; it causes heavy mortality in young birds. [amido- + G. stoma, mouth, + L. anser, goose]

amidoximes amidoximes (am-i-doks´Imz, -dok´semz)

The oximes of amides with the general formula, R-C(NH₂)-NOH.amide oximes;

amidoxyl amidoxyl (am-i-dok´sil)

The radical of an amide oxime (amidoxime), the terminal H (of the NOH) having been lost.

amikacin sulfate amikacin sulfate (am-i-ka´sin)

An aminoglycoside antibiotic agent with antimicrobial activity similar to that of kanamycin; also effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

amiloride hydrochloride amiloride hydrochloride (a-mil´o-rId)

N-Amidino-3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazinecarboxami de monohydrochloride dihydrate;a nonsteroidal compound exerting an effect similar to that of an aldosterone inhibitor, i.e., urinary sodium excretion is enhanced and potassium excretion is reduced; a potassium sparing diuretic.

amimia amimia (a-mim´e-a)

1. Inability to express ideas by nonverbal communication, such as gestures or signs. 2. Asymbolia; the inability to comprehend the meaning of gestures, signs, symbols, or pantomime. [G. a- priv. + minos, a mimic]

aminacrine hydrochloride aminacrine hydrochloride (am´i-nak´rin)

Bactericidal agent for external use. See also acridine yellow.5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride;

aminate aminate (am´i-nat)

To combine with ammonia.

amination amination (a-me-na´shun)

The introduction of an amine moiety into a compound.

amine amine (a-men´, am´in)

A substance formally derived from ammonia by the replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbon or other radicals. The substitution of one hydrogen atom constitutes a primary a. , e.g., NH₂CH₃; that of two atoms, a secondary a. , e.g., NH(CH₃)₂; that of three atoms, a tertiary a. , e.g., N(CH₃)₃; and that of four atoms, a quaternary ammonium ion , e.g., ⁺N( CH₃)₄, a positively charged ion isolated only in association with a negative ion. The a.'s form salts with acids.
adrenergic a. sympathomimetic a
adrenomimetic a. sympathomimetic a
biogenic a.'s a class of compounds, each containing an a. group, produced by a living organism. This class normally does not include amino acids.
a. oxidase (copper-containing) an oxidoreductase containing copper, and perhaps pyridoxal phosphate, and carrying out the same reaction as a. oxidase (flavin-containing).a. oxidase (pyridoxal-containing), diamine oxidase, diamino oxyhydrase, histaminase;
a. oxidase (flavin-containing) an oxidoreductase containing flavin and oxidizing amines with the aid of O₂ and water to aldehydes or ketones with the release of NH₃ and H₂O₂. Acted upon by antidepressants.adrenaline oxidase, diamine oxidase, monoamine oxidase, tyraminase, tyramine oxidase;
a. oxidase (pyridoxal-containing) a. oxidase (copper-containing)
pressor a. pressor base
sympathetic a. sympathomimetic a
sympathomimetic a. an agent that evokes responses similar to those produced by adrenergic nerve activity (e.g., epinephrine, ephedrine, isoproterenol).adrenergic a., adrenomimetic a., sympathetic a;
vasoactive a. a substance, such as histamine or serotonin, that contains amino groups and is pharmacologically characterized by its action on the blood vessels (altering vascular caliber or permeability).

aminergic aminergic (a-men´er-gik)

Relating to nerve cells or fibers.

amino- amino-

Prefix denoting a compound containing the radical, -NH₂. [an(monia) + in(e) + -o-]

aminoacetic acid aminoacetic acid (a-me´no-a-se´tik)

glycine

amino acid (AA, aa) amino acid (AA, aa) (a-me´no)

An organic acid in which one of the hydrogen atoms on a carbon atom has been replaced by NH₂. Usually refers to an aminocarboxylic acid. However, taurine is also an a.a. See also a-amino acid.
acidic a.a. an a.a. with a second acid moiety, e.g., glutamic acid, aspartic acid, cysteic acid.
activated a.a. aminoacyl adenylate
basic a.a. an a.a. containing a second basic group (usually an amino group); e.g., lysine, arginine, ornithine.dibasic a.a;
a.a. dehydrogenases enzymes catalyzing the oxidative deamination of amino acids to the corresponding oxo (keto) acids; two relatively nonspecific varieties exist, l and d, for which l-amino acids and d-amino acids are the respective substrates; the products include NH₃ and a reduced hydrogen acceptor (NADH in the l case); a.a. dehydrogenases of greater specificity exist, (e.g., glycine dehydrogenase). Cf. a.a. oxidases.
dibasic a.a. basic a.a
essential a.a.'s a-amino acids nutritionally required by an organism and which must be supplied in its diet (i.e., cannot be synthesized by the organism) either as free a.a. or in proteins.
nonessential a.a.'s those a.a.'s that may be synthesized by an organism and are thus not required as such in its diet.
nonpolar a.a. an a-a.a. in which the functional group attached to the a-carbon (i.e., R in RCH(NH₂)COOH) has hydrophobic properties; e.g., valine, leucine, a-aminobutyrate.
a.a. oxidases flavoenzymes oxidizing, with O₂ and H₂0, either l- or d-amino acids specifically, to the corresponding 2-keto acids, NH₃ and H₂O₂. Cf. a.a. dehydrogenases, yellow enzyme.
polar a.a. an a-a.a. in which the functional group attached to the a-carbon (i.e., R in RCH(NH₂)COOH) has hydrophilic properties; e.g., serine, cysteine, homocysteine.

a-amino acid a-amino acid

Typically, an amino acid of the general formula R-CHNH₂-COOH (i.e., the NH₂ in the a position); the l forms of these are the hydrolysis products of proteins. In rarer instances, this class of molecules also includes a-amino phosphoric acids and a-aminosulfonic acids.

aminoacidemia aminoacidemia (a-me´no-as-i-de´me-a, am´i-no-)

The presence of excessive amounts of specific amino acids in the blood. [amino acid + G. haima, blood]

aminoacid-tRNA ligases aminoacid-tRNA ligases

Recommended name for aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (EC 6.1.1.1-EC 6.1.1.22); e.g., tyrosine-tRNA ligase for tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase.

aminoaciduria aminoaciduria (am´i-no-as-i-du´re-a)

Excretion of amino acids in the urine, especially in excessive amounts.hyperaminoaciduria; [amino acid + G. ouron, urine]
hyperbasic aminoaciduria An inherited disorder associated with a deficiency of a dibasic amino acid transport. Individuals do not display protein intolerance. Cf. lysinuric protein intolerance.

9-aminoacridine 9-aminoacridine (a-me-no-ak´ri-den)

5-Aminoacridine;one of the acridine group of antiseptics (flavins); highly fluorescent in solution; used topically as an antiseptic.

5-aminoacridine hydrochloride 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride , 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride

acridine yellow, aminacrine hydrochloride

aminoacyl (AA, aa) aminoacyl (AA, aa) (a-me´no-as´il)

The radical formed from an amino acid by removal of OH from a COOH group.

aminoacyl adenylate aminoacyl adenylate (a-me´no-as-il-a-den´i-lat)

The product formed by the condensation of the acyl radical of an amino acid and adenosine 5´-monophosphate (originally in the form of adenosine 5´-triphosphate, with elimination of a pyrophosphoric group). Formed in the first step of protein biosynthesis.activated amino acid;

aminoacylase aminoacylase (a-me´no-as´i-las)

An enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of a wide variety of N-acyl amino acids to the corresponding amino acid and an acid anion.benzamide, dehydropeptidase II, hippuricase, histozyme;

a-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolases a-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolases

aminopeptidases

aminoacyl-tRNA aminoacyl-tRNA

Generic term for those compounds in which amino acids are esterfied through their COOH groups to the 3´ (or 2´) OH's of the terminal adenosine residues of transfer RNA's (e.g., alanyl-tRNA, glycyl-tRNA); each compound involves one, or a small number, of tRNA's of specific chemical structure. Used in protein biosynthesis.
a.-tRNA ligases a.-tRNA synthetases
a.-tRNA synthetases enzymes catalyzing the formation of a specific a.-tRNA from an amino acid and adenosine 5´-triphosphate with the concomitant formation of adenosine 5´-monophosphate and pyrophosphate.amino acid activating enzyme, a.-tRNA ligases;

aminoadipic delta-semialdehyde synthase aminoadipic delta-semialdehyde synthase

a bifunctional enzyme used in lysine degradation; it has a lysine:a-ketoglutarate reductase activity as well as a saccharopine dehydrogenase activity. A deficiency of this enzyme results in familial hyperlysinemia.

a-aminoadipic acid (Aad) a-aminoadipic acid (Aad) (a-me´no-a-dip´ik)

2-amino-1,6-hexanedioic acid;an intermediate of lysine biosynthesis in higher fungi and bacteria, but not in algae and higher plants. Also in degradation of lysine in mammals.

aminobenzene aminobenzene (a-me´no-ben´zen)

aniline

o-aminobenzoic acid o-aminobenzoic acid (a-me´no-ben-zo´ik)

anthranilic acid

p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA)

A factor in the vitamin B complex, a part of all folic acids and required for its formation; neutralizes the bacteriostatic effects of the sulfonamides since it furnishes an essential growth factor for bacteria, the utilization with which the sulfonamides interfere; used as an ultraviolet screen in lotions and creams.paraaminobenzoic acid, vitamin B_x;

d(-)-a-aminobenzylpenicillin d(-)-a-aminobenzylpenicillin (a-me-no-ben´zil-pen-i-sil´in)

ampicillin

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, gamma-Abu) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, gamma-Abu) (a-me´no-byu-ter´ik)

⁺NH₃(CH₂)₃COO^-; 4-aminobutyric acid;a constituent of the central nervous system; quantitatively the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter. Used in the treatment of a number of disorders (e.g., epilepsy).

aminocaproic acid aminocaproic acid (a-me´no-ca-pro´ik)

epsi-Aminocaproic acid; 6-aminohexanoic acid;an antifibrinolytic agent, used to prevent bleeding in hemophilia, and after heart and prostate surgery when plasminogen or urokinase may be activated.

aminocarbonyl aminocarbonyl (am-i-no-kar´bon-il)

carboxamide

aminocarboxylic acid aminocarboxylic acid

See amino acid.

aminocitric acid aminocitric acid (a-me´no-sit´rik)

HOOCCH(NH₃⁺)C(COOH)(OH)CH₂CO; OH;found in acid hydrolysates of ribonucleoprotein in human spleen.

2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactose

See galactosamine.

aminoethanoic acid aminoethanoic acid

glycine

2-aminoethanol 2-aminoethanol

See ethanolamine.

a-aminoglutaric acid a-aminoglutaric acid

See glutamic acid.

aminoglutethimide aminoglutethimide (a-me´no-glu-teth´i-mId)

2-(p-Aminophenyl)-2-ethylglutarimide;an aromatase inhibitor used as an adjunct in the treatment of breast cancer; blocks the synthesis of estrogen; formerly tried as an anticonvulsant but no longer used for that purpose.

aminoglycoside aminoglycoside (am´i-no-glI´ko-sId)

Any one of a group of bacteriocidal antibiotics derived from species of Streptomyces or Micromonosporum and characterized by two or more amino sugars joined by a glycoside linkage to a central hexose; a.'s act by causing misreading and inhibition of protein synthesis on bacterial ribosomes and are effective against aerobic Gram-negative bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Some commonly used a.'s are streptomycin, neomycin, and gentamycin.

p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) (a-me´no-hi-pyur´ik)

N-(4-Aminobenzoyl) glycine;used in renal function tests to measure renal plasma flow; actively secreted (and filtered) by the kidney.
p.-a.a. synthase an enzyme in the liver that catalyzes the synthesis of p-aminohippuric acid from p-aminobenzoic acid (or the CoA-derivative) and glycine. It may be identical with glycine acyltransferase.

5-aminoimidazole ribose 5´-phosphate (AIR) 5-aminoimidazole ribose 5´-phosphate (AIR) (a-me´no-im-id-az´ol)

5-amino-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylimidazole 5´-phosphate;an intermediate in the biosynthesis of purines.5-aminoimidazole ribotide;

5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR) 5-aminoimidazole ribotide (AIR)

5-aminoimidazole ribose 5´-phosphate

5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide 5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide

An intermediate in purine biosynthesis.

beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase

beta-aminosiobutyrate:pyruvate transaminase;an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible transfer of an amino group from beta-aminoisobutyrate to pyruvate, producing l-alanine and methylmalonate semialdehyde. A step in valine degradation. A deficiency of beta-aminoisobutyrate:pyruvate aminotransferase results in hyper-beta-aminoisobutyric aciduria.

a-aminoisobutyric acid a-aminoisobutyric acid (a-me´no-I-so-byu-ter´ik)

2-amino-2-methylpropionic acid;a synthetic amino acid useful in the study of amino acid transport across cell membranes and in the study of cytokine effects; it is not metabolized by the cell.

beta-aminoisobutyric acid beta-aminoisobutyric acid

3-Amino-2-methylpropionic acid;an end product of thymine catabolism; high urinary levels (200-300 mg/day) have been noted in some individuals, either from some disease process or following a genetic pattern.

a-amino-beta-ketoadipic acid a-amino-beta-ketoadipic acid

2-Amino-3-oxo-1,6-hexanedioic acid;an intermediate of porphobilinogen synthesis formed by delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase from succinyl-CoA and glycine; it rapidly decarboxylates to delta-aminolevulinic acid.

delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (a-me´no-lev-yu-lin´at)

porphobilinogen synthase

delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (a-me´no-lev-yu-lin´ik)

NH₂CH₂COCH₂CH₂COOH;an acid formed by delta-aminolevulinate synthase from glycine and succinyl-coenzyme A; a precursor of porphobilinogen, hence an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of hematin. ALA levels are elevated in cases of lead poisoning.
delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of succinyl-CoA with glycine to form delta-aminolevulinic acid, coenzyme A, and CO₂. The committed step in porphyrin biosynthesis.

aminolysis aminolysis (am-i-nol´i-sis)

Replacement of a halogen in an alkyl or aryl molecule by an amine radical, with elimination of hydrogen halide.

aminometradine aminometradine (a-me´no-met´ra-den)

aminometramide

aminometramide aminometramide (a-me´no-met´ra-mId)

1-allyl-6-amino-3-ethyluracil;synthetic uracil derivative; an orally effective diuretic that is believed to act by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium by the renal tubules; used in the treatment of edema due to congestive heart failure, liver disease, pregnancy, and certain drugs.aminometradine;

6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APS) 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APS) (a-me´no-pen-i-sil-an´ik)

An important precursor in the synthesis of penicillin derivatives. By itself, it has no antibiotic activity.For structure, see under penicillin in which R = Hpenicin;

aminopenicillins aminopenicillins (a-me´no-pen-i-sil´inz)

A class of penicillin-like antibiotics which chemically contain an amine group; this class includes ampicillin and amoxicillin; used in upper respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, meningitis, salmonella infections.

aminopeptidase(cytosol) aminopeptidase(cytosol)

An enzyme of broad specificity, containing zinc, and catalyzing the hydrolysis of the N-terminal amino acid of a peptide (i.e., an exopeptidase).

aminopeptidase(microsomal) aminopeptidase(microsomal)

An aminopeptidase of broad specificity, but preferring alanine and discriminating against proline.

aminopeptidases aminopeptidases (a-me´no-pep´ti-das-ez) [EC sub-group 3.4.11]

Enzymes catalyzing the breakdown of a peptide, removing the amino acid at the amino end of the chain (i.e., an exopeptidase); found in intestinal secretions.a-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolases;

aminophenazone aminophenazone (a-me-no-fen´a-zon)

aminopyrine

aminopherases aminopherases (am-i-nof-er-as-ez)

aminotransferases

aminophylline aminophylline (a-me-no-fil´in, am-i-nof´i-lin, -en)

(C₇H₈N₄O₂) ₂C₂H₄(NH₂) ₂2H₂O;a solubilized form of theophylline; a diuretic, vasodilator, and cardiac stimulant; also used as a bronchodilator in asthma and in veterinary medicine.theophylline ethylenediamine;

aminopromazine aminopromazine (a-me-no-pro´ma-zen)

10-[2,3-Bis(dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine;an intestinal antispasmodic.

aminopropionic acid aminopropionic acid (a-me´no-pro-pe-on´ik)

See alanine.

p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) p-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) (a-me´no-pro-pe-o-fe´non)

1-(4-Aminophenyl)-1-propanone;an antidote for cyanide poisoning.

aminopterin aminopterin (am-i-nop´ter-in)

4-Aminopteroylglutamic acid; 4-aminofolic acid;a folic acid antagonist used in the treatment of acute leukemia and other neoplastic diseases.

6-aminopurine 6-aminopurine (a-me´no-pyur´en)

adenine

4-aminopyridine 4-aminopyridine (am-i-no-pir´i-den)

An antagonist of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade; devoid of muscarinic side-effects but associated with central nervous system stimulation.

aminopyrine aminopyrine (am´i-no-pI´ren)

dimethylaminoantipyrine 4-dimethylamino-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one;used as an antipyretic and analgesic in rheumatism, neuritis, pulmonary tuberculosis, and common colds; may cause leukocytopenia; used to measure total body water.amidopyrine, aminophenazone, dipyrine;

aminorex aminorex (a-min´o-reks)

2-Amino-5-phenyl-2-oxazoline;a sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.

p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS, PASA) p-aminosalicylic acid (PAS, PASA) (am´i-no-sal-i-sil´ik)

4-Amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid;a bacteriostatic agent against tubercle bacilli, used as an adjunct to streptomycin; the potassium, sodium, and calcium salts have the same use.

a-aminosuccinic acid a-aminosuccinic acid (a-me´no-suk-sin´ik)

aspartic acid

amino-terminal amino-terminal (a-me´no-ter´min-al)

The a-NH₂ group or the aminoacyl residue containing it at one end of a peptide or protein (usually at left as written).NH₂-terminal;

aminotransferases aminotransferases (a-me´no-trans´fer-as-ez) [EC sub-group 2.6.1]

Enzymes transferring amino groups between an amino acid to (usually) a 2-keto acid; e.g., l-alanine and 2-ketoglutarate. Often, the amino acid is an a-amino acid.aminopherases, transaminases;

aminotriazole aminotriazole (am´i-no-trI´a-zol)

3-amino-1H-1,2,4-triazole;an effective weed killer that also possesses some antithyroid activity.amitrole;

aminotripeptidase aminotripeptidase (a-me´no-trI-pep´ta-das)

An intestinal peptidase that acts on tripeptides, releasing an amino acid and a dipeptide.

aminuria aminuria (am-i-nu´re-a)

Excretion of amines in the urine. [amine + G. ouron, urine]

amiodarone hydrochloride amiodarone hydrochloride (a-me´o-da-ron)

(2-Butyl-3-benzofuranyl)[4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxyl]-3,5-d iiodophenyl]methanone;a coronary vasodilator used in the control of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias, and in the management of angina pectoris. Causes significant and distinctive pulmonary toxicity.

amithiozone amithiozone (am-i-thI´o-zon)

4´-formylacetanilide thiosemicarbazone;a leprostatic agent.thiacetazone;

amitosis amitosis (am-i-to´sis)

Direct division of the nucleus and cell, without the complicated changes in the nucleus that occur in the ordinary process of cell reproduction.direct nuclear division, Remak's nuclear division; [G. a- priv. + mitosis]

amitotic amitotic (am-i-tot´ik)

Relating to or marked by amitosis.

amitriptyline hydrochloride amitriptyline hydrochloride (am-i-trip´ti-len)

10,11-Dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene-DELTA]cycloheptene-DELTA^5,gamma-propylamine hydrochloride;chemically and pharmacologically related to imipramine hydrochloride; an antidepressant agent with mild tranquilizing properties, used in the treatment of mental depression and in the depressive phase of manic-depressive states; sometimes used in the treatment of sleep disorders.

amitrole amitrole (am´i-trol)

aminotriazole

amlodipine amlodipine (am-lo´dI-pen)

A calcium-blocking drug of the dihydropyridine series; belongs to the same class of agents as nifedipine.

ammeter (am) ammeter (am) (am´me-ter)

An instrument for measuring strength of electric current in amperes.

Ammon Ammon

Friedrich von, German ophthalmologist and pathologist, 1799-1861. See A.'s fissure, prominence.

Ammon Ammon

Greek name of Egyptian god, Amun. See A.'s horn.

ammonemia ammonemia , ammoniemia (am-o-ne´me-a)

The presence of ammonia or some of its compounds in the blood, thought to be formed from the decomposition of urea; it usually results in subnormal temperature, weak pulse, gastroenteric symptoms, and coma.hyperammonemia; [ammonia + G. haima, blood]

ammonia ammonia (a-mo´ne-a)

A colorless volatile gas, NH₃, very soluble in water, capable of forming the weak base, NH₄⁺OH^-, which combines with acids to form ammonium compounds. [fr. L. sal ammoniacus, salt of Amen (G. Ammon), obtained near a temple of Amen in Libya]

ammoniac ammoniac (a-mo´ne-ak)

A gum resin from a plant of western Asia, Dorema ammoniacum (family Umbelliferae); used internally as a stimulant and expectorant, and externally as a counterirritant plaster.

ammoniacal ammoniacal (a-mo-nI´a-kl)

Relating to ammonia.

ammonia-lyases ammonia-lyases

Enzymes removing ammonia or an amino compound nonhydrolytically (hence lyases, EC class 4), by rupture of a C-N bond leaving a double bond (EC subgroup 4.3); e.g., aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspartase).

ammoniated ammoniated (a-mo´ne-at-ed)

Containing or combined with ammonia.

ammonio- ammonio-

Combining form indicating an ammonium group; e.g., trimethylammonioethanol (choline).

ammonium ammonium (a-mo´ne-um)

The ion, NH₄⁺, formed by combination of NH₃ and H⁺ (the pK_a value is 9.24); behaves as a univalent metal in forming ammonium compounds.
a. benzoate C₆H₅COONH₄;a stimulant diuretic, urinary antiseptic, and antirheumatic.
a. bromide NH₄Br;a sedative.
a. carbonate (NH₄)₂CO₃;a cardiac and respiratory stimulant and carminative expectorant.
a. chloride NH₄Cl;a stimulant expectorant and cholagogue; used to relieve alkalosis and to promote lead excretion; a urinary acidifier.sal ammoniac;
dibasic a. phosphate (NH₄)₂HPO₄;used for fireproofing, in baking powder, and as an antirheumatic.
a. ferric sulfate ferric ammonium sulfate
a. ichthosulfonate ichthammol
a. iodide NH₄I;an expectorant.
a. mandelate mandelic acid ammonium salt; a urinary antiseptic.
a. molybdate H₂₄Mo₇N₆O₂₄;used in electron microscopy as a negative stain, and as a reagent for alkaloids and other substances.
monobasic a. phosphate (NH₄)H₂PO₄;used in baking powder.
a. nitrate NH₄NO₃;used in making nitrous oxide gas, in freezing mixtures, matches, and fertilizers; also used in veterinary medicine.

ammoniuria ammoniuria (a-mo-ne-yu´re-a)

Excretion of urine that contains an excessive amount of ammonia.ammoniacal urine; [ammonia + G. ouron, urine]

ammonolysis ammonolysis (a-mo-nol´i-sis)

The breaking of a chemical bond with the addition of the elements of ammonia (NH₂ and H) at the point of breakage. [ammonia + G. lysis, dissolution]

ammonotelia ammonotelia (a-mon-o-tel´-e-a)

The process or type of nitrogen excretion in which ammonia and ammonium ions are the primary form by which nitrogen is excreted from an organism. [ammonia + G. telos, end, outcome, + -ia]

ammonotelic ammonotelic (a-mon-o-tel´ik)

Having the property of ammonotelism.

ammonotelism ammonotelism (a-mon-o-tel´izm)

The excretion of ammonia and ammonium ions. Cf. ammonotelia.

amnesia amnesia (am-ne´ze-a)

A disturbance in the memory of information stored in long-term memory, in contrast to short-term memory, manifested by total or partial inability to recall past experiences. [G. amnesia, forgetfulness]
anterograde a. a. in reference to events occurring after the trauma or disease that caused the condition.
emotional a. a numbness of feeling and emotion whose etiology is psychological.
lacunar a. , localized a. a. in reference to isolated events.
posthypnotic a. selective forgetting, after a hypnotic state, of events occurring during hypnosis or of information stored in long-term memory, such as one's name, address, and names of relatives.
retrograde a. a. in reference to events that occurred before the trauma or disease that caused the condition.
transient global a. a memory disorder seen in middle aged and elderly persons characterized by an episode of a. and bewilderment which persists for several hours; during the episode the patient has a memory defect for present and recent past events, but is fully alert, oriented, capable of high-level intellectual activity, and has a normal neurological examination. Typically, these amnesic episodes occur spontaneously, and most patients experience only one; of uncertain etiology-probably ischemic, but not due to atherosclerosis.
traumatic a. the loss or disturbance of memory following an insult or injury to the brain of the type that accompanies a head injury, or excessive use of alcohol, or following the cessation of alcohol ingestion or other psychoactive drugs; or loss or disturbance of memory of the type seen in hysteria and other forms of dissociative disorders.

amnesiac amnesiac (am-ne´se-ak)

One suffering from amnesia.

amnesic amnesic (am-ne´sik)

Relating to or characterized by amnesia.amnestic (1);

amnestic amnestic (am-nes´tik)

1. amnesic 2. An agent causing amnesia. 3. A disorder in which the essential feature is an impairment of the memory function.

amnio- amnio-

The amnion. [G. amnion]

amniocele amniocele (am´-ne-o-sel)

omphalocele

amniocentesis amniocentesis (am´ne-o-sen-te´sis)

Transabdominal aspiration of fluid from the amniotic sac. [amnio- + G. kentesis, puncture]

amniochorial amniochorial , amniochorionic (am´ne-o-kor´e-al, -kor-e-on´ik)

Relating to both amnion and chorion.

amniogenesis amniogenesis (am´ne-o-jen´e-sis)

Formation of the amnion. [amnio- + G. genesis, production]

amniography amniography (am-ne-og´ra-fe)

Radiography of the amniotic sac after the injection of radiopaque, water-soluble solution into the sac, which outlines the umbilical cord, the placenta, and the soft tissues of the fetal body; an obsolete technique. See also fetography. [amnio- + G. grapho, to write]

amnioma amnioma (am-ne-o´ma)

Broad flat tumor of the skin resulting from antenatal adhesion of the amnion. [amnio- + G. -oma, tumor]

amnion amnion (am´ne-on)

Innermost of the extraembryonic membranes enveloping the embryo in utero and containing the amniotic fluid; it consists of an internal embryonic layer with its ectodermal component, and an external somatic mesodermal component; in the later stages of pregnancy the amnion expands to come in contact with and partially fuse to the inner wall of the chorionic vesicle; derived from the trophoblast cells.amniotic sac; [G. the membrane around the fetus, fr. amnios, lamb]
a. nodo´sum nodules in the a. that consist of typical stratified squamous epithelium.squamous metaplasia of amnion;

amnionic amnionic (am-ne-on´ik)

Relating to the amnion.amniotic;

amnionitis amnionitis (am´ne-o-nI´tis)

Inflammation resulting from infection of the amniotic sac, which, in turn, usually results from premature rupture of the membranes (a condition often associated with neonatal infection). [amnion + G. -itis, inflammation]

amniorrhea amniorrhea (am-ne-o-re´a)

Escape of amniotic fluid. [amnio- + G. rhoia, flow]

amniorrhexis amniorrhexis (am-ne-o-rek´sis)

Rupture of the amniotic membrane. [amnio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

amnioscope amnioscope (am´ne-o-skop)

An endoscope for studying amniotic fluid through the intact amniotic sac.

amnioscopy amnioscopy (am-ne-os´ko-pe)

Examination of the amniotic fluid in the lowest part of the amniotic sac by means of an endoscope introduced through the cervical canal. [amnio- + G. skopeo, to view]

Amniota Amniota (am´ne-o´ta)

A group of vertebrates whose embryos are enclosed in an amnion; it includes all the reptiles, birds, and mammals.

amniotic amniotic (am-ne-ot´ik)

amnionic

amniotome amniotome (am´ne-o-tom)

An instrument for puncturing the fetal membranes. [amnio- + G. tome, cutting]

amniotomy amniotomy (am-ne-ot´o-me)

Artificial rupture of the fetal membranes as a means of inducing or expediting labor.

amobarbital amobarbital (am-o-bar´bi-tahl)

5-Ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric acid;a central nervous system depressant with an intermediate duration of action; also used as the sodium salt.

A-mode A-mode

In diagnostic ultrasound, a one-dimensional presentation of a reflected sound wave in which echo amplitude (A) is displayed along the vertical axis and time of rebound (depth) along the horizontal axis; the echo information is presented from interfaces along a single line in the direction of the sound beam.

amodiaquine hydrochloride amodiaquine hydrochloride (am-o-dI´a-kwIn)

4-(7-Chloro-4-quinolylamino)-a-diethylamino-o-cresol dihydrochloride dihydrate;an antimalarial drug, also used in the treatment of amebic hepatitis; large doses may result in sialorrhea, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia, palpitations, spasticity, and possibly convulsions.

amoeb- amoeb-

Ameba, Amoeba.

Amoeba Amoeba (a-me´ba)

A genus of naked, lobose, pseudopod-forming protozoa of the class Sarcodina (or Rhizopoda), that are abundant soil-dwellers, especially in rich organic debris, and are also commonly found as parasites. The typical amebic parasites of man are now placed in the genera Entamoeba, Endolimax, and Iodamoeba. See also Naegleria. [Mod. L. fr. G. amoibechange]
A. bucca´lis former name for Entamoeba gingivalis.
A. co´li old, incorrect name Entamoeba coli.
A. denta´lis former name for Entamoeba gingivalis.
A. dysenter´iae old, incorrect name for Entamoeba histolytica.
A. histolyt´ica old, incorrect name for Entamoeba histolytica.
A. meleag´ridis Histomonas meleagridis
A. pro´teus an abundant, nonparasitic species, remarkable for the number and varied shapes of its pseudopodia.

Amoebotaenia Amoebotaenia (a-me´bo-te´ne-a)

A genus of small intestinal tapeworms of birds, seldom possessing more than 30 segments. A. cuneata (A. sphenoides) is a species common in domestic fowl; its cysticercoid is developed in earthworms. [amoeb- + L. fr. G. tainia, band, tape, a tapeworm]

amok amok (a-mok´)

1. A culture-bound mental disorder originally observed in Malaya in which the subject becomes dangerously maniacal ("running amok"). 2. Colloquialism denoting maniacal, wild, or uncontrolled behavior threatening injury to others.amuck; [native word]

amorph amorph (a´morf)

An allele that has no phenotypically recognizable product and therefore its existence can be inferred on molecular evidence only, depending on the subtlety of the means of detection available.silent allele; [G. a- neg. + morphe, form, shape]

amorphagnosia amorphagnosia (a-mor-fag-no´se-a)

Inability to recognize the size and shape of objects. [G. a- priv. + morphe, shape, + gnosis, recognition]

amorphia amorphia , amorphism (a-mor´fe-a, -fizm)

Condition of being amorphous (1). [G. a- priv. + morphe, form]

amorphosynthesis amorphosynthesis (a-mor´fo-sin´the-sis)

Disorder of recognition of the right side of the body in spatial relationships, caused by a lesion of the left parietal lobe. [G. a- priv. + morphe, form, + synthesis]

amorphous amorphous (a-mor´fus)

1. Without definite shape or visible differentiation in structure. 2. Not crystallized.

amorphus amorphus (a-mor´fus)

A malformed fetus with rudimentary head, limbs, and heart. [G. a- priv. + morphe, form, shape]

Amoss Amoss

Harold L., U. S. physician, 1886-1956. See A.'s sign.

amotio placentae amotio placentae (a-mo´she-o pla-sen´te)

abruptio placentae

amoxapine amoxapine (a-mok´sa-pen)

2-Chloro-11-(1-piperazinyl)dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine;a tricyclic antidepressant/antipsychotic drug.

amoxicillin amoxicillin (a-mok-si-sil´in)

A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic with an antimicrobial spectrum similar to that of ampicillin.

AMP AMP

Abbreviation for adenosine monophosphate; specifically, the 5´-monophosphate unless modified by a numerical prefix. See adenylic acid.

AMP deaminase AMP deaminase

An enzyme hydrolyzing adenylic acid to inosinic acid and NH₃. A deficiency of AMPd. in muscles can lead to excess fatigue following exercise.adenylic acid deaminase;

amperage amperage (am´per-ij)

Strength of electric current. See ampere.

Ampère Ampère

André-Marie, French physicist, 1775-1836. See ampere; statampere; A.'s postulate.

ampere (A) ampere (A) (am-per)

The practical unit of electrical current; the absolute, practical a. originally was defined as having the value of 1/10 of the electromagnetic unit (see abampere and coulomb). Present definitions are:The practical unit of electrical current; the absolute, practical a. originally was defined as having the value of 1/10 of the electromagnetic unit (see abampere and coulomb. 2. Legal definition: the current that, flowing for 1 second, will deposit 1.118 mg of silver from silver nitrate solution. 3. Scientific (SI) definition: the current that, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length and of negligible circular cross-sections and placed 1 m apart in a vacuum, produces between them a force of 2 x 10^-7 N/m of length. [A. Ampère]

amperometry amperometry (am-pe-rom´e-tre)

Determination of any analyte concentration by measurement of the current generated in a suitable chemical reaction.

amph- amph-

See amphi-, ampho-.

ampheclexis ampheclexis (am-fe-klek´-sis)

Reciprocal sexual selection, i.e., by both male and female. [G. amphi, two-sided, + eklexis, selection]

amphetamine amphetamine (am-fet´a-men)

C₆H₅CH₂CH(NH₂) CH₃; a-Methylphenethylamine; 1-phenyl-2-aminopropane; (phenylisopropyl)amine;closely related in its structure and action to ephedrine and other sympathomimetic amines. A psychostimulant substance that can be abused.
a. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetate same actions and uses as a. sulfate.
a. phosphate same actions and uses as a. sulfate.
a. sulfate exerts less vasopressor, cardiac, and bronchial effect than ephedrine, but has a greater central nervous stimulating effect, decreasing the sensation of fatigue; used in the treatment of narcolepsy and certain types of paralysis agitans, and to reduce appetite in obesity.

d-amphetamine phosphate d-amphetamine phosphate

dextroamphetamine phosphate

d-amphetamine sulfate d-amphetamine sulfate

dextroamphetamine sulfate

amphi- amphi-

On both sides, surrounding, double; corresponds to L. ambi-. [G. amphi,, amphi-, on both sides, about, around]

amphiarthrodial amphiarthrodial (am´fi-ar-thro´de-al)

Relating to a symphysis (1) (amphiarthrosis).

amphiarthrosis amphiarthrosis (am´fi-ar-thro´sis)

symphysis (1) [amphi- + G. arthrosis, joint]

amphiaster amphiaster (am-fi-as´ter)

The double-star figure formed by the two astrospheres and their connecting spindle fibers during mitosis.diaster; [amphi- + G. aster, star]

amphibaric amphibaric (am-fi-bar´ik)

Denoting a pharmacologic material that may lower or elevate arterial blood pressure, depending on the dose. [amphi- + G. baros, pressure]

amphibolic amphibolic (am´fi-bol´ik)

Referring to reactions or biological pathways that serve in both biosynthesis and degradation (i.e., anabolism and catabolism). [amphi- + metabolic]

amphicelous amphicelous (am-fi-se´lus)

Concave at each end, as the body of a vertebra of a fish. [amphi- + G. koilos, hollow]

amphicentric amphicentric (am-fi-sen´trik)

Centering at both ends, said of a rete mirabile that begins by the vessel breaking up into a number of branches and ends by the branches joining again to form the same vessel. [amphi- + G. kentron, center]

amphichroic amphichroic (am-fi-kro´ik)

amphichromatic

amphichromatic amphichromatic (am´fi-kro-mat´ik)

Having the property of exhibiting either of two colors; e.g., litmus, an a. pigment which is red in acids and blue in alkalis.amphichroic; [amphi- + G. chroma, color]

amphicyte amphicyte (am´fi-sIt)

One of the cells located around the bodies of the cerebrospinal and sympathetic ganglionic neurons.capsule cell; [amphi- + G. kytos, cell]

amphidiploid amphidiploid (am´fi-dip´loid)

Having a complete diploid chromosome set from each parent strain. [amphi + diploid]

amphikaryon amphikaryon (am´fe-kar´e-on)

A diploid nucleus containing two haploid sets of chromosomes. [amphi- + G. karyon, kernel]

amphileukemic amphileukemic (am´fi-lu-ke´mik)

Denoting a leukemic condition that corresponds in degree to the changes in the organ or tissue.

Amphimerus Amphimerus (am-fim´er-us)

A genus of opisthorchid trematodes found in the bile ducts of mammals, birds, and reptiles; probably transmitted by fish. [amphi- + G. meros, segment]

amphimicrobe amphimicrobe (am´fi-mI´krob)

A microorganism that is either aerobic or anaerobic, according to the environment.

amphimictic amphimictic (am´fi-mik´tik)

The ability to freely interbreed and produce fertile offspring. [amphi + G. miktos, joined, mated, fr. mignumi, to mix, mae, + -ia]

amphimixis amphimixis (am-fi-mik´sis)

1. Union of the paternal and maternal chromatin after impregnation of the ovum. 2. In psychoanalysis, a combination of genital and anal eroticism. [amphi- + G. mixis, mingling]

amphinucleolus amphinucleolus (am´fi-nu-kle´o-lus)

A double nucleolus having both basophilic and oxyphilic components. [amphi- + L. nucleolus, dim. of nucleus, kernel]

amphions amphions (am´fi-ons)

dipolar ions, under ion

Amphioxus Amphioxus (am-fe-ok´sus)

A genus of small, translucent, fishlike chordates found in warm marine waters. Members are structurally similar to vertebrates in having a notochord, gills, digestive tract, and nerve cord, but they lack paired fins, vertebrae, ribs, or a skull. [amphi- + G. oxys, sharp]

amphipathic amphipathic (am-fe-path´ik)

Denoting a molecule, such as comprises detergents or wetting agents, that contains groups with characteristically different properties, e.g., both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.amphiphilic, amphiphobic; [amphi- + G. pathos, feeling]

amphiphilic amphiphilic (am-fe-fil´ik)

amphipathic [amphi- + G. philos, fond]

amphiphobic amphiphobic (am-fe-fob´ik)

amphipathic [amphi- + G. phobos, fear]

amphistome amphistome (am-fis´tom)

A common name for any trematode of the genus Paramphistomum. [amphi- + G. stoma, mouth]

amphithymia amphithymia (am-fi-thI´me-a)

Obsolete term for a mental condition marked by periods of depression and elation. [amphi- + G. thymos, soul]

amphitrichate amphitrichate , amphitrichous (am-fit´ri-kat, am-fit´ri-kus)

Having a flagellum or flagella at both extremities of a microbial cell; denoting certain microorganisms. [amphi- + G. thrix, hair]

amphitypy amphitypy (am-fit´i-pe)

Exhibition of the properties characteristic of two types.

amphixenosis amphixenosis (am-fiks-en-o´sis)

A zoonosis maintained in nature by man and lower animals, e.g., certain staphylococcoses. Cf. anthropozoonosis, zooanthroponosis. [amphi- + G. xenos, stranger, + G. -osis, condition]

ampho- ampho-

On both sides, surrounding, double. [G. ampho, both]

amphochromatophil amphochromatophil , amphochromatophile (am´fo-kro-mat´o-fil, -o-fIl)

amphophil

amphochromophil amphochromophil , amphochromophile (am-fo-kro´mo-fil, -fIl)

amphophil [ampho- + G. chroma, color, + philos, fond]

amphocyte amphocyte (am´fo-sIt)

amphophil (2)

amphodiplopia amphodiplopia (am´fo-di-plo´pe-a)

Obsolete term for double vision in each eye or bilateral monocular diplopia. See monocular diplopia. [ampho- + G. diploos, double, + ops, vision]

ampholyte ampholyte (am´fo-lIt)

amphoteric electrolyte

amphomycin amphomycin (am-fo-mI´sin)

An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces canus; used topically for skin infections.

amphophil amphophil , amphophile (am´fo-fil, -fIl)

1. Having an affinity both for acid and for basic dyes.amphophilic, amphophilous; 2. A cell that stains readily with either acid or basic dyes.amphocyte; amphochromatophil, amphochromatophile, amphochromophil, amphochromophile; [ampho- + G. philos, fond]

amphophilic amphophilic , amphophilous (am-fo-fil´ik, am-fof´i-lus)

amphophil (1)

amphoric amphoric (am-for´ik)

Denoting the sound heard in percussion and auscultation, resembling the noise made by blowing across the mouth of a bottle. [G. amphora, a jar]

amphoriloquy amphoriloquy (am-fo-ril´o-kwe)

Presence of amphoric voice. [G. amphora, a jar, + loquor, to speak]

amphorophony amphorophony (am-fo-rof´o-ne)

amphoric voice [G. amphora, a jar, + phone, voice]

amphoteric amphoteric (am-fo-tar´ik)

Having two opposite characteristics, especially having the capacity of reacting as either an acid or a base; e.g., Al(OH)₃=H₃AlO₃ or an amino acid. [G. amphoteroi (pl.), both, fr. ampho, both]

amphotericin amphotericin , amphotericin B (am-fo-tar´i-sin)

C₄₆H₇₃NO₂₀;an amphoteric polyene antibiotic prepared from Streptomyces nodosus and available as the sodium deoxycholate complex; also a nephrotoxic antifungal agent used extensively in the treatment of systemic mycoses.

amphotonia amphotonia , amphotony (am-fo-to´ne-a, am-fot´o-ne)

Increased excitability of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems. [ampho- + G. tonos, tension]

ampicillin ampicillin (am-pi-si´lin)

d-(-)-a-Aminobenzylpenicillin; R- = C₆H₅CH(NH₂)-;an acid-stable semisynthetic penicillin derived from 6-aminopenicillanic acid; it has a broader spectrum of antimicrobial action than penicillin G, inhibits the growth of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and is not resistant to penicillinase; also available as a. sodium and a. trihydrate.d(-)-a-aminobenzylpenicillin;

ampl. ampl.

Abbreviation for L. amplus, large.

amplexus amplexus (am-plek´sus)

The pairing of male and female at the time that eggs and sperm are discharged simultaneously in those species, such as frogs, in which fertilization occurs externally. [L. an embrace, fr. amplector, pp. -plexus, to wind around]

amplification amplification (am´pli-fi-ka´shun)

The process of making larger, as in increasing an auditory or visual stimulus to enhance its perception. [L. amplificatio, an enlarging]
genetic a. a process for producing an increase in pertinent genetic material, particularly for increasing the proportion of plasmid DNA to that of bacterial DNA. Includes the production of extrachromosomal copies of the genes for RNA.

amplifier amplifier

1. A device that increases the magnification of a microscope. 2. an electronic apparatus that increases the strength of input signals.
image amplifier a device for converting a low light level fluoroscopic image to one that can be seen by the eye in a lighted environment; usually consists of an electronic light amplifier chained to a television tube.image intensifier;

amplitude amplitude (am´pli-tud)

Largeness; extent; breadth or range. [L. amplitudo, fr. amplus, large]
a. of pulse See average pulse magnitude, peak magnitude.

ampoule ampoule (am´pul)

ampule

amprotropine phosphate amprotropine phosphate (am´pro-tro´pen)

3-Diethylamino-2,2-dimethylpropyl tropate phosphate;an antispasmodic, similar in action to atropine.

ampule ampule , ampul (am´pul)

A hermetically sealed container, usually made of glass, containing a sterile medicinal solution, or powder to be made up in solution, to be used for subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection.ampoule; [L. ampulla]

ampulla ampulla , gen and pl. ampullae (am-pul´la, -e) [NA]

A saccular dilation of a canal or duct. [L. a two-handled bottle]
a. canalic´uli lacrima´lis [NA] a. of lacrimal canaliculus
a. chy´li cisterna chyli
a. duc´tus deferen´tis [NA] a. of ductus deferens
a. duc´tus lacrima´lis incorrect term for a. of lacrimal canaliculus.
duodenal a. 1. the dilated portion of the superior part of the duodenum;a. duodeni [NA]; See also duodenal cap. 2. hepatopancreatic a
a. duode´ni [NA] duodenal a. (1)
a. of gallbladder Hartmann's pouch
Henle's a. a. of ductus deferens
hepatopancreatic a. the dilation within the major duodenal papilla that normally receives both the common bile duct and the main pancreatic duct.a. hepatopancreatica [NA] , duodenal a. (2) , Vater's a;
a. hepat´opancreat´ica [NA] hepatopancreatic a
a. of lacrimal canaliculus a slight dilation at the angle of the lacrimal canaliculus immediately beyond the lacrimal punctum.a. canaliculi lacrimalis [NA];
a. lactif´era lactiferous sinus
lactiferous a. lactiferous sinus
a. membrana´cea , pl. ampullae membrana´ceae [NA] a. of the semicircular ducts
membranous a. a. of the semicircular ducts
a. of milk duct lactiferous sinus
a. os´sea , pl. ampullae os´seae [NA] a. of the semicircular canals
osseous a. a. of the semicircular canals
phrenic a. a physiologic localized dilatation of the distal esophagus, commonly demonstrated by esophagography.
rectal a. a dilated portion of the rectum just above the anal canal.a. recti [NA] , a. of rectum;
a. rec´ti [NA] rectal a
a. of rectum rectal a
a. of the semicircular canals a circumscribed dilation of one extremity of each of the three bony semicircular canals, anterior, posterior, and lateral; each contains an a. of the semicircular ducts.a. ossea [NA] , osseous a;
a. of the semicircular ducts a nearly spherical enlargement of one end of each of the three semicircular ducts, anterior, posterior, and lateral, where they connect with the utricle. Each contains a neuroepithelial crista ampullaris.a. membranacea [NA] , membranous a;
Thoma's a. a dilation of the arterial capillary beyond the sheathed artery of the spleen.
a. tu´bae uteri´nae [NA] a. of uterine tube
a. of uterine tube the wide portion of the uterine (fallopian) tube near the fimbriated extremity; it has a complexly folded mucosa with a columnar epithelium of mostly ciliated cells between which are secretory cells.a. tubae uterinae [NA];
a. of ductus deferens the dilation of the ductus deferens where it approaches its contralateral partner just before it is joined by the duct of the seminal vesicle.a. ductus deferentis [NA] , Henle's a;
Vater's a. hepatopancreatic a

ampullar ampullar (am-pul´ar)

Relating in any sense to an ampulla.

ampullitis ampullitis (am-pul-lI´tis)

Inflammation of any ampulla, especially of the dilated extremity of the vas deferens or of the ampulla of Vater. [ampulla + G. itis, inflammation]

ampullula ampullula (am-pul´u-la)

A circumscribed dilation of any minute lymphatic or blood vessel or duct. [Mod. L. dim. of L. ampulla]

amputation amputation (am-pyu-ta´shun)

1. The cutting off of a limb or part of a limb, the breast, or other projecting part.congenital a 2. In dentistry, removal of the root of a tooth, or of the pulp, or of a nerve root or ganglion; a modifying adjective is therefore used (pulp a.; root a.). [L. amputatio, fr. am-puto, pp. -atus, to cut around, prune]
A-E a. acronym for above-the-elbow a.
A-K a. acronym for above-the-knee a.
Alanson's a. a circular a., the stump shaped like a cone.
amniotic a. congenital a
aperiosteal a. a. with removal of periosteum from bone at the site of a.
B-E a. acronym for below-the-elbow a.
Bier's a. osteoplastic a. of tibia and fibula.
birth a. congenital a
B-K a. acronym for below-the-knee a.
bloodless a. a. in which, by means of a tourniquet, the escape of blood from the cut surfaces is slight.dry a;
Callander's a. tenontoplastic a. through the femur at the knee.
Carden's a. transcondylar a. of the leg, the femur is sawed through the condyles just above the articular surface.
central a. a. in which the flaps are so united that the cicatrix runs across the end of the stump.
cervical a. a. of the uterine cervix.
Chopart's a. a. through the midtarsal joint; i.e., between the tarsal navicular and the calcaneocuboid joints.mediotarsal a;
cinematic a. cineplastic a
cineplastic a. a method of a. of an extremity whereby the muscles and tendons are so arranged in the stump that they are able to execute independent movements and to communicate motion to a specially constructed prosthetic apparatus.cinematic a., cineplastics, kineplastic a., kineplastics;
circular a. a. performed by a circular incision through the skin, the muscles being similarly divided higher up, and the bone higher still.guillotine a., linear a;
congenital a. [MIM*217100] a. produced in utero; attributed to the pressure of constricting bands (amniotic); autosomal recessive inheritance.amniotic a., amputation (1) , birth a., intrauterine a., spontaneous a. (1);
consecutive a. a revision or secondary succeeding amputation of a limb.
a. in continuity a. through a segment of a limb, not at a joint.
double flap a. a. in which a flap is cut from the soft parts on either side of the limb.
dry a. bloodless a
Dupuytren's a. a. of the arm at the shoulder joint.
eccentric a. a. with the scar of the stump off-center.excentric a;
elliptical a. circular a. in which the sweep of the knife is not exactly vertical to the axis of the limb, the outline of the cut surface being therefore elliptical.
excentric a. eccentric a
Farabeuf's a. 1. a. of the leg, the flap being large and on the outer side; 2. a. of the foot; disarticulation of the foot through the subtalar joint and the talo-navicular joint.
flap a. an a. in which flaps of the muscular and cutaneous tissues are made to cover the end of the bone.flap operation (1);
flapless a. an a. without any tissue to cover the stump
forequarter a. amputation of the arm with removal of the scapula and a portion of the clavicle.interscapulothoracic a;
Gritti-Stokes a. supracondylar a. of the femur, the patella being preserved and applied to the end of the bone, its articular cartilage being removed so as to obtain union.Gritti's operation;
guillotine a. circular a
Guyon's a. a. above the malleoli, a modification of Syme's a.
Hancock's a. a. of the foot through the astragalus.
Hey's a. a. of the foot in front of the tarsometatarsal joint.
hindquarter a. hemipelvectomy
immediate a. a. necessitated by irreparable injury to the limb, performed within twelve hours after the injury.
interilioabdominal a. hemipelvectomy
intermediate a. an a. formerly performed during the period between trauma or incipient gangrene and suppuration.intrapyretic a., primary a;
interpelviabdominal a. hemipelvectomy
interscapulothoracic a. forequarter a
intrapyretic a. intermediate a
intrauterine a. congenital a
Jaboulay's a. hemipelvectomy
kineplastic a. cineplastic a
Kirk's a. a. at the lower end of the femur, using the tendon of the quadraceps extensor to cover the end of the bone.
Krukenberg's a. a cineplastic a. at the carpus with the distal end of the forearm used to create a fork-like stump; especially valuable in the blind because the stump has proprioception.
Larrey's a. a. at the shoulder joint.
Le Fort's a. a modification of Pirogoff's a.; the calcaneus is sawed through horizontally instead of vertically so that the patient steps on the same part of the heel as before.
linear a. circular a
Lisfranc's a. a. of the foot at the tarsometatarsal joint, the sole being preserved to make the flap.Lisfranc's operation;
Mackenzie's a. a modification of Syme's a. at the ankle joint, the flap being taken from the inner side.
major a. a. of the lower or upper extremity above the ankle or the wrist, respectively.
Malgaigne's a. subastragalar a
mediotarsal a. Chopart's a
Mikulicz-Vladimiroff a. an osteoplastic resection of the foot in which the talus and calcaneus are excised, the anterior row of tarsal bones being united to the lower end of the tibia, the articular surfaces of both being removed; the lower end of the stump is therefore the anterior portion of the foot, the patient walking thereafter on tiptoe.Vladimiroff-Mikulicz a;
minor a. a. of a hand or foot or any parts of either.
multiple a. a. of two or more limbs or parts of limbs performed at the same operation.
musculocutaneous a. a. with a flap of muscle and skin.
oblique a. a. in which the line of section through an extremity is at other than a right angle; this yields an oval appearance to the cut surface (hence sometimes, though rarely, referred to as an oval a.).
osteoplastic a. an a., e.g., through the tarsus, in which the cut surface of another bone is brought in apposition with the one primarily divided so that the two unite, thus giving a better stump.
oval a. 1. a. in which the flaps are obained by oval incisions through the skin and muscle; 2. rarely used term for oblique a.
pathologic a. a. necessitated by cancer or other disease of the limb and not by an injury.
periosteoplastic a. subperiosteal a
Pirogoff's a. a. of the foot; the lower articular surfaces of the tibia and fibula are sawed through and the ends covered with a portion of the os calcis which has also been sawed through from above posteriorly downward and forward.
primary a. intermediate a
pulp a. pulpotomy
quadruple a. a. of both arms and both legs.
racket a. a circular or slightly oval a., in which a long incision is made in the axis of the limb.
rectangular a. a. in which the flaps are fashioned in the shape of a rectangle.
root a. surgical removal of one or more roots of a multirooted tooth, the remaining root canal(s) usually being treated endodontically.radectomy, radiectomy, radisectomy;
secondary a. a. performed some time after a previous a. that has failed to heal satisfactorily.
spontaneous a. 1. congenital a 2. a. as the result of a pathologic process rather than external trauma.
Stokes a. a modification of the Gritti-Stokes a. in that the line of section of the femur is slightly higher.
subastragalar a. a. of the foot in which only the astragalus is retained.Malgaigne's a;
subperiosteal a. a. in which the periosteum is stripped back from the bone and replaced afterward, forming a periosteal flap over the cut end.periosteoplastic a;
Syme's a. a. of the foot at the ankle joint, the malleoli being sawed off, and a flap being made with the soft parts of the heel.Syme's operation;
tarsotibial a. a. through the ankle joint.
Teale's a. 1. a. of the forearm in its lower half, or of the thigh, with a long posterior rectangular flap and a short anterior one; 2. a. of the leg, with a long anterior rectangular flap and a short posterior one.
tertiary a. an a. formerly performed after infection had been controlled.
a. by transfixion a. performed by transfixing the soft parts with a long knife and cutting the flap or flaps from within outward.
transverse a. a. in which the line of section through the extremity is at right angles to the long axis.
traumatic a. a. resulting from accidental or nonsurgical injury; may be complete or incomplete.
Tripier's a. a modification of Chopart's a., in that a part of the calcaneus is also removed.
Vladimiroff-Mikulicz a. Mikulicz-Vladimiroff a

amputee amputee (am´pyu-te)

A person with an amputated limb or part of limb.

amrinone lactate amrinone lactate (am´ri-non)

5-Amino-(3,4´-bipyridin)-6(1H)-one;an inotropic agent with vasodilator activity, used in management of congestive heart failure.

Amsler Amsler

Marc, Swiss ophthalmologist, 1891-1968. See A.'s chart; A. test.

amu amu

Abbreviation for atomic mass unit.

amuck amuck (a-muk´)

amok (2)

amusia amusia (a-myu´ze-a)

A form of aphasia characterized by an inability to produce or recognize music. [G. a- priv. + mousa, music]
instrumental a. loss of ability to play a musical instrument.
motor a. inability to produce music.
sensory a. inability to interpret or appreciate musical sounds.
vocal a. the inability to sing, although speech is intact.

Amussat Amussat

Jean Z., French surgeon, 1796-1856. See A.'s valve, valvula.

amychophobia amychophobia (am´I-ko-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of being scratched. [G. amyche, a scratch, + phobos, fear]

Amycolatopsis Amycolatopsis (Am-e-ko-la-top´sis)

A genus created in 1986. It can be isolated from soil, vegetable manner, and clinical specimens. The type species is Amycolatopsis orientalis.
Amycolatop´sis orienta´lis subsp. lu´rida a species that produces ristocetin.

amyctic amyctic (a-mik´tik)

Obsolete term for itchy or irritating. [G. amyssein, to scratch, scarify]

amyelencephalia amyelencephalia (a-mI´el-en-se-fa´le-a)

Congenital absence of both brain and spinal cord. [G. a- priv. + myelos, marrow, + enkephalos, brain]

amyelencephalic amyelencephalic , amyelencephalous (a-mI´el-en-se-fal´ik, -sef´a-lus)

Denoting or characteristic of amyelencephalia.

amyelia amyelia (a-mI-e´le-a)

Congenital absence of the spinal cord, found in association with anencephaly. [G. a- priv. + myelos, marrow]

amyelic amyelic (a-mI-e´lik)

amyelous

amyelinated amyelinated (a-mI´e-li-na´ted)

unmyelinated

amyelination amyelination (a-mI´e-li-na´shun)

Failure of formation of myelin sheath of a nerve.

amyelinic amyelinic (a-mI´e-lin´ik)

unmyelinated

amyeloic amyeloic , amyelonic (a-mI-e-lo´ik, a-mI-e-lon´ik)

1. amyelous 2. In hematology, sometimes used to indicate the absence of bone marrow or the lack of functional participation of bone marrow in hemopoiesis. [G. a- priv. + myelos, marrow]

amyelous amyelous (a-mI´e-lus)

Without spinal cord.amyelic, amyeloic (1) , amyelonic;

amygdala amygdala , gen and pl. amygdalae (a-mig´da-la, -le)

Denoting the cerebellar tonsil, as well as the lymphatic tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, lingual, laryngeal, and tubal). [L. fr. G. amygdale, almond; in Mediev. & Mod. L., a tonsil]
a. cerebel´li cerebellar tonsil

amygdalase amygdalase (a-mig´da-las)

beta-d-glucosidase

amygdalin amygdalin (a-mig´da-lin)

mandelonitrile-beta-gentiobioside;a cyanogenic glucoside present in almonds and seeds of other plants of the family Rosaceae; the principal component of laetrile. Emulsin splits a. into benzaldehyde, d-glucose, and hydrocyanic acid.amygdaloside; [G. amygdala, almond, + -in]

amygdaline amygdaline (a-mig´da-lIn)

1. Relating to an almond. 2. Relating to a tonsil, or to the brain structure called amygdala or amygdaloid nuclear complex. 3. tonsillar

amygdaloid amygdaloid (a-mig´da-loyd)

Resembling an almond or a tonsil. [amygdala + G. eidos, appearance]

amygdaloside amygdaloside (a-mig´da-lo-sId)

amygdalin

amyl amyl (a´mil)

The radical formed from a pentane, C₅H₁₂, by removal of one H. Several isomeric forms exist, the more important being CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂- (amyl or pentyl); (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CH₂- (isoamyl or isopentyl); CH₃CH₂CH₂CH(CH)₃- and (CH₃CH₂)₂CH- (secondary amyl or pentyl); and CH₃CH₂C(CH₃)₂- (tertiary amyl or pentyl).pentyl (1);
a. alcohol 1-pentanol;used as a solvent for varnishes and oils; highly toxic, with irritating vapors. See also fusel oil.
a. hydrate amylene hydrate
a. nitrite C₅H₁₁NO₂;a vasodilator used in angina pectoris and cyanide poisoning.
tertiary a. alcohol amylene hydrate
a. valerate isoamyl isovalerate;used as a sedative; formerly used in the treatment of gallstones because of its solvent action on cholesterol.apple oil;

amyl- amyl-

1. See amylo-. 2. Pentyl- See amyl.

amylaceous amylaceous (am´i-la´shus)

Starchy.

amylase amylase (am´il-as)

One of a group of amylolytic enzymes that cleave starch, glycogen, and related 1,4-a-glucans.

a-amylase a-amylase

A glucanohydrolase yielding a-glucose and maltose in a random manner from 1,4-a-glucans. An amylase that has been used clinically as a digestive aid.glycogenase, ptyalin, Taka-diastase;

beta-amylase beta-amylase

A glucanohydrolase yielding beta-maltose units from the nonreducing ends of 1,4-a-glucans. An exoamylase.glycogenase, saccharogen amylase;

gamma-amylase gamma-amylase

exo-1,4-a-d-glucosidase

amylasuria amylasuria (am-i-la-su´re-a)

The excretion of amylase (sometimes termed diastase) in the urine, especially increased amounts likely in acute pancreatitis.diastasuria;

amylemia amylemia (am-i-le´me-a)

The hypothetical presence of starch in the circulating blood. [amylo- + G. haima, blood]

amylene amylene (am´i-len)

(CH₃)₂C=CHCH₃; 2-methyl-2-butene;a flammable liquid hydrocarbon formed by the decomposition of amyl alcohol; has anesthetic properties but undesirable side actions.trimethylethylene;
a. chloral a hypnotic.
a. hydrate tert-pentanol;an obsolete hypnotic used as a solvent for tribromoethanol.amyl hydrate, tertiary amyl alcohol;

amylin amylin (am´i-lin)

The cellulose of starch; the insoluble envelope of starch grains.

amylo- amylo-

Starch, or polysaccharide nature or origin. [G. amylon, unmilled; starch, fr. a- + myle, a mill]

amylocaine hydrochloride amylocaine hydrochloride (am´i-lo-kan)

1-(Dimethylaminomethyl)-1-methylpropyl benzoate hydrochloride; benzoylethyldimethylaminopropanol hydrochloride;an early local anesthetic once widely used but eventually abandoned because of side effects.

amyloclast amyloclast (am´i-lo-klast)

Obsolete term for amylase. [amylo- + G. klastos, broken in pieces]

amylodextrin amylodextrin (am-i-lo-deks´trin)

End product of hydrolysis of amylopectin by beta-amylase; further hydrolysis requires amylo-1,6-glucosidase, which attacks the branch points. Identified by its color reaction with iodine (a. turns blue). Cf. achroodextrin, erythrodextrin.

amylogenesis amylogenesis (am-i-lo-jen´e-sis)

Biosynthesis of starch. [amylo- + G. genesis, production]

amylogenic amylogenic (am-i-lo-jen´ik)

Relating to amylogenesis.

amylo-1,4:1,6-glucantransferase amylo-1,4:1,6-glucantransferase

1,4-a-d-glucan branching enzyme

amyloglucosidase amyloglucosidase (am-i-lo-glu´ko-si-das)

exo-1,4-a-d-glucosidase

amylo-1,6-glucosidase amylo-1,6-glucosidase

An enzyme hydrolyzing a-d-1,6 links (branch points) in chains of 1,4-linked a-d-glucose residues, hence the term debranching enzyme or factor; deficiency causes type III glycogenosis.dextrin 6-a-d-glucosidase;

amyloid amyloid (am´i-loyd)

1. Any of a group of chemically diverse proteins that appears microscopically homogeneous, but is composed of linear nonbranching aggregated fibrils arranged in sheets when seen under the electron microscope; it stains dark brown with iodine, produces a characteristic green color in polarized light after staining with Congo red, is metachromatic with either methyl violet (pink-red) or crystal violet (purple-red), and fluoresces yellow after thioflavine T staining; a. occurs characteristically as pathologic extracellular deposits (amyloidosis), especially in association with reticuloendothelial tissue; the chemical nature of the proteinaceous fibrils is dependent upon the underlying disease process. 2. Resembling or containing starch. [amylo- + G. eidos, resemblance]

amyloidosis amyloidosis (am´i-loy-do´sis)

1. A disease characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid in various organs and tissues of the body; may be primary or secondary. 2. The process of deposition of amyloid protein. [amyloid + G. -osis, condition]
a. of aging characterized by deposition of Congo-red staining material, derived from a variety of proteins, especially in nervous tissue, myocardium and pancreas. Associated with Alzheimer's syndrome; intractable congestive heart failure may result.
chronic amyloidosis a. of long duration.
a. cu´tis lichenoid a
familial a. familial amyloid neuropathy
focal a. nodular a
hereditary a. familial amyloid neuropathy
lichen a. lichenoid a
lichenoid a. (lIk´en-oyd) localized cutaneous a. with pruritic brownish-red papules, most commonly on the lower legs, due to amyloid infiltration of the papillary dermis.a. cutis, lichen a; [G. leichen, lichen, a lichen-like eruption + eidos, resemblance]
light chain-related a. a form of primary a. in which the fibrillar amyloid deposits are derived from the amino terminal variable region of the light chains of immunoglobulin; seen in B-lymphocyte and plasma-cells dyscrasias.
macular a. a localized form of a. cutis characterized by pruritic symmetrical brown reticulated macules, especially on the upper back; microscopically, amyloid is deposited as small subepidermal globules.
a. of multiple myeloma foci of a. in mesenchymal tissues of some persons with multiple myeloma; no direct relation between amyloid and Bence Jones protein is conclusively known.
nodular a. a localized form of a. in which amyloid occurs as masses or nodules beneath the skin or mucous membranes, e.g., in the larynx.amyloid tumor, focal a;
primary a. several forms of a. are known, following autosomal dominant [MIM *104750-*105230] recessive [MIM 204850-204900], and X-linked [MIM 301220] inheritance and not associated with other recognized disease. Tends to involve diffusely the arterial walls and mesenchymal tissues in the tongue, lungs, intestinal tract, skin, skeletal muscle, and myocardium; the amyloid frequently does not manifest the usual affinity for Congo red, and sometimes provokes a foreign-body type of inflammatory reaction in the adjacent tissue.
renal a. renal deposits of amyloid, especially in glomerular capillary walls, which may cause albuminuria and the nephrotic syndrome.amyloid nephrosis (1);
secondary a. a. occurring in association with another chronic inflammatory disease; organs chiefly involved are the liver, spleen, and kidneys, and the adrenal glands less frequently.
senile a. a common form of a. in very old people, usually mild and limited to the heart. See also a. of aging.

amylolysis amylolysis (am-i-lol´i-sis)

Hydrolysis of starch into soluble products. [amylo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

amylolytic amylolytic (am-i-lo-lit´ik)

Relating to amylolysis.

amylomaltase amylomaltase (am-i-lo-mal´tas)

4-a-d-glucanotransferase

amylopectin amylopectin (am-i-lo-pek´tin)

A branched-chain polyglucose (glucan) in starch containing both 1,4 and 1,6 linkages. Cf. amylose.

amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase amylopectin 6-glucanohydrolase

Former name for a-dextrin endo-1,6-a-glucosidase.

amylopectin 1,6-glucosidase amylopectin 1,6-glucosidase

Former name for an enzyme now known to be at least two enzymes, a-dextrin endo-glucanohydrolase and isoamylase.

amylopectinosis amylopectinosis (am´i-lo-pek-tin-o´sis)

See type 4 glycogenosis. [amylopectin + G. -osis, condition]

amylophagia amylophagia (am´i-lo-fa´je-a)

A morbid craving for starch.starch-eating; [amylo- + G. phago, to eat]

amyloplast amyloplast (am´i-lo-plast)

A granule in the protoplasm of a plant cell that is the center of a starch-forming process.amylogenic body; [amylo- + G. plastos, formed]

amylopsin amylopsin (am-il-op´sin)

The amylase of pancreatic juice.

amylorrhea amylorrhea (am´i-lo-re´a)

Passage of undigested starch in the stools, implying a deficiency of amylase activity in the intestine. [amylo- + G. rhoia, flow]

amylose amylose (am´i-los)

An unbranched polyglucose (glucan) in starch, similar to cellulose, containing a(1->4) linkages. Cf. amylopectin.

amylosuria amylosuria (am´i-lo-su´re-a)

Excretion of starch in the urine.amyluria;

amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglucosidase amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglucosidase , amylo-(1,4->1,6)-transglucosylase

1,4-a-d-glucan branching enzyme

amylum amylum (am´i-lum)

starch

amyluria amyluria (am-i-lu´re-a)

amylosuria

amyocardia amyocardia (a-mI-o-kar´de-a)

Obsolete term for weakness of the heart muscle. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + kardia, heart]

amyoesthesia amyoesthesia , amyoesthesis (a-mI´o-es-the´ze-a, -the´sis)

Absence of muscle sensation. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + aisthesis, perception]

amyoplasia amyoplasia (a-mI-o-pla´ze-a)

Deficient formation of muscle tissue and deficient muscle growth. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + plasis, a molding]
a. congen´ita arthrogryposis multiplex congenita

amyostasia amyostasia (a-mI-o-sta´ze-a)

Difficulty in standing, due to muscular tremor or incoordination. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + stasis, standing]

amyostatic amyostatic (a-mI-o-stat´ik)

Showing muscular tremors.

amyosthenia amyosthenia (a-mI´os-the´ne-a)

Muscular weakness. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + sthenos, strength]

amyosthenic amyosthenic (a-mI-os-then´ik)

Relating to or causing muscular weakness.

amyotaxy amyotaxy , amyotaxia (a-mI´o-tak-se, a-mI-o-tak´se-a)

Muscular ataxia. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + taxis, order]

amyotonia amyotonia (a-mI-o-to´ne-a)

Generalized absence of muscle tone, usually associated with flabby musculature and an increased range of passive movement at joints. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + tonos, tone]
a. congen´ita 1. atonic pseudoparalysis of congenital origin (neither familial nor hereditary), observed especially in infants and characterized by absences of muscular tone only in muscles innervated by the spinal nerves.congenital atonic pseudoparalysis, myatonia congenita, Oppenheim's disease, Oppenheim's syndrome; 2. an indefinite term for a number of congenital neuromuscular disorders that cause generalized myotonia in young children, and that have a benign course (static or regressive).

amyotrophia amyotrophia (a-mI-o-tro´fe-a)

amyotrophy

amyotrophic amyotrophic (a-mI-o-tro´fik)

Relating to muscular atrophy.

amyotrophy amyotrophy (a-mI-ot´ro-fe)

Muscular wasting or atrophy.amyotrophia; [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle, + trophe, nourishment]
diabetic a. a type of diabetic neuropathy that primarily affects elderly patients with diabetes mellitus; clinically characterized by unilateral or bilateral anterior thigh pain, weakness, and atrophy; of abrupt or gradual onset and, when bilateral, of simultaneous or sequential onset, and usually asymmetrical; one type of diabetic polyradiculopathy. Sometimes referred to, erroneously, as diabetic femoral neuropathy.
hemiplegic a. muscular atrophy seen in hemiplegic limbs.
neuralgic a. a neurological disorder, of unknown cause, characterized by the sudden onset of severe pain, usually about the shoulder and often beginning at night, soon followed by weakness and wasting of various forequarter muscles, particularly shoulder girdle muscles; both sporadic and familial in occurrence with the former much more common; often preceded by some antecedent event, such as an upper respiratory infection, hospitalization, vaccination, or non-specific trauma; usually attributed to a brachial plexus lesion, because the nerve fibers involed are most often derived from the upper trunk, but actually multiple proximal mononeuropathies.acute brachial radiculitis, brachial plexitis, brachial plexus neuropathy, Parsonage-Turner syndrome, shoulder-girdle syndrome;
progressive spinal a. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

amyous amyous (am´e-us)

Lacking in muscular tissue, or in muscular strength. [G. a- priv. + mys, muscle]

amyxorrhea amyxorrhea (a-mik-so-re´a)

Absence of the normal secretion of mucus. [G. a- priv. + myxa, mucus, + rhoia, flow]

an- an-

See a-.

ANA ANA

Abbreviation for antinuclear antibody; American Nurses Association.

ana- ana-

Up, again, back; sometimes an- before a vowel; corresponds to L. sursum-; CAUTION: an- before a vowel usually stands for a- meaning not; sometimes ana- becomes am- before p, b, or ph. [G. ana, up]

Anabaena Anabaena (an-a-be´na)

A genus of Cyanobacteria causing odors in water supplies.

anabiosis anabiosis (an´a-bI-o´sis)

Resuscitation after apparent death. [G. a reviving, fr. ana, again, + biosis, life]

anabiotic anabiotic (an´a-bI-ot´ik)

1. Resuscitating or restorative. 2. A revivifying remedy; a powerful stimulant. [ana- + G. bios, life]

anabolic anabolic (an-a-bol´ik)

Relating to or promoting anabolism.

anabolism anabolism (a-nab´o-lizm)

1. The building up in the body of complex chemical compounds from smaller simpler compounds (e.g., proteins from amino acids), usually with the use of energy. Cf. catabolism, metabolism. 2. The sum of synthetic metabolic reactions. [G. anabole, a raising up]

anabolite anabolite (a-nab´o-lIt)

Any substance formed as a result of anabolic processes.

anabrosis anabrosis (an-a-bro´sis)

Archaic term for superficial erosion or ulceration. [G. fr. ana, up, + bibrosko, to eat up]

anabrotic anabrotic (an-a-brot´ik)

Obsolete term for a substance that produces ulceration or erosion of the skin surface.

anacamptometer anacamptometer (an-a-kamp-tom´e-ter)

Instrument for measuring the intensity of the deep reflexes. [G. anakampsis, a bending back, reflection, + metron, measure]

anacardiol anacardiol (an-a-kar´de-ol)

3-Ethoxy-N,N-diethyl-4-hydroxybenzamide;an analeptic.

anacatesthesia anacatesthesia (an´a-kat´es-the´ze-a)

A hovering sensation. [G. ana, up, + kata, down, + aisthesis, sensation]

anacidity anacidity (an-a-sid´i-te)

Absence of acidity; used especially to denote absence of hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice.

anaclasis anaclasis (a-nak´la-sis)

1. Reflection of light or sound. 2. Refraction of the ocular media. [G. a bending back, reflection]

anaclitic anaclitic (an-a-klit´ik)

Leaning or depending upon; in psychoanalysis, relating to the dependence of the infant on the mother or mother substitute. See anaclitic depression. [G. ana, toward, + klino, to lean]

anacmesis anacmesis (an-ak´me-sis)

Obsolete spelling for anakmesis.

anacrotic anacrotic (an-a-krot´ik)

Referring to the upstroke or ascending limb of the arterial pulse tracing; an abbreviated form for anadicrotic, twice beating on the upstroke.anadicrotic;

anacrotism anacrotism (a-nak´ro-tizm)

Peculiarity of the pulse wave. See anacrotic pulse.anadicrotism; [G. ana, up, + krotos, a beat]

anacusis anacusis (an´a-ku´sis)

Total loss or absence of the ability to perceive sound as such.anakusis; [G. an- priv. + akousis, hearing]

anadenia anadenia (an-a-de´ne-a)

Absence of glands or abeyance of glandular function. [G. an- priv. + aden, gland]
a. ventric´uli absence of glands from the stomach.

anadicrotic anadicrotic (an-a-dI-krot´ik)

anacrotic

anadicrotism anadicrotism (an-a-dik´ro-tizm)

anacrotism [G. ana, up, + di-krotos, double beating]

anadidymus anadidymus (an-a-did´i-mus)

duplicitas posterior [G. ana, up, + didymos, twin]

anadipsia anadipsia (an-a-dip´se-a)

Rarely used term for extreme thirst. See also polydipsia. [G. ana, intensive, + dipsa, thirst]

anadrenalism anadrenalism (an-a-dre´nal-izm)

Complete lack of adrenal function.

anaerobe anaerobe (an´ar-ob, an-ar´ob)

A microorganism that can live and grow in the absence of oxygen. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + bios, life]
facultative a. an a. that grows in the presence of air or under conditions of reduced oxygen tension.
obligate a. an a. that will grow only in the absence of free oxygen.

anaerobic anaerobic (an-ar-o´bik)

Relating to an anaerobe; living without oxygen.

anaerobiosis anaerobiosis (an-ar-o-bI-o´sis)

Existence in an oxygen-free atmosphere. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + biosis, way of living]

anaerogenic anaerogenic (an-ar-o-jen´ik)

Not producing gas. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + -gen, producing]

anaerophyte anaerophyte (an-ar´o-fIt)

1. A plant that grows without air. 2. An anaerobic bacterium. [G. an- priv. + aer, air, + phyton, plant]

anaeroplasty anaeroplasty (an-ar´o-plas-te)

Treatment of wounds by exclusion of air. [G. an- not + aer, air, + plastos, formed]

anagen anagen (an´a-jen)

Growth phase of the hair cycle, lasting about 3 to 6 years in human scalp hair. [G. ana, up, + -gen, producing]

anagenesis anagenesis (an-a-jen´e-sis)

1. Repair of tissue. 2. Regeneration of lost parts. [G. ana, up, + genesis, production]

anagenetic anagenetic (an´a-je-net´ik)

Pertaining to anagenesis.

anagestone acetate anagestone acetate (an-a-jes´ton)

17-Hydroxy-6a-methylpregn-4-en-20-one acetate;a progestational agent.

Anagnostakis Anagnostakis

Andrei, Cretan ophthalmologist, 1826-1897.

anagogy anagogy (an-a-go´je)

Psychic content of an idealistic or spiritual nature. [G. anagoge, fr. an- ago, to lead up]

anakatadidymus anakatadidymus , anacatadidymus (an´a-kat-a-did´i-mus)

Conjoined twins united in the middle but separated above and below.dicephalus dipygus; [G. ana, up, + kata, down, + didymos, twin]

anákhré anákhré (an-ah-kra´)

goundou [Fr. fr. Af. native term meaning "big nose"]

anakmesis anakmesis (an-ak´me-sis)

Arrest of maturation of leukocytes in their production centers, thereby resulting in greater numbers of young forms and progressively smaller proportions of mature granular cells in the bone marrow, as observed in agranulocytosis. [G. an- priv. + akmenos, full grown, fr. akme, highest point]

anakusis anakusis (an-a-ku´sis)

anacusis

anal anal (a´nal)

Relating to the anus.

analbuminemia analbuminemia (an´al-bu-mi-ne´me-a)

Absence of albumin from the serum. [G. an- priv. + albumin + G. haima, blood]

analeptic analeptic (an-a-lep´tik)

1. Strengthening, stimulating, or invigorating. 2. A restorative remedy. 3. A central nervous system stimulant, particularly used to denote agents that reverse depressed central nervous system function. [G. analeptikos, restorative]

analgesia analgesia (an-al-je´ze-a)

A neurologic or pharmacologic state in which painful stimuli are so moderated that, though still perceived, they are no longer painful. Cf. anesthesia. [G. insensibility, fr. an- priv. + algesis, sensation of pain]
a. al´gera a. dolorosa
conduction a. regional anesthesia
a. doloro´sa spontaneous pain in a body area that lacks sensation.a. algera;
inhalation a. a. produced by inhalation of a central nervous system depressant gas (especially nitrous oxide) or vapor.
patient controlled a. (PCA) a method for control of pain based upon a pump for the constant intravenous or, less frequently, epidural infusion of a dilute narcotic solution that includes a mechanism for the self-administration at predetermined intervals of a predetermined amount of the narcotic solution should the infusion fail to relieve pain.outpatient anesthesia (1);
spinal a. euphemism for spinal anesthesia.

analgesic analgesic (an-al-je´zik)

1. A compound capable of producing analgesia, i.e., one that relieves pain by altering perception of nociceptive stimuli without producing anesthesia or loss of consciousness.analgetic (1); 2. Characterized by reduced response to painful stimuli.antalgic;

analgesimeter analgesimeter (an´al-je-zim´i-ter)

A device for eliciting painful stimuli in order to measure pain under experimental conditions. [analgesia + G. metron, measure]

analgetic analgetic (an-al-jet´ik)

1. analgesic (1) 2. Associated with decreased pain perception.

anality anality (a-nal´i-te)

Referring to the psychic organization derived from, and characteristic of, the Freudian anal period of psychosexual development.

anallergic anallergic (an-a-ler´jik)

Not allergic.

analog analog (an´a-log)

1. One of two organs or parts in different species of animals or plants which differ in structure or development but are similar in function. 2. A compound that resembles another in structure but is not necessarily an isomer (e.g., 5-fluorouracil is an analog of thymine); a.'s are often used to block enzymatic reactions by combining with enzymes (e.g., isopropyl thiogalactoside vs. lactose).analogue; [G. analogos, proportionate]
enzyme a. synzyme

analogous analogous (a-nal´o-gus)

Possessing a functional resemblance, but having a different origin or structure.

analogue analogue (an´a-log)

analog

analphalipoproteinemia analphalipoproteinemia (an-al´fa-lip´o-pro´ten-e´me-a) [MIM*205400]

Familial high density lipoprotein deficiency; a heritable disorder of lipid metabolism characterized by almost complete absence from plasma of high density lipoproteins, and by storage of cholesterol esters in foam cells, tonsillar enlargement, an orange or yellow-gray color of the pharyngeal and rectal mucosa, hepatosplenomegaly, lymph node enlargement, corneal opacity, and peripheral neuropathy; autosomal recessive inheritance.familial high density lipoprotein deficiency, Tangier disease; [G. an-, priv., + alpha, a, + lipoprotein + -emia, blood]

analysand analysand (a-nal´i-sand)

In psychoanalysis, the person being analyzed. [analysis + L. -andus, gerundive ending]

analysis analysis , pl. analyses (a-nal´i-sis, -sez)

1. The breaking up of a chemical compound or mixture into simpler elements; a process by which the composition of a substance is determined. 2. The examination and study of a whole in terms of the parts composing it. 3. See psychoanalysis. [G. a breaking up, fr. ana, up, + lysis, a loosening]
accumulation a. a technique in which an intermediate of a metabolic pathway accumulates due to selective inhibition of a particular step in that pathway or in a mutant that is deficient in a certain step. The intermediate is then isolated, analyzed, and identified.
activation a. the identification and quantification of unknown elements from their characteristic emissions and decay constants after they have been made radioactive by exposure to neutron or charged particle radiation.
amino acid a. 1. determination and identification of amino acid content of a macromolecule; 2. identification of a specific amino acid in macromolecules, often a mutated protein; 3. identification and quantitation of amino acid content in blood plasma or urine; a key diagnostic aid.
bite a. occlusal a
blood gas a. the direct electrode measurement of the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.
bradykinetic a. the a. of a movement by means of slow cinematography.
cephalometric a. a study of the skeletal and dental relationships used in orthodontic case a.
character a. a. of the defenses and personality traits that characterize an individual.
cluster a. a set of statistical methods used to group variables or observations into strongly interrelated subgroups.
content a. any of a variety of techniques for classification and study of the verbal products of normal or of psychologically disabled individuals.
decision a. a derivative of operations research and game theory that involves identifying all available choices and the potential outcomes of each, in a series of decisions that have to be made about patient care-diagnostic procedures, therapeutic regimens, prognostic expectations; the range of choices can be plotted on a decision tree.
didactic a. training a
discriminant a. a statistical analytic technique used with discrete dependent variables, concerned with separating sets of observed values and allocating new values; an alternative to regression analysis.
displacement a. competitive binding assay
distributive a. the a. of information gained about the patient and its distribution by the physician, as indicated by the patient's complaint and symptoms.
Downs' a. a series of cephalometric criteria used as an aid in orthodontic diagnosis.
ego a. psychoanalytic study of the ways in which the ego deals with intrapsychic conflicts.
Fourier a. a mathematical approximation of a function as the sum of periodic functions (sine waves) of different frequencies; a method of converting a function of time or space into a function of frequency; used in reconstruction of images in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in radiology and in analysis of any kind of signal for its frequency content.Fourier transform;
gastric a. measurement of pH and acid output of stomach contents; basal acid output can be determined by collecting the overnight gastric secretion or by a 1-hr collection; maximal acid output is determined following injection of histamine; output is measured by titration with a strong base.
interaction process a. in psychology, a. of small group behavior in terms of 12 specific categories, e.g., solidarity, tension release, agreement.
linkage a. the assessment of the linkage relationship between two loci by the examination of data in pedigrees. The classical concern is with estimating recombination fractions and (because of its elasticity, efficiency, and other optimal properties) the preferred method is maximum likelihood estimation. However, there are other more modern concerns, notably determining the order of loci, testing for additive and interactive properties in the mapping function, and reconciling the pedigree data with evidence from other methods (e.g., cytogenetics, in situ hybridization studies, etc.).
Northern blot a. a procedure similar to the Southern blot a., used mostly to separate and identify RNA fragments; typically via transferring RNA fragments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter followed by detection with a suitable probe. [coined to distinguish it from eponymic Southern blot a.]
occlusal a. a study of the relations of the occlusal surfaces of opposing teeth and their effect upon related structures.bite a;
path a. a mode of a. involving assumptions about the direction of causal relationships among linked sequences and configurations of variables.
pedigree a. the formal study of the pattern of a trait in a pedigree to determine such properties as its mode of inheritance, age of onset, and variability in phenotype.
percept a. psychologic survey of an individual's personality using Rorschach's series of inkblots.
qualitative a. determination of the nature, as opposed to the quantity, of each of the elements composing a substance.
quantitative a. determination of the amount, as well as the nature, of each of the elements composing a substance.
regression a. the statistical method of finding the "best" mathematical model to describe one variable as a function of another.
saturation a. competitive binding assay
segregation a. in genetics, the enumeration of progeny according to distinct and mutually exclusive phenotypes; used as a test of a putative pattern of inheritance, e.g., mendelian, dominant autosomal, epistatic, age-dependent.
sequential a. a statistical method that allows an experiment to be ended as soon as a result of desired precision is obtained.
Southern blot a. a procedure to separate and identify DNA sequences; DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis on an agarose gel, transferred (blotted) onto a nitrocellulose or nylon membrane, and hybridized with complementary (labeled) nucleic acid probes.
stratographic a. a former term for chromatography.
survival a. a class of statistical procedures for estimating survival rates and making inferences about effects of treatment, prognostic factors, etc.
training a. psychoanalytic treatment for the purpose of training of an analytic candidate carried out under the official auspices of a psychoanalytic training institute.didactic a;
transactional a. a psychotherapy system, used in both individual and group treatment, involving a systematic understanding of the qualities of interpersonal interactions in the treatment sessions; includes four components: 1) structural analysis of intrapsychic phenomena; 2) transactional a. proper, determination of the currently dominant ego state (parent, child, or adult) of each participant; 3) game analysis, identification of the games played in their interactions and of the gratifications provided; 4) script analysis, uncovering of the causes of the patient's emotional problems.
a. of variance (ANOVA) a statistical technique that isolates and assesses the contribution of categorical independent variables to variation in the mean of a continuous dependent variable.
volumetric a. quantitative a. by the addition of graduated amounts of a standard test solution to a solution of a known amount of the substance analyzed, until the reaction is just at an end; depends upon the stoichiometric nature of the reaction between the test solution and the unknown.
Western blot a. a procedure in which proteins separated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels are transferred (blotted) onto nitrocellulose or nylon membranes and identified by specific complexing with antibodies that are either pre- or post-tagged with a labeled secondary protein. See also immunoblot.Western blot, Western blotting; [coined to distinguish it from eponymic Southern blot a.]
zoo blot a. a procedure using Southern blot a. to test the ability of a nucleic acid probe from one species to hybridize with the DNA fragment of another species.

analyst analyst (an´a-list)

1. One who makes analytical determinations. 2. Short term for psychoanalyst.

analyte analyte (an´a-lIt)

Any substance or chemical constituent of blood, urine, or other body fluid that is analyzed.

analytic analytic , analytical (an-a-lit´-ik, -i-kal)

1. Relating to analysis. 2. Relating to psychoanalysis.

analyzer analyzer , analyzor (an´a-lIz-er, -or)

1. Any instrument that performs an analysis. 2. The prism in a polariscope by means of which the polarized light is examined. 3. The neural basis of the conditioned reflex; includes all of the sensory side of the reflex arc and its central connections. 4. A device that electronically determines the frequency and amplitude of a particular channel of an electroencephalogram.
centrifugal fast a. an automatic spectrophotometer that uses centrifugal force to mix samples and reagents, and propels the reactants at high speed about a detector that makes multiple absorbance readings.
kinetic a. an instrument that measures the rate of change in a chemical substance; used mainly for enzyme measurement.
pulse height a. electronic circuitry that determines the energy of scintillations recorded by a detector, allowing use of a discriminator to select for photons of a specific type.
wave a. an apparatus that assesses a complex mixture of wave forms by separating out their component frequencies and displaying their distribution.

anamnesis anamnesis (an-am-ne´sis)

1. The act of remembering. 2. The medical or developmental history of a patient. [G. anamnesis, recollection]

anamnestic anamnestic (an-am-nes´tik)

1. Assisting the memory.mnemonic; 2. Relating to the medical history of a patient.

anamnionic anamnionic , anamniotic (an-am-ne-on´ik, -ot´ik)

Without an amnion.

Anamniota Anamniota (an-am-ne-o´ta)

A group of vertebrates whose embryos are not enclosed in an amnion; it includes the cyclostomes, fish, and amphibians.

anamorph anamorph

A somatic or reproductive structure that originates without nuclear recombination (asexual reproduction); the imperfect part of the life cycle of fungi. [G. ana, up, + morphe, form]

anamorphosis anamorphosis (an´a-mor-fo´sis)

1. In phylogeny, a progressive series of changes in the evolution of a group of animals or plants. 2. In optics, the process of correcting a distorted image with a curved mirror. [G. ana, up, + morphe, form]

ananaphylaxis ananaphylaxis (an´an-a-fI-lak´sis)

desensitization (1)

ananastasia ananastasia (an´an-a-sta´ze-a)

Inability to stand up. [G. a- priv. + anastasis, stand up]

anancasm anancasm (an´an-kazm)

Any form of repetitious stereotyped behavior which, if prevented, results in anxiety. [G. anankasma, compulsion]

anancastia anancastia (an-an-kas´te-a)

An obsession in which a person feels himself forced to act or think against his will. [G. anankastos, compelled]

anancastic anancastic (an-an-kas´tik)

Pertaining to anancasm or anancastia.

anandria anandria (an-an´dre-a)

Absence of masculinity. [G. want of manhood, fr. an- priv. + aner- (andr-), man]

anangioplasia anangioplasia (an-an´je-o-pla´ze-a)

Imperfect vascularization of a part due to nonformation of vessels, or vessels with inadequate caliber. [G. an- priv. + angeion, vessel, + plastos, formed]

anangioplastic anangioplastic (an-an´je-o-plas´tik)

Relating to, characterized by, or due to anangioplasia.

ANAP ANAP

Abbreviation for anionic neutrophil activating peptide.

anapeiratic anapeiratic (an´a-pI-rat´ik)

Resulting from overuse; denoting certain occupational neuroses. [G. ana-peiraomai, to try again, fr. peirao, to try]

anaphase anaphase (an´a-faz)

The stage of mitosis or meiosis in which the chromosomes move from the equatorial plate toward the poles of the cell. In mitosis a full set of daughter chromosomes (46 in humans) moves toward each pole. In the first division of meiosis one member of each homologous pair (23 in humans), consisting of two chromatids united at the centromere, moves toward each pole. In the second division of meiosis the centromere divides, and the two chromatids separate with one moving to each pole. [G. ana, up, + phasis, appearance]

anaphia anaphia (an-a´fe-a, an-af´e-a)

Absence of the sense of touch.anhaphia; [G. an- priv. + haphe, touch]

anaphoresis anaphoresis (an´a-fo-re´sis)

Movement of negatively charged particles (anions) in a solution or suspension toward the anode in electrophoresis. Cf. cataphoresis. [G. ana, up + phoresis, a being borne]

anaphoretic anaphoretic (an´a-fo-ret´ik)

Relating to anaphoresis (1).

anaphrodisia anaphrodisia (an´af-ro-diz´e-a)

Rarely used term denoting absence of sexual feeling. [G. insensibility to love, from an- priv. + Aphrodite, the goddess of love]

anaphrodisiac anaphrodisiac (an´af-ro-diz´e-ak)

1. Relating to anaphrodisia. 2. Repressing or destroying sexual desire. 3. An agent that lessens or abolishes sexual desire.antaphrodisiac, antaphroditic (1); [G. an- priv. + aphrodisia, sexual pleasure]

anaphylactic anaphylactic (an´a-fI-lak´tik)

Relating to anaphylaxis; manifesting extremely great sensitivity to foreign protein or other material.

anaphylactogen anaphylactogen (an´a-fI-lak´to-jen)

A substance (antigen) capable of rendering an individual susceptible to anaphylaxis; a substance (antigen) that will cause an anaphylactic reaction in such a sensitized individual.

anaphylactogenesis anaphylactogenesis (an´a-fI-lak-to-jen´e-sis)

The production of anaphylaxis.

anaphylactogenic anaphylactogenic (an´a-fI-lak-to-jen´ik)

Producing anaphylaxis; pertaining to substances (antigens) that result in an individual becoming susceptible to anaphylaxis.

anaphylactoid anaphylactoid (an´a-fI-lak´toyd)

Resembling anaphylaxis.pseudoanaphylactic; [anaphylaxis + G. eidos, resemblance]

anaphylatoxin anaphylatoxin (an´a-fil-a-tok´sin)

1. A substance postulated to be the immediate cause of anaphylactic shock and that is assumed to result from the in vivo combination of specific antibody and the specific sensitizing material, when the latter is injected as a shock dose in a sensitized animal. 2. The small fragment (C3a) split from the third component (C3) of complement by C3 convertase and that releases histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells, causes pig ileum to contract, and produces a local wheal following intracutaneous injection in man; also used with reference to a small fragment (C5a) split from the fifth component (C5) of complement by the EAC1243 complex which has chemotactic properties as well.anaphylotoxin; [anaphylaxis + toxin]

anaphylatoxin inactivator anaphylatoxin inactivator

An a-globulin (MW 300,000) which destroys the activity of the anaphylatoxic complement fragments. See anaphylatoxin (2).

anaphylaxis anaphylaxis (an´a-fI-lak´sis)

A term coined by Portier and Richet to indicate a lessened resistance to a toxin which results from a previous inoculation of the same material, and in this sense was synonymous with hypersensitivity in its original usage of a postulated increased sensitivity to a toxin; shortly thereafter, a. was used by Arthus to indicate an induced sensitivity; at times a. is used for anaphylactic shock. The term is commonly used to denote the immediate, transient kind of immunologic (allergic) reaction characterized by contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries due to release of pharmacologically active substances (histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and slow-reacting substance), classically initiated by the combination of antigen (allergen) with mast cell-fixed, cytophilic antibody (chiefly IgE); the reaction can be initiated, also, by relatively large quantities of serum aggregates (antigen-antibody complexes, and others) that seemingly activate complement leading to production of anaphylatoxin, a reaction sometimes termed "aggregate a."anaphylactic reaction; [G. ana, away from, back from, + phylaxis, protection]
active a. reaction following inoculation of antigen in a subject previously sensitized to the specific antigen, in contrast to passive a.
aggregate a. See anaphylaxis.
antiserum a. passive a
chronic a. enteritis anaphylactica
generalized a. the immediate response, involving smooth muscles and capillaries throughout the body of a sensitized individual, that follows intravenous (and occasionally intracutaneous) injection of antigen (allergen). See also anaphylactic shock.systemic a;
inverse a. anaphylactic shock in an animal (e.g., guinea pig) whose tissues contain Forssman antigen, resulting from an intravenous injection of serum that contains Forssman's antibody.
local a. the immediate, transient kind of response that follows the injection of antigen (allergen) into the skin of a sensitized individual and is limited to the area surrounding the site of inoculation. See also skin test.
passive a. a reaction resulting from inoculation of antigen in an animal previously inoculated intravenously with specific antiserum from another animal, a latent period being required between the two inoculations.antiserum a;
passive cutaneous a. (PCA) a reaction that occurs in the guinea pig when antiserum is injected into the skin and, 6 to 24 hours later, specific antigen and a dye such as Pontamine blue or Evans blue are inoculated intravenously; the size of the blue areas at the sites of the antibody injections is a measure of the degree of altered permeability to dye-bound albumin.
reversed a. reversed passive a
reversed passive a. an anaphylactic reaction induced in an animal injected with a specific antigen, which will bind to reactive tissue, and then, after a latent period, with serum from another animal previously sensitized to the identical antigen.reversed a;
systemic a. generalized a

anaphylotoxin anaphylotoxin (an´a-fil-o-tok´sin)

anaphylatoxin

anaplasia anaplasia (an-a-pla´se-a)

Loss of structural differentiation, especially as seen in most, but not all, malignant neoplasms.dedifferentiation (2); [G. ana, again, + plasis, a molding]

Anaplasma Anaplasma (an-a-plas´ma)

A genus of bacteria (family Anaplasmataceae) that parasitize red blood cells, where they appear as spherical chromatic granules; there is no demonstrable multiplication of these organisms in other tissues. These organisms are natural parasites of ruminants (families Bovidae and Camelidae) and are transmitted by arthropods. Initially regarded as protozoa, they are now placed in the order Rickettsiales. The type species is A. marginale. [G. shape, copy]
A. centra´le a species that causes benign anaplasmosis of cattle.
A. margina´le a species that causes clinical anaplasmosis of cattle; it is the type species of the genus A.
A. o´vis a species that causes anaplasmosis in sheep and goats; cattle are refractory.

anaplasmosis anaplasmosis (an´a-plas-mo´sis)

An infectious disease of ruminants, varying from peracute to chronic, caused by Anaplasma species and characterized by progressive anemia, and fever; it is transmitted by at least 20 species of ticks and mechanically by hematophagous insects including horseflies (Tabanus), stable flies (Stomoxys), deerflies (Chrysops), and mosquitoes.

anaplastic anaplastic (an-a-plas´tik)

1. Relating to anaplasty. 2. Characterized by or pertaining to anaplasia. 3. Growing without form or structure.

anaplasty anaplasty (an´a-plas-te)

Obsolete term for plastic surgery. [G. ana, again, + plastos, formed]

anaplerosis anaplerosis (an´a-pler-o´sis)

The process of replenishment of depleted metabolic cycle or pathway intermediates; most commonly referring to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. [G. filling up, fr. ana-, up, + plerosis, filling, fr. pleroo, to fill]

anaplerotic anaplerotic (an´a-pler-o´tik)

Referring to reactions or pathways that contribute to anaplerosis.

anapophysis anapophysis (an-a-pof´i-sis)

An accessory spinal process of a vertebra, found especially in the thoracic or lumbar vertebrae. [G. ana, back, + apophysis, offshoot]

anaptic anaptic (a-nap´tik)

Relating to anaphia.

anarithmia anarithmia (an-a-rith´me-a)

Aphasia characterized by an inability to count or use numbers. [G. an- priv. + arithmos, number]

anarthria anarthria (an-ar´thre-a)

Loss of the power of articulate speech. See also aphasia, alexia, dysarthria. [G. fr. an-anthos, without joints; (of sound) inarticulate]

anasarca anasarca (an-a-sar´ka)

A generalized infiltration of edema fluid into subcutaneous connective tissue.hydrosarca; [G. ana, through, + sarx (sark-), flesh]
fetoplacental a. edema of fetus and placenta as found in fetal hydrops.

anasarcous anasarcous (an-a-sar´kus)

Characterized by anasarca.

anastigmatic anastigmatic (an´as-tig-mat´ik)

Not astigmatic.

anastigmats anastigmats

1. Lenses in which astigmatism is corrected. 2. Lenses in which both astigmatism and field curvature are corrected.

anastole anastole (an-as´to-le)

Obsolete term for the gaping of a wound. [G. anastole, the laying bare of a wound]

anastomose anastomose (a-nas´to-mos)

1. To open one structure into another directly or by connecting channels, said of blood vessels, lymphatics, and hollow viscera; also incorrectly applied to nerves. 2. To unite by means of an anastomosis, or connection between formerly separate structures.

anastomosis anastomosis , pl. anastomoses (a-nas´to-mo´sis, -sez)

1. A natural communication, direct or indirect, between two blood vessels or other tubular structures. Also incorrectly applied to nerves. See communication. 2. An operative union of two hollow or tubular structures. 3. An opening created by surgery, trauma, or disease between two or more normally separate spaces or organs. [G. anastomosis, from anastomoo, to furnish with a mouth]
arteriolovenular a. arteriovenous a
a. arterioveno´sa [NA] arteriovenous a
arteriovenous a. (A-V a.) vessels through which blood is shunted from arterioles to venules without passing through the capillaries.a. arteriovenosa [NA] , arteriolovenular a;
A-V a. abbreviation for arteriovenous a.
Béclard's a. an a. between the right and the left end-branch of the deep lingual artery.arcus raninus;
bevelled a. a. performed after cutting each of the structures to be joined in an oblique fashion.
Billroth I a. Billroth's operation I
Billroth II a. Billroth's operation II
Braun's a. after gastroenterostomy, a. between afferent and efferent loops of jejunum.
cavopulmonary a. a means of palliating cyanotic heart disease by anastomosing the right pulmonary artery to the superior vena cava.cavopulmonary shunt, Glenn shunt;
circular a. a. performed after cutting each structure to be joined in a plane vertical to the ultimate flow through the structures.
Clado's a. a. in the right suspensory ligament of the ovary between the appendicular and ovarian arteries.
conjoined a. the joining together of two small blood vessels by side-to-side elliptical a. to create a single larger stoma for subsequent end-to-end a.
cruciate a. , crucial a. a four-way a. between branches of the first perforating branch of the deep femoral, inferior gluteal and medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, located posterior to the upper part of the femur. Formerly described as commonly occurring; investigations show it rarely occurs in the four-way "cross" pattern.
Damus-Stancel-Kaye a. Damus-Kaye-Stancel procedure
elliptical a. a modification of direct a. whereby one or both tubular structures are spatulated beforehand, thus creating an ellipse of greater cross-sectional as well as circumferential dimension than would be possible with a bevelled or circular a.
Galen's a. communicating branch of superior laryngeal nerve with recurrent laryngeal nerve
Hofmeister-Pólya a. See Hofmeister's operation, Pólya's operation.
Hoyer's anastomoses Sucquet-Hoyer canals, under canal
Hyrtl's a. Hyrtl's loop
intermesenteric arterial a. intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade
intestinal a. enteroenterostomy
isoperistaltic a. an a. allowing flow of contents in the same and normal direction.
Jacobson's a. a portion of the tympanic plexus.
Martin-Gruber a. a nerve anomaly in the forearm, consisting of a median to ulnar nerve communication; Also referred to a median-to-ulnar crossover.
microvascular a. a. of very small blood vessels performed under a surgical microscope.
portacaval anastomoses portal-systemic anastomoses
portal-systemic anastomoses 1. naturally-occurring venous communications between tributaries of the portal venous system and tributaries of the systemic venous system. The major portal-systemic anastomoses include: 1) esophageal branches of left gastric vein with esophageal veins, 2) superior rectal vein with middle and inferior rectal veins, 3) paraumbilical veins with subcutaneous veins of anterior abdominal wall, 4) retroperitoneal veins with venous branches of veins of the colon and bare area of the liver, and 5) a patent ductus venosus connecting left branch of portal vein to inferior vena cava (rare). These anastomoses are important clinically, providing collateral circulation during portal obstruction or hypertension, at which time they may become varicose; See caput medusae, esophageal varices, under varix, hemorrhoids. 2. surgically-created communications between the portal vein and the inferior vena cava or their tributaries, to relieve portal hypertension.portacaval anastomoses;
postcostal a. longitudinal a. of intersegmental arteries giving rise to the vertebral artery.
Potts' a. Potts' operation
precapillary a. an a. between arterioles just before they become capillaries.
precostal a. (pre-kos-tal) longitudinal a. of intersegmental arteries in the embryo that gives rise to the thyrocervical and costocervical trunk.
Riolan's a. the specific portion of the marginal artery of the colon connecting the middle and left colic arteries.Riolan's arc (3);
Roux-en-Y a. a. of the distal end of the divided jejunum to the stomach, bile duct, or another structure, with implantation of the proximal end into the side of the jejunum at a suitable distance below the first a., the bowel then forming a Y-shaped pattern.
Schmidel's anastomoses abnormal channels of communication between the caval and portal venous systems.
Sucquet-Hoyer anastomoses Sucquet-Hoyer canals, under canal
Sucquet's anastomoses Sucquet-Hoyer canals, under canal
termino-terminal a. an operation by which the central end of an artery is connected with the peripheral end of the corresponding vein, and the peripheral end of the artery with the central end of the vein.
transureteroureteral a. transureteroureterostomy
uretero-ileal a. a. between the ureter and an isolated segment of ileum. See also Bricker operation.
ureterosigmoid a. a. between the ureter and a segment of the sigmoid colon.
ureterotubal a. procedure for a. between the ureter and the fallopian tube.
ureteroureteral a. a. from one part of a ureter to another part of the same ureter.

anastomotic anastomotic (a-nas-to-mot´ik)

Pertaining to an anastomosis.

anastral anastral (an-as´tral)

Lacking an astrosphere.

anatomical anatomical (an´a-tom´i-kal)

1. Relating to anatomy. 2. structural 3. Denoting a strictly morphological feature distinct from its physiological or surgical considerations, e.g., anatomical neck of humerus, anatomical dead space, anatomical lobulation of the liver.

anatomical snuffbox anatomical snuffbox (snuf´boks)

A hollow seen on the radial aspect of the wrist when the thumb is extended fully; it is bounded by the prominences of the tendon of the extensor pollicis longus posteriorly and of the tendons of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus anteriorly. The radial artery crosses the floor which is formed by the scaphoid and the trapezium bones.tabatière anatomique;

anatomicomedical anatomicomedical (an-a-tom´i-ko-med´i-kal)

Referring to both medicine and anatomy.

anatomicopathological anatomicopathological (an-a-tom´i-ko-path-o-loj´i-kal)

Relating to anatomical pathology.

anatomicosurgical anatomicosurgical (an-a-tom´i-ko-ser´ji-kal)

Relating to surgical anatomy.

anatomist anatomist (a-nat´o-mist)

A specialist in the science of anatomy.

anatomy anatomy (a-nat´o-me)

1. The morphologic structure of an organism. 2. The science of the morphology or structure of organisms. 3. dissection 4. A work describing the form and structure of an organism and its various parts. [G. anatome, dissection, from ana, apart, + tome, a cutting]
applied a. clinical a
artificial a. the manufacture of models of anatomic structures, or the study of a. from such models.
artistic a. the study of a. for artistic purposes, as applied to painting, drawing, or sculpture.
clastic a. the construction or study of models in layers which can be removed one after the other to show the structure of the organism and/or organ.plastic a;
clinical a. the practical application of anatomical knowledge to diagnosis and treatment.applied a;
comparative a. the comparative study of animal structure with regard to homologous organs or parts.
dental a. that branch of gross a. concerned with the morphology of teeth, their location, position, and relationships.
descriptive a. a description of, especially a treatise describing, physical structure, more particularly that of man.systematic a;
developmental a. a. of the structural changes of an individual from fertilization to adulthood; includes embryology, fetology, and postnatal development.
functional a. a. studied in its relation to function.morphophysiology, physiological a;
general a. the study of gross and microscopic structures as well as of the composition of the body, its tissues and fluids.
gross a. general a., so far as it can be studied without the use of the microscope; commonly used to denote the study of a. by dissection of a cadaver. See practical a.macroscopic a;
living a. the study of a. in the living individual by inspection.
macroscopic a. gross a
medical a. a. in its bearing upon the diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
microscopic a. the branch of a. in which the structure of cells, tissues, and organs is studied with the light microscope. See histology.
pathological a. anatomical pathology
physiological a. functional a
plastic a. clastic a
practical a. a. studied by means of dissection. See gross a.
radiological a. the study of bodily sturcture using radiographs and other imaging methods.
regional a. an approach to anatomical study based on regions, parts, or divisions of the body (e.g., the foot or the inguinal region), emphasizing the relationships of various systemic structures (e.g., muscles, nerves, and arteries) within that area; distinguished from systemic a.topographic a., topology (1);
special a. the a. of certain definite organs or groups of organs involved in the performance of special functions; descriptive a. dealing with the separate systems.
surface a. the study of the configuration of the surface of the body, especially in its relation to deeper parts.
surgical a. applied a. in reference to surgical diagnosis and treatment.
systematic a. descriptive a
systemic a. a. of the systems of the body; an approach to anatomical study organized by organ systems, e.g., the cardiovascular system, emphasizing an overview of the system throughout the body; distinguished from regional a.
topographic a. regional a
transcendental a. the theories and deductions based upon the morphology of the organs and individual parts of the body.
ultrastructural a. the ultramicroscopic study of structures too small to be seen with a light microscope.

anatopism anatopism (a-nat´o-pizm)

Failure to conform to the cultural pattern. [G. ana, backward, + topos, place]

anatoxic anatoxic (an-a-tok´sik)

Pertaining to the characteristic properties of anatoxin (toxoid).

anatoxin anatoxin (an-a-tok´sin)

toxoid

anatricrotic anatricrotic (an´a-trI-krot´ik)

Characterized by anatricrotism; denoting a sphygmographic tracing with three waves on the ascending limb.

anatricrotism anatricrotism (an´a-trik´ro-tizm)

A condition of the pulse manifested by a triple beat on the ascending limb of the sphygmographic tracing. [G. ana, up, + tri-, thrice, krotos, beating]

anatripsis anatripsis (an-a-trip´sis)

Therapeutic use of rubbing or friction with or without simultaneous application of a medicament. [G. a rubbing, fr. anatribo, fr. ana, intensive, + tribo, to rub]

anatriptic anatriptic (an-a-trip´tik)

1. Pertaining to anatripsis. 2. A remedy to be applied by friction or rubbing.

anaxon anaxon , anaxone (an-aks´on, -aks´on)

Having no axon; denoting certain nerve cells first described by S. Ramón y Cajal as amacrine cells in the retina, and later discovered in several brain regions. [G. an- priv. + axon, axis]

anazoturia anazoturia (an´az-o-tu´re-a)

A deficiency or lack of nitrogenous metabolic products excreted in the urine; pertains especially to unusually small quantities of urea in the urine. [G. an- priv. + azoturia]

AnCC AnCC

Abbreviation for anodal closure contraction.

ancestor ancestor

A person in the direct line of descent from which a subject of interest is derived (parents, grandparents, etc.; but no collaterals or descendants).
leading ancestor in genetic counseling given to a consultand unaffected by but possibly a carrier or a latent subject of the disease; the most recent ancestor in the direct line of descent known to have had the affected gene in question.

anchorage anchorage (ang´kor-ij)

1. Operative fixation of loose or prolapsed abdominal or pelvic organs. 2. The part to which anything is fastened. In dentistry, a tooth or an implanted tooth substitute with which a fixed or removable partial denture, crown, or restoration is retained. 3. The nature and degree of resistance to displacement offered by an anatomical unit when used for the purpose of effecting tooth movement. [L. ancora, fr. G. ankyra, anchor]
cervical a. a. in which the back of the neck is used for resistance by means of a cervical strap.
extraoral a. a. in which the resistance unit is outside the oral cavity; e.g., cranial, occipital, or cervical a.
intermaxillary a. a. in which the units in one jaw are used to effect tooth movement in the other jaw.
intramaxillary a. a. in which the resistance units are all situated within the same jaw.
intraoral a. a. in which the resistance units are all located within the oral cavity.
multiple a. a. in which more than one type of resistance unit is utilized.reinforced a;
occipital a. a. in which the top and back of the head are used for resistance by means of a headgear.
reciprocal a. a. in which the movement of one or more teeth is balanced against the movement of one or more opposing teeth.
reinforced a. multiple a
simple a. a. in which the resistance to the movement of one or more teeth comes solely from resistance to tipping movement of the a. unit.
stationary a. a. in which the resistance to the movement of one or more teeth comes from the resistance to bodily movement of the a. unit; a questionable concept since the selected teeth remain only relatively stable.

anchorin anchorin (ang´kor-in)

ankyrin [anchor + -in]

anchusin anchusin (an´ku-sin)

alkannin

ancillary ancillary (an´si-lar-e)

Auxiliary, accessory, or secondary. [L. ancillaris, relating to a maid servant]

ancipital ancipital , ancipitate , ancipitous (an-sip´i-tal, -i-tat, -i-tus)

Two-headed; two-edged. [L. anceps, two- headed]

ancon ancon (ang´kon)

elbow (1) [G. ankon, elbow]

anconad anconad (ang´ko-nad)

Toward the elbow. [G. ankon, elbow, + L. ad, to]

anconal anconal , anconeal (ang´ko-nal, ang-ko´ne-al)

1. Relating to the elbow (ancon). 2. Relating to the anconeus muscle.

anconeus anconeus (ang-ko´ne-us)

anconeus muscle [L.]

anconitis anconitis (an-ko-nI´tis)

Inflammation of the elbow joint. [G. ankon, elbow, + -itis, inflammation]

anconoid anconoid (ang´ko-noyd)

Resembling the elbow.

ancrod ancrod (an´krod)

A fraction obtained from the venom of the pit viper, Angkistrodon rhodostoma, which contains a fibrinogen-splitting enzyme; produces hypofibrinogenemia and diminution of both whole blood and plasma viscosity for improvement of the rheologic properties of blood, and is used in treatment of chronic peripheral vascular disease.

ancylo- ancylo-

See ankylo-.

Ancylostoma Ancylostoma (an-si-los´to-ma, an-ki-)

A genus of Nematoda, the Old World hookworm, the members of which are parasitic in the duodenum. They attach themselves to villi in the mucous membrane, suck blood, and may cause a state of anemia, especially in cases of malnutrition. The eggs are passed with the feces, and the larvae develop in moist soil to become infectious third-stage (filariform) larvae that enter the body of man through the skin and possibly in drinking water; they migrate by the bloodstream to lung alveoli, are carried to bronchi and trachea, swallowed, and passed to the intestine where they mature. See also ancylostomiasis, Necator.Ankylostoma (1); [G. ankylos, curved, hooked, + stoma, mouth]
A. brazilien´se a species characterized by one pair of ventral buccal teeth, normally an intestinal parasite of dogs and cats but also found in man as a cause of human cutaneous larva migrans.
A. cani´num a species possessing three pairs of ventral teeth in the oral cavity; common in dogs, but also occurring in human skin as a cause of cutaneous larva migrans.
A. ceylan´icum species found in the civet cat of Ceylon; rarely reported from man as an intestinal parasite in Southeast Asia.
A. duodena´le the Old World hookworm of man, a species widespread in temperate areas, in contrast to the more tropical distribution of the New World hookworm, Necator americanus. It is the only hookworm found in the U.S.

ancylostomatic ancylostomatic (an´si-lo-sto-mat´ik, an´ki-)

Referring to hookworms of the genus Ancylostoma.

ancylostomiasis ancylostomiasis (an´si-lo-sto-mI´a-sis, an´ki-)

Hookworm disease caused by Ancylostoma duodenale and characterized by eosinophilia, anemia, emaciation, dyspepsia, and, in children with severe long-continued infections, swelling of the abdomen with mental and physical maldevelopment.ankylostomiasis, intertropical hyphemia, tropical hyphemia, miner's disease (1) , tunnel disease, uncinariasis;
cutaneous a. cutaneous larva migrans caused by larvae of hookworms.ancylostoma dermatitis, a. cutis, coolie itch, dew itch, ground itch, swamp itch, swimmer's itch (1) , toe itch, water itch (1) , water sore;
a. cu´tis cutaneous a

ancyroid ancyroid (an´si-royd)

Shaped like the fluke of an anchor; denoting the cornua of the lateral ventricles of the brain and the coracoid process of the scapula.ankyroid; [G. ankyra, anchor, + eidos, resemblance]

Andernach Andernach

Johann W. (Guenther von Andernach), German physician, 1505-1574. See A.'s ossicles, under ossicle.

Anders Anders

James Meschter, U.S. physician, 1854-1936. See A.'s disease.

Andersch Andersch

Carolus Samuel, German anatomist, 1732-1777. See A.'s ganglion, nerve.

Andersen Andersen

Dorothy Hansine, U.S. pediatrician, 1901-1963. See A.'s disease.

Anderson Anderson

Roger, U.S. surgeon, 1891-1971. See A. splint.

Anderson Anderson

James C., British urologist, *1899. See A.-Hynes pyeloplasty.

Anderson Anderson

Evelyn, U.S. physician, *1899. See A.-Collip test.

Anderson-Collip test Anderson-Collip test

See under test.

andira andira (an-dI´ra)

The bark of Andira inermis, a leguminous tree of tropical America, used as an emetic, purgative, and anthelmintic.cabbage tree, worm bark; [West Indian native name]

andirine andirine (an-dI´rin)

N-Methyltyrosine;an alkaloid derived from Andira that has negligible stimulating action.

Andral Andral

Gabriel, French physician, 1797-1876. See A.'s decubitus.

andrenosterone andrenosterone (an-dre-nos´ter-on)

adrenosterone

Andrews Andrews

C.J., U.S. surgeon. See Brandt-A. maneuver.

andriatrics andriatrics , andriatry (an-dri-at´riks, -drI´a-tre)

Medical science relating to diseases of male genital organs and of men in general. [G. aner, a man, + iatreia, medical treatment]

andro- andro-

Masculine. [G. aner, andros, a male human being]

androblastoma androblastoma (an´dro-blas-to´ma)

1. A testicular tumor microscopically resembling fetal testis, with varying proportions of tubular and stromal elements; the tubules contain Sertoli cells, which may cause feminization.Pick's tubular adenoma, Sertoli cell tumor, testicular tubular adenoma; 2. arrhenoblastoma [G. aner (andre-), man, + blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]

androgen androgen (an´dro-jen)

Generic term for an agent, usually a hormone (e.g., androsterone, testosterone), that stimulates activity of the accessory male sex organs, encourages development of male sex characteristics, or prevents changes in the latter that follow castration; natural a.'s are steroids, derivatives of androstane.testoid (2);
adrenal a. any androgenic hormone of adrenocortical origin; e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone (and its sulfate), androstenedione, 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione.

androgenesis androgenesis (an-dro-jen´e-sis)

Egg development in the presence of paternal chromosomes only. [andro- + G. genesis, production]

androgenic androgenic (an-dro-jen´ik)

Relating to an androgen; having a masculinizing effect.testoid (1);

androgenous androgenous (an-droj´e-nus)

Giving birth to males.

androgynism androgynism (an-droj´i-nizm)

female pseudohermaphroditism

androgynoid androgynoid (an-droj´i-noyd)

A male resembling a female, or possessing female features. [andro- + G. gyne, woman, + eidos, resemblance]

androgynous androgynous (an-droj´i-nus)

Pertaining to androgyny.

androgyny androgyny (an-droj´i-ne)

1. female pseudohermaphroditism 2. Having both masculine and feminine characteristics, as in attitudes and behaviors that contain features of stereotyped, culturally sanctioned sexual roles of both male and female. [andro- + G. gyne, woman]

android android (an´droyd)

andromorphous [andro- + G. eidos, resemblance]

andrology andrology (an-drol´o-je)

The branch of medicine concerned with diseases peculiar to the male sex, particularly infertility and sexual dysfunction. [andro- + G. logos, treatise]

andromania andromania (an-dro-ma´ne-a)

Obsolete term for nymphomania. [andro- + G. mania, frenzy]

andromedotoxin andromedotoxin (an-drom´e-do-tok´sin)

A strongly emetic active principle obtained from several species of Andromeda and Rhododendron (family Ericaceae); it is a cardiac poison, first stimulating and then paralyzing the vagus; it also paralyzes the motor nerve ends in striated muscle.

andromorphous andromorphous (an-dro-mor´fus)

Having a male form or habitus.android; [andro- + G. morphe, form]

andropathy andropathy (an-drop´a-the)

Any disease, such as prostatitis, peculiar to the male sex. [andro- + G. pathos, suffering]

androphobia androphobia (an-dro-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of men, or of the male sex, resulting in avoidance of situations where men are present. [andro- + G. phobos, fear]

androstane androstane (an´dro-stan)

The parent hydrocarbon of the androgenic steroids. For structure, see steroids.

androstanediol androstanediol (an-dro-stan´dI-ol)

5a-Androstane-3beta,17beta-diol;a steroid metabolite, of which 5beta isomers are also known.

androstanedione androstanedione (an-dro-stan´dI-on)

5a-Androstane-3,17-dione;a steroid metabolite, of which the 5beta isomer is also known.

androstene androstene (an´dro-sten)

Androstane with an unsaturated (i.e., -CH=CH-) bond in the molecule.

androstenediol androstenediol (an-dro-sten´dI-ol)

5-Androsten-3beta,17beta-diol;a steroid metabolite differing from androstanediol by possessing a double bond between C-5 and C-6.

androstenedione androstenedione (an-dro-sten´dI-on)

4-Androstene-3,17-dione;androstanedione with a double bond between C-4 and C-5; an androgenic steroid of weaker biological potency than testosterone; secreted by the testis, ovary, and adrenal cortex.

androstenolone androstenolone (an-dro-sten-o-lon)

dehydro-3-epiandrosterone

androsterone androsterone (an-dros´ter-on)

cis-Androsterone; 3a-hydroxy-5a-androstan-17-one; (3a-hydroxyetioallocholan-17-one; 3-epihydroxyetioallocholan-17-one);a steroid metabolite, found in male urine, having weak androgenic potency. Formed in testes from progesterone.

AnDTe AnDTe

Abbreviation for anodal duration tetanus.

anecdotal anecdotal (a-nek´do-tal)

Report of clinical experiences based in individual cases, rather than an organized investigation with appropriate controls, etc. [G. anekdota, unpublished items, fr. an- priv + ekidomi, to publish]

anechoic anechoic (an-e-ko´ik)

The property of appearing echo-free or without echoes on a sonographic image; a clear cyst appears anechoic. See transonic.echo-free; [G. an- priv. + echo + ic]

anectasis anectasis (an-ek´ta-sis)

primary atelectasis [G. an- priv. + ektasis, dilation]

Anel Anel

Dominique, French surgeon, 1679-1725. See A.'s method.

anelectrode anelectrode (an-e-lek´trod)

anode

anelectrotonic anelectrotonic (an-e-lek-tro-ton´ik)

Relating to anelectrotonus.

anelectrotonus anelectrotonus (an´e-lek-trot´o-nus)

Changes in excitability and conductivity in a nerve or muscle cell in the neighborhood of the anode during the passage of a constant electric current. [anelectrode + G. tonos, tension]

anemia anemia (a-ne´me-a)

Any condition in which the number of red blood cells per cu mm, the amount of hemoglobin in 100 ml of blood, and the volume of packed red blood cells per 100 ml of blood are less than normal; clinically, generally pertaining to the concentration of oxygen-transporting material in a designated volume of blood, in contrast to total quantities as in oligocythemia, oligochromemia, and oligemia. A. is frequently manifested by pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, shortness of breath, palpitations of the heart, soft systolic murmurs, lethargy, and fatigability. [G. anaimia, fr. an- priv. + haima, blood]
achlorhydric a. a form of chronic hypochromic microcytic a. associated with achlorhydria or achylia gastrica; observed most frequently in women in the third to fifth decades.Faber's a., Faber's syndrome;
achrestic a. a form of chronic progressive macrocytic a. that can be fatal in which the changes in bone marrow and circulating blood closely resemble those of pernicious a., but in which there is only transient or no response to therapy with vitamin B₁₂; glossitis, gastrointestinal disturbances, central nervous system disease, and pyrexia are not observed, and there is only little bleeding or hemolysis. [G. a- priv. + chresis, a using]
acquired hemolytic a. nonhereditary acute or chronic a. associated with or caused by extracorpuscular factors, e.g., certain infectious agents, chemicals (including autoantibodies or therapeutic agents), burns, toxic materials from higher plant and animal forms (including snake venoms).
addisonian a. pernicious a
Addison's a. pernicious a
angiopathic hemolytic a. a rare postpartum a. of unknown etiology with uremia and nephrosclerosis; may be a rare complication following use of contraceptive steroids.
aplastic a. a. characterized by a greatly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, usually associated with pronounced granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, as a result of hypoplastic or aplastic bone marrow.a. gravis, Ehrlich's a;
asiderotic a. chlorosis
autoimmune hemolytic a. 1. cold-antibody type, caused by hemagglutinating antibody (usually IgM class) maximally active at 4°C; and resulting from severe hemolysis in cold hemagglutinin disease; 2. warm-antibody type, acquired hemolytic a. due to serum autoantibodies (usually IgG class) maximally active at 37°C; that react with the patient's red blood cells; it varies in severity, occurs in all age groups of both sexes, and may be idiopathic or secondary to neoplastic, autoimmune, or other disease. The Coombs test is positive for IgG and complement, IgG alone, or complement alone.
Bartonella a. a. occurring in infection with Bartonella bacilliformis and characterized by an acute febrile a. of rapid onset and high mortality. Occurs in central Andean mountains of northern South America; vector is phlebotomine sandfly, Lutzomyia.
Belgian Congo a. kasai
Biermer's a. pernicious a
brickmaker's a. a. associated with hookworm disease.
cameloid a. elliptocytic a
chlorotic a. chlorosis
congenital a. erythroblastosis fetalis
congenital aplastic a. Fanconi's a
congenital dyserythropoietic a. a group of autosomal recessive a.'s characterized by ineffective erythropoiesis, bone marrow erythroblastic multinuclearity, and secondary hemochromatosis. Three types are described: type I [MIM224100], macrocytic, megaloblastic a. with erythroblastic internuclear chromatin bridges; type II , [MIM*224100], normoblastic a. with multinucleated erythroblasts; type III , macrocytic a. with erythroblastic multinuclearity and gigantoblasts [MIM*105600].
congenital hemolytic a. accelerated destruction of red blood cells due to an inherited defect, such as in the membrane in hereditary spherocytosis.
congenital hypoplastic a. [MIM*205900] congenital nonregenerative, familial hypoplastic, or pure red cell a.; erythrogenesis imperfecta; Diamond-Blackfan syndrome; autosomal recessive normocytic normochromic a. resulting from congenital hypoplasia of the bone marrow, which is grossly deficient in erythroid precursors while other elements are normal; a. is progressive and severe, but leukocyte and platelet counts are normal or slightly reduced; survival of transfused erythrocytes is normal; minor congenital anomalies are found in some patients.congenital nonregenerative a., Diamond-Blackfan a., Diamond-Blackfan syndrome, erythrogenesis imperfecta, familial hypoplastic a., pure red cell a;
congenital nonregenerative a. congenital hypoplastic a
Cooley's a. thalassemia major
cow milk a. a. occurring in infants fed cow milk without iron supplementation, attributed to digestive tract allergic reaction leading to blood loss and hence iron deficiency.
crescent cell a. sickle cell a
deficiency a. nutritional a
Diamond-Blackfan a. congenital hypoplastic a
dilution a. hydremia
dimorphic a. a. in which two distinct forms of red cells are circulating.
diphyllobothrium a. a rare form of macrocytic a. associated with Diphyllobothrium latum infection, especially in Finland.fish tapeworm a;
drepanocytic a. sickle cell a
dyshemopoietic a. any a. resulting from defective function of the bone marrow.
Ehrlich's a. aplastic a
elliptocytary a. (e-lip´to-sI´tar-e) a. with elliptocytosis; a heterogeneous group of inherited a.'s having in common elliptical red cells on blood smear. The defect may reside in dysfunction or deficiency of proteins of the red cell membrane skeleton.elliptocytotic a;
elliptocytic a. a. characterized by elliptical erythrocytes (ovalocytes) resembling those observed normally in camels; 1 to 15% of erythrocytes in nonanemic persons may be oval, but greater proportions are observed in certain patients with microcytic a. See also elliptocytosis.cameloid a., ovalocytic a;
elliptocytotic a. (e-lip´to-sI-tot´ik) elliptocytary a
equine infectious a. a worldwide infectious disease of horses and other equids, caused by equine infectious a. virus and a member of the family Retroviridae, marked by general debility, remittent fever, staggering gait, progressive a., and loss of flesh; it is transmitted by bloodsucking insects and by contact, oral infection, or the use of unsterilized syringes and needles.swamp fever (1);
erythroblastic a. erythronormoblastic a
erythronormoblastic a. (e-rith´ro-nor´mo-blast- ik) a. characterized by the presence of large numbers of nucleated red cells (normoblasts and erythroblasts) in the peripheral blood. Seen especially in newborns with hemolytic a., such as that caused by Rh or ABO incompatibility.erythroblastic a;
essential a. obsolete term for pernicious a.; also used formerly for any type of a. of unknown mechanism.
Faber's a. achlorhydric a
false a. pseudoanemia
familial erythroblastic a. an outmoded term for thalassemia major.
familial hypoplastic a. congenital hypoplastic a
familial microcytic a. [MIM*206200] a rare type of autosomal recessive hypochromic microcytic a. associated with a defect of iron metabolism characterized by high serum iron, hepatic iron deposits, and absence of stainable bone marrow iron stores.
familial pyridoxine-responsive a. [MIM*206000] a rare autosomal recessive hereditary hypochromic a.; autosomal trait, responsive to pyridoxine.
familial splenic a. Gaucher's disease
Fanconi's a. a type of idiopathic refractory a. characterized by pancytopenia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and congenital anomalies, occurring in members of the same family (an autosomal recessive trait in at least two nonallelic types [MIM*227650 and 227660]); the a. is normocytic or slightly macrocytic, macrocytes and target cells may be found in the circulating blood, and the leukopenia usually is due to neutropenia; congenital anomalies include short stature, microcephaly, hypogenitalism, strabismus, anomalies of the thumbs, radii, and kidneys, mental retardation, and microphthalmia.congenital aplastic a., congenital pancytopenia, Fanconi's syndrome (1);
feline infectious a. (FIA) an acute or chronic a. of domestic cats caused by the rickettsia Haemobartonella felis.hemobartonellosis;
fish tapeworm a. diphyllobothrium a
folic acid deficiency a. a. due to deficiency of folic acid, characterized by large-sized red blood cells (macrocytosis) and presence of large nuclei in erythroid precursor cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow.
globe cell a. hereditary spherocytosis
goat's milk a. nutritional a. in infants maintained chiefly with goat's milk, which is relatively poor in iron content.
a. gra´vis aplastic a
ground itch a. a. associated with hookworm disease.
Heinz body a. See unstable hemoglobin hemolytic a.
hemolytic a. any a. resulting from an increased rate of erythrocyte destruction.
hemolytic a. of newborn 1. erythroblastosis fetalis 2. a disease similar to erythroblastosis fetalis, seen in foals, piglets, and puppies.
hemorrhagic a. a. resulting directly from loss of blood.
hookworm a. a. associated with heavy infestation by Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus.
hyperchromic a. , hyperchromatic a. a. characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal; the individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could under optimal conditions.
hypochromic a. a. characterized by a decrease in the ratio of the weight of hemoglobin to the volume of the erythrocyte, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is less than normal; the individual cells contain less hemoglobin than they could have under optimal conditions.
hypochromic microcytic a. a. due to iron deficiency or thalassemia, and characterized by lower than normal mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration.
hypoferric a. iron deficiency a
hypoplastic a. progressive nonregenerative a. resulting from greatly depressed, inadequately functioning bone marrow; as the process persists, aplastic a. may occur.
icterohemolytic a. hereditary spherocytosis
infectious a. a. developing as a complication of infection; probably results from depressed formation and short survival of erythrocytes and abnormal iron metabolism.
intertropical a. an obsolete term for a. occurring in hookworm disease, chiefly necatoriasis.
iron deficiency a. hypochromic microcytic a. characterized by low serum iron, increased serum iron-binding capacity, decreased serum ferritin, and decreased marrow iron stores.hypoferric a;
isochromic a. normochromic a
lead a. a. associated with poisoning from lead; thought to result from a defect in synthesis of hemoglobin based on the failure of iron being combined in the porphyrin ring.
Lederer's a. obsolete eponym for a form of acute acquired hemolytic a. associated with abnormal hemolysins and sometimes with hemoglobinuria.
leukoerythroblastic a. leukoerythroblastosis
local a. a. resulting from a decreased supply of blood to a part, as in the occlusion of a vessel.
macrocytic a. any a. in which the average size of circulating erythrocytes is greater than normal, i.e., the mean corpuscular volume is 94 cu mum or more (normal range, 82 to 92 cu mum), including such syndromes as pernicious a., sprue, celiac disease, macrocytic a. of pregnancy, a. of diphyllobothriasis, and others.megalocytic a;
macrocytic achylic a. pernicious a
macrocytic a. of pregnancy an a. occurring in pregnancy, related to folate deficiency and characterized by a low level of hemoglobin and a reduced number of erythrocytes, which are larger than normal (macrocytes).
macrocytic a. tropical the macrocytic, megaloblastic a. of tropical sprue.
malignant a. pernicious a
Marchiafava-Micheli a. paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
megaloblastic a. any a. in which there is a predominant number of megaloblastic erythroblasts, and relatively few normoblasts, among the hyperplastic erythroid cells in the bone marrow (as in pernicious a.).
megalocytic a. macrocytic a
metaplastic a. pernicious a. in which the various formed elements in the blood are changed, e.g., multisegmented, unusually large neutrophils (macropolycytes), immature myeloid cells, bizarre platelets.
microangiopathic hemolytic a. hemolysis due to narrowing or obstruction of small blood vessels usually due to inflammation, causing fragmentation and distortion in the shape of red blood cells.
microcytic a. any a. in which the average size of circulating erythrocytes is smaller than normal, i.e., the mean corpuscular volume is 80 cu mum or less (normal range, 82 to 92 cu mum).
microdrepanocytic a. a., clinically resembling sickle cell a., in which individuals are compound heterozygous for the sickle cell gene and a thalassemia gene; about 60 to 80% of hemoglobin is Hb S, up to 20% Hb F, and the remainder Hb A.sickle cell-thalassemia disease;
milk a. a type of hypochromic microcytic a., resulting from deficiency of iron, occurring in infants maintained on a milk diet for too long a time.
mountain a. term sometimes used for mountain sickness.
myelophthisic a. , myelopathic a. leukoerythroblastosis
neonatal a. erythroblastosis fetalis
a. neonato´rum erythroblastosis fetalis
normochromic a. any a. in which the concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocytes is within the normal range, i.e., the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration is from 32 to 36%.isochromic a;
normocytic a. any a. in which the erythrocytes are normal in size, i.e., the mean corpuscular volume ranges from 82 to 92 cu mum.
nutritional a. any a. resulting from a dietary deficiency of materials essential to red blood cell formation, e.g., iron, vitamins (especially folic acid), protein.deficiency a;
nutritional macrocytic a. macrocytic, megaloblastic anemia due to deficiency of either folate or vitamin B12.
osteosclerotic a. a. due to compromise of erythropoiesis due to osteosclerosis.
ovalocytic a. elliptocytic a
pernicious a. [MIM*361000] a chronic progressive a. of older adults (occurring more frequently during the fifth and later decades, rarely prior to 30 years of age), due to failure of absorption of Vitamin B ₁₂, usually resulting from a defect of the stomach accompanied by mucosal atrophy and associated with lack of secretion of "intrinsic" factor; characterized by numbness and tingling, weakness, and a sore smooth tongue, as well as dyspnea after slight exertion, faintness, pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, anorexia, diarrhea, loss of weight, and fever; laboratory studies usually reveal greatly decreased red blood cell counts, low levels of hemoglobin, numerous characteristically oval shaped macrocytic erythrocytes (color index greater than normal, but not truly hyperchromic), and hypo- or achlorhydria, in association with a predominant number of megaloblasts and relatively few normoblasts in the bone marrow; the leukocyte count in peripheral blood may be less than normal, with relative lymphocytosis and hypersegmented neutrophils; a low level of vitamin B₁₂ is found in peripheral red blood cells; administration of vitamin B₁₂ results in a characteristic reticulocyte response, relief from symptoms, and an increase in erythrocytes, provided that pernicious a. is not complicated by another disease; the condition is not actually "pernicious," as it was prior to the availability of therapy with vitamin B₁₂. At least two autosomal recessive forms are known. In one there is a defect of intrinsic factor [MIM*26100] and in the other a defective absorption of vitamin B₁₂ from the intestine [MIM*261100].Addison's a., Addison-Biermer disease, addisonian a., Biermer's a., Biermer's disease, macrocytic achylic a., malignant a;
physiologic a. an obsolete term for apparent a. caused by increased fluid volume of the blood (overhydration).
polar a. a form of a. sometimes observed in natives of temperate climates when they migrate to the Arctic or Antarctic regions.
posthemorrhagic a. an acute a. caused by fairly sudden and rapid loss of blood, as by traumatic laceration of a relatively large vessel, erosion of an artery in a duodenal ulcer, hemorrhage in an ectopic pregnancy, or the result of such diseases as hemophilia and acute leukemia.traumatic a;
primary erythroblastic a. thalassemia major
primary refractory a. any of a group of anemic conditions in which there is persistent, frequently advanced a. that is not successfully treated by any means except blood transfusions, and that is not associated with another primary disease.
pure red cell a. congenital hypoplastic a
radiation a. hypoplastic a. sometimes occurring after high-level acute or low-level chronic exposure to ionizing radiation.
refractory a. 1. progressive a. unresponsive to therapy other than transfusion. See primary refractory a., secondary refractory a. See primary refractory a., secondary refractory a.
scorbutic a. a. occurring in patients with scurvy, usually due to coincident nutritional deficiency; e.g., the "megaloblastic a. of scurvy" is due to concomitant folic acid deficiency.
secondary refractory a. any persistent a. that is successfully treated only by blood transfusions, and that is associated with another condition.
sickle cell a. [MIM*141900] an autosomal dominant a. [MIM141900] characterized by crescent- or sickle-shaped erythrocytes and by accelerated hemolysis, due to substitution of a single amino acid (valine for glutamic acid) in the sixth position of the beta chain of hemoglobin; affected homozygotes have 85-95% Hb S and severe anemia, while heterozygotes (said to have sickle cell trait) have 40-45% Hb S, the rest being normal Hb A; low oxygen tension causes polymerization of the abnormal beta chains, thus distorting the shape of the red blood cells to the sickle form. Homozygotes develop "crises" episodes of severe pain due to microvascular occlusions, bone infarcts, leg ulcers, and atrophy of the spleen associated with increased susceptibility to bacterial infections, especially streptococcal pneumonia.crescent cell a., drepanocytic a., sickle cell disease;
sideroblastic a. , sideroachrestic a. refractory a. characterized by the presence of sideroblasts in the bone marrow.
slaty a. an ash-gray pallor in poisoning from acetanelid or silver (argyria).
spastic a. local a. resulting from nontransitory contraction of the arterial vessels in the affected region.
spherocytic a. hereditary spherocytosis
splenic a. Banti's syndrome
target cell a. any a. with a conspicuous number of target cells in the peripheral blood; characteristic of the thalassemias and also found in several hemoglobinopathies.
toxic a. any a. resulting from the destructive effects of a chemical, metabolic poison, bacterial toxin, venom, and similar materials.
traumatic a. posthemorrhagic a
tropical a. various syndromes frequently observed in persons in tropical climates, usually resulting from nutritional deficiencies or hookworm or other parasitic diseases.
unstable hemoglobin hemolytic a. a congenital hemolytic a., due to autosomal inheritance of one of many unstable hemoglobins. The a. is of variable severity and characterized by the presence in vivo or in vitro of Heinz bodies.

anemic anemic (a-ne´mik)

Pertaining to or manifesting the various features of anemia.

anemometer anemometer (an-e-mom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the velocity of air flow. [G. anemos, wind, + metron, measure]

anemonol anemonol (a-nem´o-nol)

A volatile oil, possessing markedly toxic properties, obtained from plants of the genus Anemone.

anemophobia anemophobia (an´e-mo-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of wind. [G. anemos, wind, + phobos, fear]

anemotrophy anemotrophy (an-e-mot´ro-fe)

Lack of substances essential to the formation of blood, thereby resulting in hypoplastic anemia. [G. an- priv. + haima, blood, + trophe, nourishment]

anencephalia anencephalia (an´en-se-fa´le-a)

anencephaly

anencephalic anencephalic (an-en-se-fal´ik)

Relating to anencephaly.anencephalous;

anencephalous anencephalous (an-en-sef´a-lus)

anencephalic

anencephaly anencephaly (an´en-sef´a-le)

Congenital defective development of the brain, with absence of the bones of the cranial vault and absent or rudimentary cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres, brainstem, and basal ganglia.anencephalia; [G. an- priv. + enkephalos, brain]
partial a. hemicephalia

anenterous anenterous (an-en´ter-us)

Having no intestine; denoting certain parasites, such as tapeworms. [G. an- priv. + entera, intestines]

anenzymia anenzymia (an-en-zI´me-a)

Congenital absence of an enzyme.

anephric anephric (a-nef´rik)

Lacking kidneys. [a- priv. + G. nephros, kidney]

anepia anepia (a-nep´e-a)

aphasia [G. an- priv. + epos, word]

anepiploic anepiploic (an-ep-i-plo´ik)

Lacking an omentum (epiploon).

anergasia anergasia (an-er-ga´ze-a)

Absence of psychic activity as the result of organic brain disease. [G. an- priv. + ergasia, work]

anergastic anergastic (an-er-gas´tik)

Pertaining to or characterized by anergasia.

anergia anergia (an-er´je-a)

anergy (2)

anergic anergic (an-er´jik)

Relating to, or marked by, anergy.

anergy anergy (an´er-je)

1. Absence of ability to generate a sensitivity reaction in a subject to substances expected to be antigenic (immunogenic, allergenic) in that individual. 2. Lack of energy.anergia; [G. an- priv. + energeia, energy, from ergon, work]
negative a. a reduction of the normal or usual immunologic responses because of unrelated intervening disease.nonspecific a;
nonspecific a. negative a
positive a. a reduction of the normal or usual immunologic response resulting from a reaction to a specific allergen.specific a;
specific a. positive a

aneroid aneroid (an´er-oyd)

Without fluid; denoting a form of barometer without mercury, in which the varying air pressure is indicated by a pointer governed by the movement of the elastic wall of an evacuated chamber. Also used to denote a mercury-free pressure gauge used with some sphygmomanometers. [G. a- priv. + neros, wet, + eidos, form]

anerythroplasia anerythroplasia (an´e-rith-ro-pla´ze-a)

A condition in which there is no formation of red blood cells. [G. an- priv. + erythro(cyte) + G. plasis, a molding]

anerythroplastic anerythroplastic (an´e-rith-ro-plas´tik)

Pertaining to or characterized by anerythroplasia.

anerythroregenerative anerythroregenerative (an-e-rith´thro-re-jen´er-a-tiv)

Pertaining to or characterized by lack of regeneration of red blood cells.

anesthecinesia anesthecinesia (an-es´the-si-ne´ze-a)

anesthekinesia

anesthekinesia anesthekinesia (an-es´the-ki-ne´ze-a)

Combined sensory and motor paralysis.anesthecinesia; [G. an- priv. + aesthesis, sensation, + kinesis, movement]

anesthesia anesthesia (an´es-the´ze-a)

1. Loss of sensation resulting from pharmacologic depression of nerve function or from neurological dysfunction. 2. Broad term for anesthesiology as a clinical specialty. [G. anaisthesia, fr. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]
acupuncture a. percutaneous insertion of, and stimulation by, needles placed in critical areas of the body to produce loss of sensation in another area.
ambulatory a. a. provided on an outpatient basis.
axillary a. loss of sensation in the distal two-thirds of the upper extremity following injection of a local anesthetic solution about the nerve trunks in the axilla.
balanced a. a technique of general a. based on the concept that administration of a mixture of small amounts of several neuronal depressants summates the advantages, but not the disadvantages of, the individual components of the mixture.
basal a. parenteral administration of one or more sedatives to produce a state of depressed consciousness short of a general a.
block a. conduction a
brachial a. anesthetization of an upper extremity by injection of local anesthetic solution about the brachial plexus.
caudal a. regional a. by injection of local anesthetic solution into the epidural space via the sacral hiatus.
cervical a. regional a. of the neck by injection of a local anesthetic solution about the cervical nerves or into the cervical epidural space.
circle absorption a. inhalation a. in which a circuit with carbon dioxide absorbent is used for complete (closed) or partial (semiclosed) rebreathing of exhaled gases.
closed a. inhalation a. in which there is total rebreathing of all exhaled gases, except carbon dioxide which is absorbed; gas flow into the anesthetic circuit consists only of oxygen, in amounts equal to the patient's metabolic consumption, plus small amounts of other gases (e.g., nitrous oxide) which undergo continued uptake by and distribution in the patient.
compression a. pressure a
conduction a. regional a. in which local anesthetic solution is injected about nerves to inhibit nerve transmission; includes spinal, epidural, nerve block, and field block a., but not local or topical a.block a;
continuous epidural a. insertion of a catheter into the lumbar or caudal epidural space for the repeated injection of local anesthetic solutions as a means of prolonging duration of anesthesia.fractional epidural a;
continuous spinal a. insertion of a catheter into the spinal subarachnoid space and leaving it in situ to permit serial intermittent injection of local anesthetic solution for prolonged spinal a.fractional spinal a;
crossed a. a. of one side of the head and the other side of the body due to a brainstem lesion.
dental a. general, conduction, local, or topical a. for operations upon the teeth, gingivae, or associated structures.
diagnostic a. a. induced for evaluation of the mechanism responsible for a painful condition.
differential spinal a. a form of diagnostic spinal a. producing blockade of different types of nerves in the subarachnoid space, based upon their differences in sensitivity to local anesthetics; also observed during surgical spinal a.
dissociated a. loss of some types of sensation with persistence of others; most often used in context of nerve blocks, wherein a loss of sensation for pain and temperature occurs without loss of tactile sense.
dissociative a. a form of general a., but not necessarily complete unconsciousness, characterized by catalepsy, catatonia, and amnesia, especially that produced by phenylcyclohexylamine compounds, including ketamine.
a. doloro´sa severe spontaneous pain occurring in an anesthetic area.painful a;
electric a. a., usually general a., produced by application of an electrical current.
endotracheal a. inhalation a. technique in which anesthetic and respiratory gases pass through a tube placed in the trachea via the mouth or nose.intratracheal a;
epidural a. regional a. produced by injection of local anesthetic solution into the peridural space.peridural a;
extradural a. anesthetization, by local anesthetics, of nerves near the spinal canal external to the dura mater; often refers to epidural a., but may include paravertebral a.
field block a. conduction a. in which small nerves are not anesthetized individually, as in nerve block a., but instead are blocked en masse by local anesthetic solution injected to form a barrier proximal to the operative site.
fractional epidural a. continuous epidural a
fractional spinal a. continuous spinal a
general a. loss of ability to perceive pain associated with loss of consciousness produced by intravenous or inhalation anesthetic agents.
girdle a. a. distributed as a band encircling the trunk.
glove a. loss of sensation in the distal upper extremity, i.e., the hand and fingers.
gustatory a. ageusia
high spinal a. spinal a. in which the level of sensory denervation extends to the second or third thoracic dermatome.
hyperbaric a. inhalation of depressant gases or vapors at pressures greater than 1 atmosphere, especially as a means of producing general a. with agents too weak to produce a. at 1 atmosphere.
hyperbaric spinal a. spinal a. in which spread of local anesthetic solution in the subarachnoid space is controlled by adjusting the position of the patient when the density of local anesthetic is made greater than the density of cerebrospinal fluid (i.e., hyperbaric) by the addition of glucose.
hypobaric spinal a. spinal a. in which spread of local anesthetic solution in the subarachnoid space is controlled by adjusting the position of the patient when the density of the local anesthetic solution is made less than the density of cerebrospinal fluid (i.e., hypobaric) by the addition of distilled water.
hypotensive a. a. in which arterial hypotension is deliberately induced as a means of decreasing operative blood loss.
hypothermic a. general a. administered in conjunction with artificial lowering of body temperature.
hysterical a. a. as a manifestation of hysteria, usually involving half the body or isolated patches not conforming to neuroanatomical distribution.
infiltration a. a. produced by injection of local anesthetic solution directly into an area that is painful or about to be operated upon.
inhalation a. general a. resulting from breathing of anesthetic gases or vapors.
insufflation a. maintenance of inhalation a. by delivery of anesthetic gases or vapors directly to the airway of a spontaneously breathing patient.
intercostal a. regional a. produced by injection of local anesthetic solution about intercostal nerves.
intramedullary a. rarely used method of general a. by injection of intravenous anesthetic agent(s) into the medullary canal of long bones.intraosseous a;
intranasal a. 1. insufflation a. in which an inhalation anesthetic is added to inhaled air passing through the nose or nasopharynx; 2. a. of nasal passages by infiltration and topical application of local anesthetic solution to nasal mucosa.
intraoral a. 1. insufflation a. in which an inhalation anesthetic is added to inhaled air passing through the mouth; 2. regional a. of the mouth and associated structures when local anesthetic solutions are used by topical application to oral mucosa, by local infiltration, or as nerve blocks.
intraosseous a. intramedullary a
intraspinal a. inaccurate synonym for spinal a.; local anesthetic solutions are not injected into the spinal cord.
intratracheal a. endotracheal a
intravenous a. general a. produced by injection of central nervous system depressants into the venous circulation.
intravenous regional a. regional a. by intravenous injection of local anesthetic solution distal to an occlusive tourniquet in an extremity previously exsanguinated by pressure or gravity.Bier's method (1);
isobaric spinal a. spinal a. of same density as cerobrospinal fluid so that the level of a. is not influenced by a change in the position of the patient.
local a. a general term referring to topical, infiltration, field block, or nerve block a. but usually not to spinal or epidural a. See also local anesthetics, under anesthetic.
low spinal a. spinal a. in which the level of sensory denervation extends to the tenth or eleventh thoracic dermatome.
nerve block a. conduction a. in which local anesthetic solution is injected about nerves, nerve trunks, or nerve plexuses.
nonrebreathing a. a technique for inhalation a. in which valves exhaust all exhaled air from the circuit.
open drop a. inhalation a. by vaporization of a liquid anesthetic placed drop by drop on a gauze mask covering the mouth and nose.
outpatient a. 1. patient controlled analgesia
painful a. a. dolorosa
paracervical block a. regional a. of the cervix uteri by injection of local anesthetic solution into tissues adjacent to the cervix.
paravertebral a. 1. a. by injection of local anesthetic solution about nerves as they exit from the vertebral canal; 2. combined presynaptic, postsynaptic, and ganglionic sympathetic block by injection of local anesthetic solution about paravertebral sympathetic chains.
patient controlled a. (PCA) a method for control of pain based upon a pump for the constant intravenous or, less frequently, epidural infusion of a dilute narcotic solution that includes a mechanism for the self-administration at predetermined intervals of a predetermined amount of the narcotic solution should the infusion fail to relieve pain.outpatient a. (1);
peridural a. epidural a
perineural a. obsolete term for a. produced by injection of an anesthetic agent around a nerve.
periodontal a. a. of the periodontal ligament, produced by injection of a local anesthetic drug.
presacral a. injection of local anesthetic solution anterior to the sacrum, to block nerves as they exit from the sacral foramina.
pressure a. loss of sensation produced by pressure applied to a nerve.compression a;
pudendal a. local a. produced by blocking the pudendal nerves near the spinal processes of the ischium; used in obstetrics.
rebreathing a. a technique for inhalation a. in which a portion or all of the gases that are exhaled are subsequently inhaled after carbon dioxide has been absorbed.
rectal a. general a. produced by instillation into the rectum of a solution containing a central nervous system depressant.
refrigeration a. cryoanesthesia
regional a. use of local anesthetic solution(s) to produce circumscribed areas of loss of sensation; a generic term including conduction, nerve block, spinal, epidural, field block, infiltration, and topical a.conduction analgesia;
retrobulbar a. injection of a local anesthetic behind the eye to produce sensory denervation of the eye.
sacral a. regional a. limited to those areas innervated by sacral sensory nerves.
saddle a. saddle block a
saddle block a. a form of spinal a. limited in area to the buttocks, perineum, and inner surfaces of the thighs.saddle a;
segmental a. loss of sensation limited to an area supplied by one or more spinal nerve roots.
semi-closed a. inhalation a. using a circuit in which a portion of the exhaled air is exhausted from the circuit and a portion is rebreathed following absorption of carbon dioxide.
semi-open a. inhalation a. in which a portion of inhaled gases is derived from an anesthesia circuit while the remainder consists of room air.
spinal a. 1. loss of sensation produced by injection of local anesthetic solution(s) into the spinal subarachnoid space;subarachnoid a; 2. loss of sensation produced by disease of the spinal cord.
splanchnic a. loss of sensation in areas of the visceral peritoneum innervated by the splanchnic nerves.visceral a;
stocking a. loss of sensation in the distal lower extremity, i.e., the foot and toes.
subarachnoid a. spinal a. (1)
surgical a. 1. any a. administered for the purpose of permitting performance of an operative procedure, as differentiated from obstetrical, diagnostic, and therapeutic a.; 2. loss of sensation with muscle relaxation adequate for an operative procedure.
tactile a. loss or impairment of the sense of touch.
therapeutic a. administration of an anesthetic as a means of treatment.
thermal a. , thermic a. loss of temperature appreciation.
to-and-fro a. a. using of a valveless closed a. circuit in which respired gases pass back and forth through a carbon dioxide absorbent interposed between patient and respiratory reservoir bag.
topical a. superficial loss of sensation in conjunctiva, mucous membranes or skin, produced by direct application of local anesthetic solutions, ointments, or jellies.
total spinal a. spinal a. extensive enough to produce loss of sensation in all extracranial sensory roots.
traumatic a. loss of sensation resulting from nerve injury.
unilateral a. hemianesthesia
visceral a. splanchnic a

anesthesiologist anesthesiologist (an´es-the-ze-ol´o-jist)

1. A physician specializing solely in anesthesiology and related areas. 2. An individual with a doctorate degree who is board-certified and legally qualified to administer anesthetics and related techniques. Cf. anesthetist.

anesthesiology anesthesiology (an´es-the-ze-ol´o-je)

The medical specialty concerned with the pharmacological, physiological, and clinical basis of anesthesia and related fields, including resuscitation, intensive respiratory care, and acute and chronic pain. [anesthesia + G. logos, treatise]

anesthetic anesthetic (an-es-thet´ik)

1. A compound that reversibly depresses neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive pain and/or other sensations. 2. Collective designation for anesthetizing agents administered to an individual at a particular time. 3. Characterized by loss of sensation or capable of producing loss of sensation. 4. Associated with or due to the state of anesthesia.
flammable a. an inhalation a. that supports combustion and forms explosive mixtures with oxidizing gases.
general a. a compound that produces loss of sensation associated with loss of consciousness.
inhalation a. a gas or a liquid with sufficient vapor pressure to produce general anesthesia when breathed.
intravenous a. a compound that produces anesthesia when injected intravenously.
local a.'s drugs used for the interruption of the nerve transmission of pain sensations. They act at the site of application to prevent perception of pain; examples include procaine and lidocaine.
primary a. the compound that contributes most to loss of sensation when a mixture of anesthetics is administered.
secondary a. a compound that contributes to, but is not primarily responsible for, loss of sensation when two or more anesthetics are simultaneously administered.
spinal a. a local anesthetic agent producing loss of sensation when injected into the subarachnoid space.
topical a. a local a. preparation suitable for anesthetizing skin surfaces or mucous membranes. Can be used in the form of ointments, creams, jellies, sprays, or solutions.
volatile a. a liquid a. that at room temperature volatilizes to a vapor which when inhaled is capable of producing general anesthesia. See also anesthetic vapor.

anesthetist anesthetist (a-nes´the-tist)

One who administers an anesthetic, whether an anesthesiologist, a physician who is not an anesthesiologist, a nurse a., or an anesthesia assistant.

anesthetization anesthetization (a-nes´the-ti-za´shun)

The act of producing loss of sensation.

anesthetize anesthetize (a-nes´the-tIz)

To produce loss of sensation.

anestrous anestrous (an-es´trus)

Relating to the anestrus.

anestrum anestrum (an-es´trum)

The period between two estrus cycles [G. an- priv. + oistros, estrus]

anestrus anestrus (an-es´trus)

The period of sexual quiescence between the estrus cycles of mammals; may be: 1) a prolonged period in monestrous animals (dogs) or seasonally polyestrous animals (sheep), or 2) a prolonged period of failure of estrus in mature nonpregnant, polyestrous animals. [G. a- priv. + oistros, a gadfly, mad desire (estrus)]

anethopath anethopath (a-ne´tho-path)

A morally uninhibited person. [G. an- priv. + ethos, custom, + pathos, suffering]

anetoderma anetoderma (an-e-to-der´ma)

Atrophoderma in which the skin becomes baglike and wrinkled.atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis, atrophoderma maculatum, macular atrophy, primary idiopathic macular atrophy, primary macular atrophy of skin; [G. anetos, relaxed, + derma, skin]
Jadassohn-Pellizzari a. cutaneous atrophy preceded by erythematous or urticarial lesions of the trunk and upper portions of the extremities, and enlarging to 2-3 cm before undergoing involution.
Schweninger-Buzzi a. sudden appearance of bluish-white balloon-like lesions, soft and readily indented, chiefly on the trunk and extremities of women.

aneuploid aneuploid (an´yu-ployd)

Having an abnormal number of chromosomes not an exact multiple of the haploid number, as contrasted with abnormal numbers of complete haploid sets of chromosomes, such as diploid, triploid, etc. [G. an- priv. + euploid]

aneuploidy aneuploidy (an´yu-ploy-de)

State of being aneuploid.
partial a. a type of mosaicism in which some cells have a normal number of chromosomes and some have an abnormal number.

aneurine aneurine (an´yu-ren)

thiamin
a. hydrochloride thiamin hydrochloride
a. pyrophosphate thiamin pyrophosphate

aneurolemmic aneurolemmic (a-nu-ro-lem´ik)

Without a neurolemma.

aneurysm aneurysm (an´yu-rizm)

Circumscribed dilation of an artery connecting directly with the lumen of an artery or a cardiac chamber connecting directly with the lumen of an artery, usually due to an acquired or congenital weakness of the wall of the artery or chamber. [G. aneurysma (-mat-), a dilation, fr. eurys, wide]
ampullary a. saccular a
a. by anastomosis a mass of dilated anastomosing vessels that produce a pulsating tumor usually in a superficial position.
aortic a. congenital absence of the aortic valve orifice. See also dissecting a.
aortic sinus a. abnormal dilation of one or more of the three aortic sinuses situated behind the three aortic valve cusps.
arteriosclerotic a. the most common type of a., occurring in the abdominal aorta and other large arteries, primarily in the elderly.atherosclerotic a;
arteriovenous a. 1. a dilated arteriovenous shunt. 2. communication between an artery and a vein, sometimes congenital.
atherosclerotic a. arteriosclerotic a
axial a. an a. involving the entire circumference of a blood vessel.
benign bone a. aneurysmal bone cyst
Bérard's a. an arteriovenous a. in the tissues outside the injured vein.
berry a. a small saccular a. of a cerebral artery that resembles a berry. Such a.'s frequently rupture causing a subarachnoid hemorrhage.
cardiac a. thinning, stretching, and bulging of a weakened ventricular wall, usually as a result of myocardial infarction; rarely postinflammatory or congenital.mural aneurysm, ventricular a;
Charcot-Bouchard a. miliary a
cirsoid a. dilation of a group of blood vessels owing to congenital malformation with arteriovenous shunting.cirsoid varix, racemose a., racemose hemangioma;
compound a. an a. in which some of the coats of the artery are ruptured, others intact.
congenital cerebral a. localized dilation of a cerebral vessel; usually a berry a.
consecutive a. diffuse a
coronary artery a. a. of the coronary artery, rarely congenital, usually due to atherosclerosis, inflammatory processes, or a coronary fistula.
cylindroid a. tubular a
diffuse a. an a. that has enlarged and spread to the surrounding tissues in consequence of rupture of its walls.consecutive a;
dissecting a. splitting or dissection of an arterial wall by blood entering through an intimal tear or by interstitial hemorrhage; more common in the aorta, for example, with an intimal tear near the aortic valve (Type I) or subclavian artery and distal dissection of the media for a variable distance, frequently rupturing through the outer wall.
ductal a. a. of the patent ductus arteriosus, occurs either in infants or adults.
ectatic a. an a. in which all the coats of the artery, though stretched, are unruptured.
embolomycotic a. obsolete term for an a. caused by an embolism composed of an infected vegetation from a cardiac valve.
false a. 1. pulsating, encapsulated hematoma in communication with the lumen of a ruptured vessel; 2. ventricular pseudoaneurysm, a cardiac rupture contained and loculated by pericardium, which forms its external wall. 3. an a. whose walls consist of adventitia and periarterial fibrous tissue and hematoma.
fusiform a. an elongated spindle-shaped dilation of an artery.
hernial a. the protrusion of the stretched inner coats of an artery through a wound in the adventitia.
infraclinoid a. an intracranial a. occurring below the level of the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.
intracavernous a. an a. of the carotid artery within the cavernous sinus.
intracranial a. any a. located within the cranium. There are well authenticated autosomal dominant cases [MIM*105800].
miliary a. dilatation in the diameter of small arteries and arterioles secondary to lipohyalinosis from long-standing hypertension associated with intracerebral hematomas.Charcot-Bouchard a;
mural aneurysm cardiac a
mycotic a. an a. caused by the growth of fungi within the vascular wall, usually following impaction of a septic embolus; also used to refer to the growth of bacteria within the vascular wall of an a.; may result from impaction of septic embolus or from primary infection of the vessel wall.
Park's a. an arteriovenous a. in which the brachial artery communicates with the brachial and median basilic veins.
peripheral a. 1. a saclike a. springing from one side of an artery; 2. an a. of one of the smaller branches of an artery.
phantom a. a palpable throbbing aorta, mistaken by novices for an a.
Pott's a. aneurysmal varix
pulmonary artery a. a. of the pulmonary artery; rare in the absence of congenital heart disease.
racemose a. cirsoid a
Rasmussen's a. aneurysmal dilation of a branch of a pulmonary artery in a tuberculous cavity, rupture of which may cause serious hemoptysis.
a. of the right ventricle or right ventricular outflow patch a. occurring after right ventriculostomy; the a. may either be a false or a true a.
ruptured a. an a. that is hemorrhaging into its wall or surrounding tissues.
saccular a. , sacculated a. a saclike bulging on one side of an artery.ampullary a;
serpentine a. dilation and tortuosity of an artery, sometimes affecting the temporal, splenic, or iliac arteries in the elderly.
a. of sinus of Valsalva a congenital thin-walled tubular out pouching usually in the right or non-coronary sinus with an entirely intracardiac course that may rupture into the right or rarely the left heart chambers to form an aortocardiac fistula.
supraclinoid a. an intracranial a. located immediately above the anterior clinoid process of the sphenoid bone.
syphilitic a. an a., usually involving the thoracic aorta, resulting from tertiary syphilitic aortitis.
traumatic a. an a. resulting from physical damage to the wall of an artery; usually a false a. or arteriovenous a.
true a. localized dilation of an artery with an expanded lumen lined by stretched remnants of the arterial wall.
tubular a. the uniform dilation of an artery along a considerable distance.cylindroid a;
varicose a. a blood-containing sac, communicating with both an artery and a vein.
ventricular a. cardiac a
a. of the ventricular portion of the membranous septum an a. that bulges toward the right in systole, often consisting of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve.
verminous a. an a. in horses caused by Strongylus vulgaris larvae; usually involving the mesenteric arteries.worm a;
worm a. verminous a

aneurysmal aneurysmal , aneurysmatic (an-yu-riz´mal, -riz-mat´ik)

Relating to an aneurysm.

aneurysmectomy aneurysmectomy (an-yu-riz-mek´to-me)

Excision of an aneurysm. [aneurysm + G. ektome, excision]

aneurysmogram aneurysmogram

aneurysmograph

aneurysmograph aneurysmograph (an´yu-riz´mog´raf)

Demonstration of an aneurysm, usually by means of x-rays and a contrast medium.aneurysmogram; [aneurysm + G. grapho, to write]

aneurysmoplasty aneurysmoplasty (an-yu-riz´mo-plas-te)

Repair of an aneurysm by opening the sac and suturing its walls to restore the normal dimension to the lumen of the artery. See also aneurysmorrhaphy.endoaneurysmoplasty, endoaneurysmorrhaphy; [aneurysm + G. plastos, formed]

aneurysmorrhaphy aneurysmorrhaphy (an´yu-riz-mor´a-fe)

Closure by suture of the sac of an aneurysm to restore the normal lumen dimensions. [aneurysm + G. rhaphe, suture]

aneurysmotomy aneurysmotomy (an´yu-riz-mot´o-me)

Incision into the sac of an aneurysm. [aneurysm + G. tome, incision]

ANF ANF

Abbreviation for antinuclear factor; atrial natriuretic factor.

angei- angei-

See angio-.

angelica root angelica root (an-jel´i-ka)

The root of Angelica archangelica (family Umbelliferae); a tonic and stimulant that may cause nausea; used as a carminative, diuretic, and externally as a counterirritant.

Angelucci Angelucci

Arnaldo, Italian ophthalmologist, 1854-1934. See A.'s syndrome.

Anger Anger

Hal, U.S. electrical engineer, *1920. See A. camera.

Anghelescu Anghelescu

Constantin, Roumanian surgeon, 1869-1948. See A.'s sign.

angi- angi-

See angio-.

angiectasia angiectasia , angiectasis (an-je-ek-ta´ze-a, -ek´ta-sis)

Dilation of a lymphatic or blood vessel. [angio- + G. ektasis, a stretching]
congenital dysplastic a. Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome

angiectatic angiectatic (an-je-ek-tat´ik)

Marked by the presence of dilated blood vessels. [angio- + G. ektatos, capable of extension]

angiectopia angiectopia (an-je-ek-to´pe-a)

Abnormal location of a blood vessel.angioplany; [angio- + G. ektopos, out of place]

angiitis angiitis , angitis (an-je-I´tis, an-jI´tis)

Inflammation of a blood vessel (arteritis, phlebitis) or of a lymphatic vessel (lymphangitis).vasculitis; [angio- + G. -itis, inflammation]
allergic a. cutaneous vasculitis
allergic granulomatous a. Churg-Strauss syndrome
consecutive a. a. caused by extension of the inflammatory process from the surrounding tissues.
hypersensitivity a. an inflammatory reaction in a blood vessel, the result of a specific reaction to an antigenic (allergic) substance or other agents to which the individual expresses unusual vascular sensitization.
a. live´do reticula´ris livedo reticularis
necrotizing a. inflammatory reaction of blood vessels resulting in fibrinoid necrosis of tissue, especially of the blood vessel wall.

angina angina (an´ji-na, an-jI´na)

1. A severe, often constricting pain, usually referring to a. pectoris. 2. Old term for a sore throat from any cause. [L. quinsy]
abdominal a. , a. abdom´inis intermittent abdominal pain, frequently occurring at a fixed time after eating, caused by inadequacy of the mesenteric circulation from arteriosclerosis or other arterial disease.intestinal a;
agranulocytic a. agranulocytosis
crescendo a. a. pectoris that occurs with increasing frequency, intensity, or duration.
a. cru´ris intermittent claudication of the leg.
a. decu´bitus a. pectoris related to horizontal, usually supine, body position.
a. diphtherit´ica obsolete term for diphtheria involving the pharynx or larynx.
a. of effort a. pectoris precipitated by physical exertion.
false a. a.-like sensation(s) in absence of myocardial ischemia.
Heberden's a. a. pectoris
hypercyanotic a. anginal pain in cyanotic patients with congenital heart disease or chronic pulmonary disease, the pain developing with intensification of the cyanosis during activity.
intestinal a. abdominal a
a. inver´sa Prinzmetal's a
Ludwig's a. cellulitis, usually of odontogenic origin, bilaterally involving the submaxillary, sublingual, and submental spaces, resulting in painful swelling of the floor of the mouth, elevation of the tongue, dysphasia, dysphonia, and (at times) compromise of the airway. [W.F. Ludwig]
lymphatic a. an affection resembling Vincent's disease marked by an increase in the number of lymphocytes in the blood.
a. lymphomato´sa agranulocytosis
monocytic a. obsolete term for infectious mononucleosis.
necrotic a. obsolete term for a form of a. occurring usually as a complication of scarlet fever and more rarely of diphtheria, in which gangrenous patches are found in the mucous membrane of the air passages.
neutropenic a. agranulocytosis
a. no´tha obsolete term for a. pectoris vasomotoria.
a. pec´toris severe constricting pain in the chest, often radiating from the precordium to a shoulder (usually left) and down the arm, due to ischemia of the heart muscle usually caused by coronary disease.breast pang, coronarism (2) , heart stroke (2) , Heberden's a., Rougnon-Heberden disease, stenocardia;
a. pec´toris decu´bitus anginal pain developing while the subject is recumbent.
a. pec´toris si´ne dolor´e Gairdner's disease
a. pec´toris vasomoto´ria a. pectoris in which the breast pain is comparatively slight, but pallor followed by cyanosis, and coldness and numbness of the extremities, are marked.a. spuria, a. vasomotoria, pseudangina, pseudoangina, reflex a., vasomotor a;
preinfarction a. obsolete term for unstable angina.
Prinzmetal's a. a form of a. pectoris, characterized by pain that is not precipitated by cardiac work, is of longer duration, is usually more severe, and is associated with unusual electrocardiographic manifestations including elevated ST segments in leads that are ordinarily depressed in typical a., and usually without reciprocal ST changes; occurring at night in bed.a. inversa, variant a. pectoris;
reflex a. a. pectoris vasomotoria
a. scarlatino´sa obsolete term for sore throat of scarlet fever.
a. si´ne do´lore symptoms of coronary insufficiency occurring without pain.
a. spu´ria a. pectoris vasomotoria
unstable a. 1. a. pectoris characterized by pain in the chest of coronary origin occurring in response to progressively less exercise or fewer other stimuli than ordinarily required to produce a.; often leading to myocardial infarction, if untreated, and caused by coronary artery spasm rather than increased myocardial oxygen and demand. 2. a. that has not achieved a constant or reproducible pattern in 30 or 60 days.
variant a. pectoris Prinzmetal's a
vasomotor a. a. pectoris vasomotoria
a. vasomotor´ia a. pectoris vasomotoria
Vincent's a. an ulcerative infection of the oral soft tissues including the tonsils and pharynx caused by fusiform and spirochetal organisms; it is usually associated with necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis and may progress to noma. Death from suffocation or sepsis may occur.
walk-through a. a circumstance in which despite continuing activity, such as walking, the pain of a. pectoris diminishes or disappears.

anginal anginal (an´ji-nal, an-jI´)

Relating to angina in any sense.

anginiform anginiform (an-jin´i-form)

Resembling angina.

anginoid anginoid (an´jin-oid)

Rarely used term for resembling an angina, especially angina pectoris.

anginophobia anginophobia (an´ji-no-fo´be-a)

Extreme fear of an attack of angina pectoris. [angina + G. phobos, fear]

anginose anginose , anginous (an´ji-nos, -ji-nus)

Rarely used term for relating to any angina.

angio- angio- , angi-

Blood or lymph vessels; a covering, an enclosure; corresponds to L. vas-,vaso-, vasculo-. [G. angeion, a vessel or cavity of the body, fr. angos, a vessel, vat, bucket, + -eion, small, little]

angioarchitecture angioarchitecture (an´je-o-ar´ki-tek-chur)

1. The arrangement and distribution of the blood vessels of any organ. 2. The vascular framework of an organ or tissue.

angioblast angioblast (an´je-o-blast)

1. A cell taking part in blood vessel formation.vasoformative cell; 2. Primordial mesenchymal tissue from which embryonic blood cells and vascular endothelium are differentiated.angioderm; [angio- + G. blastos, germ]

angioblastoma angioblastoma (an´je-o-blas-to´ma)

hemangioblastoma

angiocardiography angiocardiography (an´je-o-kar-de-og´ra-fe)

X-ray imaging of the heart and great vessels made visible by injection of a radiopaque solution. See coronary angiography.cardioangiography; [angio- + G. kardia, heart, + grapho, to write]
exercise radionuclide a. radionuclide a. while performing exercise, such as on a treadmill or bicycle.
gated radionuclide a. radionuclide a. using cardiac gating to combine images from several cardiac cycles to improve the quality of the images of separate phases (e.g., systole and diastole).
radionuclide a. the display, by means of a stationary scintillation camera device, of the passage of a bolus of a rapidly injected radiopharmaceutical.radionuclide ventriculography;

angiocardiokinetic angiocardiokinetic , angiocardiocinetic (an´je-o-kar´de-o-ki-net´ik, -de-o-si-net´ik)

Causing dilation or contraction in the heart and blood vessels. [angio- + G. kardia, heart, + kinesis, movement]

angiocardiopathy angiocardiopathy (an´je-o-kar-de-op´a-the)

Disease affecting both heart and blood vessels. [angio- + G. kardia, heart, + pathos, disease]

angiocholecystitis angiocholecystitis (an´je-o-ko´le-sis-tI´tis)

Rarely used term for inflammation of the bile vessels and gallbladder. [angio- + G. chole, bile, + kystis, bladder, + -itis, inflammation]

angiocholitis angiocholitis (an´je-o-ko-lI´tis)

cholangitis

angiocyst angiocyst (an´je-o-sist)

A small vesicular aggregation of embryonic mesodermal cells that may give rise to vascular endothelium and blood cells.

angioderm angioderm (an´je-o-derm)

angioblast (2)

angiodiascopy angiodiascopy (an´je-o-dI-as´ko-pe)

Archaic term for examination of the vessels in a part by transillumination. [angio- + G. dia, through, + skopeo, to view]

angiodysplasia angiodysplasia (an´je-o-dis-pla´ze-a)

Degenerative or congenital structural abnormality of the normally distributed vasculature.

angiodystrophy angiodystrophy , angiodystrophia (an´je-o-dis´tro-fe, -dis-tro´fe-a)

Defective formation or growth associated with marked vascular changes. [angio- + G. dys-, bad, + trophe, nourishment]

angioedema angioedema (an´je-o-e-de´ma)

Recurrent large circumscribed areas of subcutaneous edema of sudden onset, usually disappearing within 24 hours; seen mainly in young women, frequently as an allergic reaction to foods or drugs.angioneurotic edema, atrophedema, Bannister's disease, giant hives, giant urticaria, Milton's disease, periodic edema, Quincke's disease, Quincke's edema, urticaria tuberosa;
hereditary a. an inherited, autosomal dominant disease characterized by episodic appearance of brawny nonpitting edema, most often affecting the extremities but can involve any part of the body, including mucosal surfaces such as those of the intestine (causing abdominal pain) or respiratory tract (causing asphyxia, which can require intubation to avoid fatal outcome). Associated with deficiency of inhibitor of first component of complement pathway (C1). Emergency treatment with epinephrine, long-term treatment with a variety of agents is effective.

angioelephantiasis angioelephantiasis (an´je-o-el´e-fan-tI´a-sis)

Extensive increase in vascularity of the subcutaneous tissue, producing great thickening simulating large, diffuse angioma formation.

angioendotheliomatosis angioendotheliomatosis (an´je-o-en-do-the´le-o-ma-to´sis)

Proliferation of endothelial cells within blood vessels.
proliferating systematized a. a rare generalized cutaneous and visceral intracapillary proliferation of endothelial cells, with vascular thrombosis and obstruction. The condition has been divided into a benign reactive type and a rapidly fatal neoplastic type; however, most of the latter cases have been shown to be intravascular large-cell lymphomas.

angiofibrolipoma angiofibrolipoma (an´je-o-fI´bro-li-po´ma)

A neoplasm composed of fibroblasts, capillaries, and adipose tissue.angiolipofibroma;

angiofibroma angiofibroma (an´je-o-fI-bro´ma)

telangiectatic fibroma
juvenile a. a markedly vascular fibrous tumor occurring in the nasopharynx of males, usually in the second decade of life; epistaxis and local invasion may result, but spontaneous regression may occur after sexual maturity.juvenile hemangiofibroma;

angiofibrosis angiofibrosis (an´je-o-fI-bro´sis)

Fibrosis of the walls of blood vessels.

angiogenesis angiogenesis (an´je-o-jen´e-sis)

Development of new blood vessels. [angio- + G. genesis, production]

angiogenic angiogenic (an´je-o-jen´ik)

1. Relating to angiogenesis. 2. Of vascular origin.

angioglioma angioglioma (an´je-o-glI-o´ma)

A mixed glioma and angioma.

angiogliomatosis angiogliomatosis (an´je-o-glI´o-ma-to´sis)

Occurrence of multiple areas of proliferating capillaries and neuroglia or a condition of multiple angiogliomas.

angiogliosis angiogliosis (an´je-o-glI-o´sis)

Glial scarring about a blood vessel or a condition of multiple angiogliomas.

angiogram angiogram (an´je-o-gram)

Radiograph obtained by angiography. [angio- + G. gramma, a writing]

angiographic angiographic (an-je-o-graf´ik)

Relating to or utilizing angiography.

angiography angiography (an-je-og´ra-fe)

Radiography of vessels after the injection of a radiopaque contrast material; usually requires percutaneous insertion of a radiopaque catheter and positioning under fluoroscopic control. See also arteriography, venography. [angio- + G. grapho, to write]
biplane a. synchronous a. in two planes at right angles to each other or in two orthogonal planes.
cerebral a. radiographic visualization of the blood vessels supplying the brain, including their extracranial portions; the injection of contrast media may be made percutaneously, by open exposure and puncture of the particular vessel, or by catheterization after introduction of the catheter at a distant site.cerebral arteriography;
coronary a. imaging of the circulation of the myocardium by injection of contrast medium, usually by selective catheterization of each coronary artery, formerly by injection at the root of the aorta.
digital subtraction a. (DSA) computer-assisted roentgenographic a. permitting visualization of vascular structures without superimposed bone and soft tissue density; images made before and after contrast injection allow subtraction (separation and removal) of opacities not enhanced by the contrast medium. Other image-processing can be performed. Contrast material may be injected intravenously or in lower-than-usual amount intra-arterially.
fluorescein a. photographic visualization of the passage of fluorescein through intraocular vessels after intravenous injection.
interventional a. angioplasty
magnetic resonance a. MR a
magnification a. enhanced imaging of small blood vessels using an increased distance from subject to film, as in magnification radiography.
MR a. imaging of blood vessels using special MR sequences which enhance the signal of flowing blood and suppress that from other tissues.magnetic resonance a;
radionuclide a. scintillation camera imaging of tissue perfusion by intravascular injection of a radioactive pharmaceutical. See also radionuclide angiocardiography.scintigraphic a;
scintigraphic a. radionuclide a
selective a. a. in which visualization is improved by concentrating the contrast medium in the region to be studied by injection through a catheter positioned in a regional artery.
therapeutic a. use of angiographic catheters that have been modified to reduce or increase regional blood flow, or to deliver medicinal agents; interventional a. See angioplasty, balloon catheter, interventional a.

angiohyalinosis angiohyalinosis (an´je-o-hI´a-li-no´sis)

Hyaline degeneration of the walls of the blood vessels. [angio- + G. hyalos, glass, + -osis, condition]

angiohypertonia angiohypertonia (an´je-o-hI-per-to´ne-a)

vasospasm [angio- + G. hyper, over, + tonos, tension]

angiohypotonia angiohypotonia (an´je-o-hI-po-to´ne-a)

vasoparalysis [angio- + G. hypo, under, + tonos, tension]

angioid angioid (an´je-oyd)

Resembling blood vessels; an arborizing pattern. [angio- + G. eidos, resemblance]
a. streaks breaks in Bruch's membrane visible in the peripapillary fundus oculi, and sometimes mistaken for choroidal vessels.elastosis dystrophica, Knapp's streaks, Knapp's striae;

angioinvasive angioinvasive (an´je-o-in-va´siv)

Denoting a neoplasm or other pathologic condition capable of entering the vascular bed.

angiokeratoma angiokeratoma (an´je-o-ker-a-to´ma)

A superficial intradermal capillary acquired telangiectasis, over which there is a wartlike hyperkeratosis and acanthosis.keratoangioma, telangiectasia verrucosa, telangiectatic wart; [angio- + G. keras, horn, + -oma, tumor]
diffuse a. Fabry's disease
Fordyce's a. asymptomatic vascular papules of the scrotum, appearing in young adults; much less common in the vulva.
Mibelli's a.'s telangiectatic small papules of the extremities, common in adolescent girls.

angiokeratosis angiokeratosis (an´je-o-ker-a-to´sis)

The occurrence of multiple angiokeratomas.

angiokinesis angiokinesis (an´je-o-ki-ne´sis)

vasomotion [angio- + G. kinesis, movement]

angiokinetic angiokinetic (an´je-o-ki-net´ik)

vasomotor [angio- + G. kinetikos, pertaining to movement]

angioleiomyoma angioleiomyoma (an´je-o-lI´o-mI-o´ma)

vascular leiomyoma

angiolipofibroma angiolipofibroma (an´je-o-lip´o-fI-bro´ma)

angiofibrolipoma

angiolipoma angiolipoma (an´je-o-li-po´ma)

A lipoma that contains an unusually large number, or foci of proliferated, neoplastic-like, frequently dilated vascular channels.lipoma cavernosum, telangiectatic lipoma;

angiolith angiolith (an´je-o-lith)

An arteriolith or a phlebolith. [angio- + G. lithos, stone]

angiolithic angiolithic (an´je-o-lith´ik)

Relating to an angiolith.

angiologia angiologia (an´je-o-lo´je-a) [NA]

angiology [angio- + G. logos, treatise, discourse]

angiology angiology (an-je-ol´o-je)

The science concerned with the blood vessels and lymphatics in all their relations.angiologia [NA]; [angio- + G. logos, treatise, discourse]

angiolupoid angiolupoid (an´je-o-lu´poyd)

A sarcoid-like eruption of the skin in which the granulomatous telangiectatic papules are distributed over the nose and cheeks. [angio- + L. lupus, wolf, + G. eidos, resemblance]

angiolysis angiolysis (an-je-ol´i-sis)

Obliteration of a blood vessel, such as occurs in the newborn infant after tying of the umbilical cord. [angio- + G. lysis, destruction]

angioma angioma (an-je-o´ma)

A swelling or tumor due to proliferation, with or without dilation, of the blood vessels (hemangioma) or lymphatics (lymphangioma). [angio- + G. -oma, tumor]
acquired tufted a. enlarging erythematous macules and plaques in children and adults, composed microscopically of lobules of capillaries and spindle cells that project into thin-walled venular dermal clefts.
capillary a. capillary hemangioma
cavernous a. vascular malformation composed of sinusoidal vessels without a large feeding artery; can be multiple, especially if inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.nevus cavernosus;
cherry a. senile hemangioma
a. lymphat´icum lymphangioma
petechial a.'s multiple lesions resembling petechiae but due to dilation of capillary walls; they are obliterated by pressure.
a. serpigino´sum the presence of rings of red dots on the skin, especially in female children, which tend to widen peripherally, due to dilatation of superficial capillaries.essential telangiectasia (2) , primary telangiectasia;
spider a. a telangiectatic arteriole in the skin with radiating capillary branches simulating the legs of a a.; characteristic, but not pathognomonic of, parenchymatous liver disease; also seen in pregnancy, often disappearing after delivery, and at times in normal persons.arterial spider, nevus arachnoideus, nevus araneus, spider hemangioma, spider mole, spider nevus, spider telangiectasia, spider (2) , vascular spider;
superficial a. capillary hemangioma
telangiectatic a. a. composed of dilated vessels.
a. veno´sum racemo´sum tortuous swelling caused by varicosities of superficial veins.
venous a. vascular anomaly composed of anomalous veins.

angiomatoid angiomatoid (an-je-o´ma-toyd)

Resembling a tumor of vascular origin.

angiomatosis angiomatosis (an´je-o-ma-to´sis)

A condition characterized by multiple angiomas.
bacillary a. an infection of immunocompromised patients by a newly recognized Rickettsial species Rochalimaea henselae, characterized by fever and granulomatous cutaneous nodules, and peliosis hepatis in some cases. Skin biopsy shows vascular proliferation and infiltration of vessel walls by neutrophils and clumps of organisms seen with Warthin-Starry silver staining.
cephalotrigeminal a. Sturge-Weber syndrome
cerebroretinal a. von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
congenital dysplastic a. [MIM*185300 & MIM149000] autosomal dominant a. in which there is dysplasia of the underlying tissues, sometimes with overgrowth of bone (Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber syndrome), or encephalotrigeminal a. (Sturge-Weber syndrome) in which there is an angioma in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, with vascular anomalies and calcification of the cerebral cortex.
cutaneomeningospinal a. Cobb syndrome
encephalotrigeminal a. Sturge-Weber syndrome
oculoencephalic a. [MIM*185300] an incomplete autosomal dominant form of Sturge-Weber syndrome, consisting of angiomas of the choroid and meninges only.
telangiectatic a. disseminated capillary and venous vascular malformations of the cerebral hemispheres and leptomeninges, occurring in Sturge-Weber syndrome.

angiomatous angiomatous (an-je-o´ma-tus)

Relating to or resembling an angioma.

angiomegaly angiomegaly (an´je-o-meg´a-le)

Enlargement of blood vessels or lymphatics. [angio- + G. megas, large]

angiomyocardiac angiomyocardiac (an´je-o-mI´o-kar´de-ak)

Relating to the blood vessels and the cardiac muscle. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + kardia, heart]

angiomyofibroma angiomyofibroma (an´je-o-mI´o-fI-bro´ma)

vascular leiomyoma

angiomyolipoma angiomyolipoma (an´je-o-mI´o-li-po´ma)

A benign neoplasm of adipose tissue (lipoma) in which muscle cells and vascular structures are fairly conspicuous; most commonly a renal tumor containing smooth muscle, often associated with tuberous sclerosis. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + lipos, fat, + -oma, tumor]

angiomyoma angiomyoma (an´je-o-mI-o´ma)

vascular leiomyoma [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor]

angiomyoneuroma angiomyoneuroma (an´je-o-mI´o-nu-ro´ma)

Obsolete term for glomus tumor.

angiomyopathy angiomyopathy (an´je-o-mI-op´a-the)

Any disease of blood vessels involving the muscular layer. [angio- + G. mys, muscle, + pathos, suffering]

angiomyosarcoma angiomyosarcoma (an´je-o-mI´o-sar-ko´ma)

A myosarcoma that has an unusually large number of proliferated, frequently dilated, vascular channels.

angiomyxoma angiomyxoma (an´je-o-miks-o´ma)

A myxoma in which there is an unusually large number of vascular structures.

angioneurectomy angioneurectomy (an´je-o-nu-rek´to-me)

1. Excision of the vessels and nerves of a part. [angio- + G. neuron, nerve, + ektome, excision] 2. Excision of a segment of the spermatic cord to produce sterility. [G. neuron, cord] [angio- + G. neuron, nerve, + ektome, excision]

angioneuredema angioneuredema (an´je-o-nur-e-de´ma)

Obsolete term for angioneurotic edema. [angio- + G. neuron, nerve, + oidema, a swelling]

angioneuromyoma angioneuromyoma (an´je-o-nu´ro-mI-o´ma)

Obsolete term for glomus tumor.

angioneuropathy angioneuropathy (an´je-o-nu-rop´a- the)

A vascular disorder attributed to an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system fibers supplying the blood vessels (i.e., the vasomotor system.

angioneuroses angioneuroses (an´je-o-nu-ro´- sez)

A collective term for a number of conditions and symptoms, including Raynaud's disease, erythromelalgia, causalgia, and acroparesthesia, attributed to vasomotor system dysfunction. An obsolete concept.

angioneurosis angioneurosis (an´je-o-nu-ro´sis)

vasomotor neurosis

angioneurotic angioneurotic (an´je-o-nu-rot´ik)

Relating to angioneuroses.

angioneurotomy angioneurotomy (an´je-o-nu-rot´o-me)

Division of both nerves and vessels of a part. [angio- + G. neuron, nerve, + tome, a cutting]

angioparalysis angioparalysis (an´je-o-pa-ral´i-sis)

vasoparalysis

angioparesis angioparesis (an´je-o-pa-re´sis, -par´e-sis)

vasoparesis

angiopathic angiopathic (an´je-o-path´ik)

Relating to angiopathy.

angiopathy angiopathy (an-je-op´a-the)

Any disease of the blood vessels or lymphatics.angiosis; [angio- + G. pathos, suffering]
amyloid a. deposition of acellular hyaline material in small arteries and arterioles of the leptomeninges and cerebral cortex in the elderly with resulting predilection for recurrent lobar intraparenchymal hematomas.
cerebral amyloid a. a pathological condition of small cerebral vessels characterized by deposits of amyloid in the vessel walls, which may lead to infarcts or hemorrhage; may also occur in Alzheimer's disease. See also congophilic a.
congophilic a. a condition of blood vessels characterized by deposits in the vessel walls of a substance, usually amyloid, that take a Congo red stain. See also cerebral amyloid a.
giant cell hyaline a. an inflammatory infiltrate containing foreign body giant cells and eosinophilic material. Fragments of foreign material resembling vegetable matter may be included.pulse granuloma;
hypertensive a. a condition of turkeys of unknown etiology, associated with sudden death in rapidly growing male birds.

angiophacomatosis angiophacomatosis , angiophakomatosis (an´je-o-fak´o-ma-to´sis)

The angiomatous phacomatoses: von Hippel-Lindau's disease and the Sturge-Weber syndrome.

angioplany angioplany (an´je-o-pla-ne)

angiectopia [angio- + G. plane, a wandering]

angioplasty angioplasty (an´je-o-plas-te)

Reconstitution or recanalization of a blood vessel; may involve balloon dilation, mechanical stripping of intima, forceful injection of fibrinolytics, or placement of a stent.interventional angiography; [angio- + G. plastos, formed, shaped]
percutaneous transluminal a. (PTA) an operation for enlarging a narrowed vascular lumen by inflating and withdrawing through the stenotic region a balloon on the tip of an angiographic catheter; may include positioning of an intravascular stent.
percutaneous transluminal coronary a. (PTCA) percutaneous transluminal a. of coronary artery or arteries.

angiopoiesis angiopoiesis (an´je-o-poy-e´sis)

Formation of blood or lymphatic vessels.vasifaction, vasoformation; [angio- + G. poiesis, making]

angiopoietic angiopoietic (an´je-o-poy-et´ik)

Relating to angiopoiesis.vasifactive, vasofactive, vasoformative;

angiorrhaphy angiorrhaphy (an-je-or´a-fe)

Suture repair of any vessel, especially of a blood vessel. [angio- + G. rhaphe, a seam]

angiorrhexis angiorrhexis (an´je-o-rek´sis)

Obsolete term for rupture of any vessel, especially of a blood vessel. [angio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

angiosarcoma angiosarcoma (an´je-o-sar-ko´ma)

A rare malignant neoplasm occurring most often in the breast and skin, and believed to originate from the endothelial cells of blood vessels; microscopically composed of closely packed round or spindle-shaped cells, some of which line small spaces resembling vascular clefts.

angioscope angioscope (an´je-o-skop)

A modified microscope for studying the capillary vessels and a scope used for viewing larger vessels. [angio- + G. skopeo, to view]

angioscopy angioscopy (an-je-os´ko-pe)

1. Visualization with a microscope of the passage of substances (e.g., contrast media, radiopaque agents) through capillaries after intravenous injection. 2. Visualization of the interior of blood vessels, especially the pulmonary arteries, using a fiberoptic catheter inserted through a peripheral artery. [angio- + G. skopeo, to view]

angioscotoma angioscotoma (an´je-o-sko-to´ma)

Ribbon-shaped defect of the visual fields caused by the retinal vessels overlying photoreceptors. [angio- + G. skotoma, dizziness, vertigo]

angioscotometry angioscotometry (an´je-o-sko-tom´e-tre)

The measurement or projection of the angioscotoma pattern.

angiosis angiosis (an-je-o´sis)

angiopathy

angiospasm angiospasm (an´je-o-spazm)

vasospasm
labyrinthine a. Lermoyez' syndrome

angiospastic angiospastic (an´je-o-spas´tik)

vasospastic

angiostenosis angiostenosis (an´je-o-ste-no´sis)

Narrowing of one or more blood vessels. [angio- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

angiostrongylosis angiostrongylosis (an´je-o-stron-ji-lo´sis)

Infection of animals and man with nematodes of the genus Angiostrongylus.eosinophilic meningitis;

Angiostrongylus Angiostrongylus (an´je-o-stron´jI-lus)

A genus of metastrongyle nematodes parasitic in respiratory or circulatory systems of rodents, carnivores, and marsupials.Parastrongylus; [G. angeion, vessel, + strongylos, round]
A. cantonen´sis lungworm of rodents, a species transmitted by infected mollusks ingested by rodents; larvae develop in the brain and migrate to lungs, where the adult worms are found; thought to cause eosinophilic encephalomeningitis in man in the Pacific basin; larvae have been removed from cerebrospinal fluid and the anterior chamber of the eye from persons in Thailand who had eaten raw snails.
A. costaricen´sis a nematode parasite of rats and other rodents in Central America, recently found to infect humans, where they localize in the mesenteric arteries; infective third-stage larvae have been found in the slug, Vaginulus plebeius.Morerastrongylus costaricensis;
A. malaysien´sis species of A. found in Malaysia, a common rodent parasite similar to A. cantonensis and an actual or potential agent of eosinophilic meningitis in that region.
A. vaso´rum a species occurring in the pulmonary artery and, rarely, in the right ventricle of the dog and fox; thrombi may occur in the lungs, and hypertrophy of the heart and liver may result in ascites; affected animals suffer from dyspnea and occasionally may die from cardiac insufficiency.Haemostrongylus vasorum;

angiotelectasis angiotelectasis , angiotelectasia (an´je-o-te-lek´ta-sis, -tel´ek-ta´se-a)

Rarely used term for dilation of the terminal arterioles, venules, or capillaries. [angio- + G. telos, end, + ektasis, a stretching out]

angiotensin angiotensin (an-je-o-ten´sin)

A family of peptides of known and similar sequence, with vasoconstrictive activity, produced by enzymatic action of renin upon angiotensinogen. See angiotensin I, angiotensin II, angiotensin III.

angiotensin I angiotensin I

A decapeptide of slightly variable sequence, depending on the animal source, formed from the tetradecapeptide angiotensinogen by the removal of four amino acid residues, a reaction catalyzed by renin; a peptidase cleaves off a dipeptide (histidylleucine) to yield a.I II, the physiologically active form.

angiotensin II angiotensin II

A vasoactive peptide that is produced by the action of a.II converting enzyme on a.II I; produces stimulation of vascular smooth muscle and stimulates sympathetic nerve centers in the brain.

angiotensin III angiotensin III

A vasoactive protein less potent than a.III II on vascular smooth muscle but approximately equally potent with a.III II in promoting the secretion of aldosterone.

angiotensin amide angiotensin amide

A synthetic substance closely related to the naturally occurring angiotensin II; a potent vasopressor agent useful in the management of certain types of shock and circulatory collapse.

angiotensinase angiotensinase (an-je-o-ten´sin-as)

Former name for the enzyme responsible for converting angiotensin I to II; now applied to the enzyme that degrades angiotensin II. It hydrolyses a peptide bond between a tyrosyl and an isoleucyl residue.

angiotensinogen angiotensinogen (an´je-o-ten-sin´o-jen)

The substrate for renin whereupon through enzymatic action angiotensin I is liberated; an abundant a₂-globulin that circulates in the blood plasma. The precursor of angiotensin I.angiotensin precursor;

angiotensinogenase angiotensinogenase (an´je-o-ten-sin´o-jen-as)

renin

angiotensin precursor angiotensin precursor

angiotensinogen

angiotomy angiotomy (an-je-ot´o-me)

Sectioning of a blood vessel, or the creation of an opening into a vessel prior to its repair. [angio- + G. tome, cutting]

angiotonia angiotonia (an´je-o-to´ne-a)

vasotonia

angiotonic angiotonic (an´je-o-ton´ik)

vasotonic (1)

angiotonin angiotonin (an´je-o-to-nin)

Former name for angiotensin.

angiotrophic angiotrophic (an´je-o-trof´ik)

Rarely used term for vasotrophic. [angio- + G. trophe, nourishment]

Angle Angle

Edward Hartley, U.S. orthodontist, 1855-1930. See A.'s classification of malocclusion.

angle (theta) angle (theta) (ang´gl)

The meeting point of two lines or planes; the figure formed by the junction of two lines or planes; the space bounded on two sides by lines or planes that meet. For a.'s not listed below, see the descriptive term; e.g., axioincisal, distobuccal, labiogingival, linguogingival (2), mesiogingival, proximobuccal, etc.angulus [NA]; [L. angulus]
acromial a. the prominent angle at the junction of the posterior and lateral borders of the acromion.angulus acromialis [NA];
acute a. any a. less than 90°.
adjacent a. an a. with a line in common with another a.
alpha a. 1. the a. between the visual and optic axes as they cross at the nodal point of the eye; 2. the a. between the visual line and the major axis of the corneal ellipse.
alveolar a. the a. between the horizontal plane and a line connecting the base of the nasal spine and the middle point of the projection of the alveolus of the maxilla.
a. of anomaly an obsolete term for the degree of deviation from parallelism of the visual axes of the eyes.
anorectal a. 1. the a. formed by the junction of the rectum with the anus; may be important in maintenance of continence. 2. perineal flexure of rectum
a. of antetorsion a. of anteversion
a. of anteversion the a. formed by a line drawn through the center of the long axis of the neck of the femur meeting a line drawn in the transverse axis of the condyles, when the bone is viewed from above, looking straight down through the head of the femur; used to illustrate the normal degree of anteversion about 12° of the neck of the femur, which may be increased or decreased in some diseases.a. of antetorsion;
a. of aperture the a. formed by lines drawn from the ends of the diameter of a lens to its point of focus. See also angular aperture.
apical a. the a. between two plane surfaces of a prism.refracting a. of a prism;
axial a. an a. formed by two surfaces of a body, the line of union of which is parallel with its axis; the axial a.'s of a tooth are the distobuccal, distolabial, distolingual, mesiobuccal, mesiolabial, and mesiolingual.
basilar a. an a. formed by the intersection at the basion of lines coming from the nasal spine and the nasal point.
Bennett a. the a. formed by the sagittal plane and the path of the advancing condyle during lateral mandibular movement as viewed in the horizontal plane.
beta a. the a. formed by a line connecting the bregma and hormion meeting the radius fixus.
biorbital a. an a. formed by the meeting of the axes of the orbits.
Broca's a.'s 1. Broca's basilar a 2. Broca's facial a 3. occipital a. of parietal bone (1)
Broca's basilar a. the a. formed at the basion of lines drawn from the nasion and the alveolar point.Broca's a.'s (1);
Broca's facial a. the a. formed by the intersection at the biauricular axis of lines drawn from the supraorbital point and the alveolar point.Broca's a.'s (2);
buccal a.'s a.'s formed by the buccal surface of a tooth joining the other surfaces.
bucco-occlusal a. the line of junction of the buccal and occlusal surfaces of a tooth.
cardiodiaphragmatic a. cardiophrenic a
cardiohepatic a. the a. formed by the upper border of the liver and the right border of the heart, especially as defined by percussion.cardiohepatic triangle;
cardiophrenic a. the a. between the heart and the diaphragm at either lateral end of the cardiac projection on imaging (usually the chest x-ray film). The right cardiophrenic a. is normally indistinguishable from the cardiohepatic a. radiographically.cardiodiaphragmatic a., phrenopericardial a;
carrying a. the a. made by the axes of the arm and the forearm, with the elbow in full extension.
cavity line a. in dentistry, the a. formed by two walls of a cavity, e.g., a tooth cavity, meeting along a line.
cavosurface a. the a. formed by the junction of a cavity wall and the surface of the tooth.
cephalic a. one of several a.'s formed by the intersection of two lines passing through certain points of the face or cranium.
cephalomedullary a. the a. made by the junction of the cerebrum and the brain stem.
cerebellopontile a. cerebellopontine a
cerebellopontine a. the recess at the junction of the cerebellum, pons, and medulla.cerebellopontile a., pontine a;
costal a. the rather abrupt change in curvature of the body of a rib posteriorly, such that the neck and head of the rib are directed upward.angulus costae [NA];
costophrenic a. costophrenic sulcus as seen on chest radiograph.
craniofacial a. the a. formed by the basifacial and basicranial axes at the midpoint of the sphenoethmoidal suture.
critical a. the a. of incidence at which a ray of light, in passing between two media, changes from refraction to total reflection.limiting a;
cusp a. 1. the a. made by the slopes of a cusp with the plane which passes through the tip of the cusp and which is perpendicular to a line bisecting the cusp, measured mesiodistally or buccolingually; 2. the a. made by the slopes of a cusp with a perpendicular line bisecting the cusp, measured mesiodistally or buccolingually; 3. one-half of the included a. between the buccal and lingual or mesial and distal cusp inclines.
Daubenton's a. an a. formed by the junction, at the opisthion, of lines coming from the basion and from the projection in the median plane of the lower border of the orbits. See also Daubenton's line, Daubenton's plane.angulus occipitalis ossis parietalis [NA] , occipital a. of parietal bone (2);
a. of declination obsolete term for a. of anteversion.
a. of depression a. of inclination
a. of deviation 1. in a prism, the sum of the a.'s of incidence and emergence minus the apical a. of a prism; 2. in optics, a. of refraction; 3. in strabismus, a. of anomaly.
disparity a. the difference in position of images on the retina, still permitting fusion.
duodenojejunal a. duodenojejunal flexure
a. of eccentricity in strabismus, the a. between the line of fixation and the line of normal foveal fixation.
a. of emergence the a. formed by a light ray emerging from the second surface of a prism and a line parallel to the incident ray. Cf. a. of deviation.
epigastric a. the a. formed by the xiphoid process with the body of the sternum.
ethmoid a. the a. made by the plane of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone extended to meet the basicranial axis.
facial a. 1. any of several variously named and variously defined anatomical a.'s that have been used to quantify facial protrusion; 2. in dentistry, the a. formed by the intersection of the orbitomeatal (Frankfort) plane with the nasion-pogonion line (inner lower a.), which establishes the anteroposterior relation of the mandible to the upper face at the orbitomeatal plane.Frankfort-mandibular incisor a;
a. of femoral torsion a. of femoral torsiona. of femoral torsion;
filtration a. iridocorneal a
flip a. in a magnetic resonance imaging sequence, the rotation of the average axis of the protons induced by radiofrequency signals; low angles are used in rapid-imaging sequences and to show a signal from flowing blood.
Frankfort-mandibular incisor a. facial a. (2)
frontal a. of parietal bone the anterior superior angle of the parietal bone.angulus frontalis ossis parietalis [NA];
a. of Fuchs a crevice between the ciliary and pupillary zones of the iris formed by atrophy of superficial layers of the iris in the pupillary zone.
gamma a. the a. formed between a line joining the fixation point to the center of the eye and the optic axis.
hypsiloid a. y-a
impedance a. a term expressing the ratio of electric resistance to electric capacitance (ohms to microfarads) in the tissues of the body or any other substance.
a. of incidence 1. the a. that a ray entering a refracting medium makes with a line drawn perpendicular to the surface of this medium; 2. the a. that a ray striking a reflecting surface makes with a line perpendicular to this surface.incident a;
incident a. a. of incidence
incisal guide a. the a. formed with the horizontal plane by drawing a line in the sagittal plane between incisal edges of the maxillary and mandibular central incisors when the teeth are in centric occlusion.
a. of inclination the a. formed by the meeting of a line drawn through the shaft of the femur with one passing through the long axis of the femoral neck; normally it is about 127°.a. of depression, neck-shaft a;
inferior a. of scapula the acute angle formed by junction of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula.angulus inferior scapulae [NA];
infrasternal a. the angle between the lower borders of the costal cartilages of the two sides as they approach the sternum.angulus infrasternalis [NA] , substernal a;
iridocorneal a. the acute angle between the iris and the cornea at the periphery of the anterior chamber of the eye.angulus iridocornealis [NA] , a. of iris, angulus iridis, filtration a;
a. of iris iridocorneal a
Jacquart's facial a. a facial a. with the intersection always at the nasal spine point; additional variation uses the supraorbital point instead of the glabella, and this latter version is also known as ophryospinal facial a. or Topinard's facial a.
a. of jaw a. of mandible
kappa a. the a. between the pupillary axis and the visual axis; it is positive when the pupillary axis is nasal to the visual axis, and negative when the pupillary axis is temporal to the visual axis.
lateral a. of eye the angle formed by the junction of the lateral parts of the upper and lower eyelids.angulus oculi lateralis [NA] , angulus oculi temporalis, external canthus, lateral canthus;
lateral a. of scapula the blunt, concave head of the scapula forming the glenoid cavity at the junction of the superior and lateral borders of the bone.angulus lateralis scapulae [NA];
lateral a. of uterus the upper part of the side of the uterus at the point of its junction with the uterine tube.
limiting a. critical a
line a. in dentistry, the junction of two surfaces of the crown of a tooth, or of a tooth cavity (cavity line a.).
Louis' a. sternal a
Lovibond's a. the a. made at the meeting of the proximal nail fold and the nail plate when viewed from the radial aspect; normally, less than 180° but exceeding this in clubbing of the fingers.Lovibond's profile sign;
Ludwig's a. sternal a
lumbosacral a. the angle between the long axis of the lumbar part of the vertebral column and that of the sacrum.
a. of mandible the angle formed by the lower margin of the body and the posterior margin of the ramus of the mandible.angulus mandibulae [NA] , a. of jaw;
mastoid a. of parietal bone the posteroinferior point of the parietal bone.angulus mastoideus ossis parietalis [NA];
maxillary a. the a. formed by a line drawn from the ophryon and another from the point of the mandible and meeting at the contact between the upper and lower incisor teeth.
medial a. of eye the angle formed by the union of the upper and lower eyelids medially.angulus oculi medialis [NA] , angulus oculi nasalis, internal canthus, medial canthus;
mesial a. the a. formed by the meeting of the mesial with the labial (or buccal) or lingual surface of a tooth.
metafacial a. the a. between the pterygoid processes and the base of the skull.Serres' a;
meter a. the amount of convergence required to view binocularly an object 1 meter distant and exerting 1 diopter of accommodation.unit of ocular convergence;
a. of mouth the lateral limit of the oral fissure. See also labial commissure.angulus oris [NA];
neck-shaft a. a. of inclination
occipital a. of parietal bone 1. the posterior superior angle of the parietal bone;Broca's a.'s (3); 2. Daubenton's a
olfactory a. the a. formed by the plane of the lamina cribrosa and the basicranial axis.
ophryospinal a. See Jacquart's facial a.
parietal a. an a. formed by the meeting of the prolongation of two lines tangential to the most prominent part of the zygomatic arch and to the parietofrontal suture on each side; when the lines remain parallel the a. is zero; when they diverge it is negative.Quatrefages' a;
pelvivertebral a. the a. made by the pelvis as defined by the plane of the superior pelvic aperture with the general axis of the trunk or vertebral column. See also inclination of pelvis.
phrenopericardial a. cardiophrenic a
Pirogoff's a. venous a. (1)
point a. the junction of three surfaces of the crown of a tooth, or of the walls of a cavity.
a. of polarization the a. of incidence at which the reflected light is all polarized.
pontine a. cerebellopontine a
pubic a. subpubic a
Q a. the a. formed by lines representing the resultant pull of the quadriceps muscle and the axis of the patellar tendon.
Quatrefages' a. parietal a
Ranke's a. the a. formed by the horizontal plane of the head and a line passing from the center of the margin of the alveolar arch of the maxilla, below the nasal spine to the center of the frontonasal suture. [J. Ranke]
a. of reflection the a. that a ray reflected from a surface makes with a line drawn perpendicular to this surface; it is equal to the a. of incidence (2).
refracting a. of a prism apical a
a. of refraction the a. that a ray leaving a refracting medium makes with a line drawn perpendicular to the surface of this medium.
Rolando's a. the a. which the fissure of Rolando (central sulcus) makes with the midplane.
Serres' a. metafacial a
S-N-A a. in cephalometrics, an a. measuring the anteroposterior relationship of the maxillary basal arch on the anterior cranial base; it shows the degree of maxillary prognathism. See also subspinale. [sella-nasion-subspinale (or point A)]
S-N-B a. an a. showing the anterior limit of the mandibular basal arch in relation to the anterior cranial base. See also supramentale. [sella-nasion-supramentale (or point B)]
sphenoid a. , sphenoidal a. 1. a. formed by the intersection at the top of the sella turcica (dorsum sellae), of lines coming from the nasal point and from the tip of the rostrum of the sphenoid; 2. sphenoidal a. of parietal bone
sphenoidal a. of parietal bone the anterior inferior angle of the parietal bone.angulus sphenoidalis ossis parietalis [NA] , sphenoid a. (2) , sphenoidal a., Welcker's a;
sternal a. the angle between the manubrium and the body of the sternum at the manubriosternal junction. Marks the level of the second costal cartilage (rib) for counting ribs or intercostal spaces. Denotes level of aortic arch, bifurcation of trachea, and T4/T5 intervertebral disc.angulus sterni [NA] , Louis' a., Ludwig's a., manubriosternal junction;
sternoclavicular a. the a. formed by the junction of the clavicle with the sternum.
subpubic a. the a. formed between the inferior rami of the pubic bones. In the female, the angle approximates that a. between the widely extended thumb and index finger (90°); in the male, it approximates the a. between the widely abducted index and middle fingers (60°). See also pubic arch.angulus subpubicus [NA] , pubic a;
substernal a. infrasternal a
superior a. of scapula formerly named the medial angle, it lies at the junction of the superior and medial borders of the bone.angulus superior scapulae [NA];
sylvian a. the a. formed by the sylvian line and a line perpendicular to the horizontal plane tangential to the highest point of the hemisphere.
tentorial a. the a. made by the plane of the tentorium and the basicranial axis.
Topinard's facial a. See Jacquart's facial a.
a. of torsion the amount of rotation of a long bone along its axis or between two axes, measured in degrees.
venous a. 1. the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, toward which converge the external and the anterior jugular and the vertebral veins, the thoracic duct in the left a. and the right lymphatic duct in the right a.;Pirogoff's a; 2. in neuroradiology, the a. of union of the superior thalamostriate vein (vena terminalis) with the internal cerebral vein, usually closely behind the interventricular foramen of Monro.
Virchow-Holder a. Virchow's a
Virchow's a. an a. formed by the meeting of a line drawn from the middle of the nasofrontal suture to the base of the anterior nasal spine with a line drawn from this last point to the center of the external auditory meatus.Virchow-Holder a;
visual a. the a. formed at the retina by the meeting of lines drawn from the periphery of the object seen.
Vogt's a. a craniometric a. formed by the nasobasilar and alveolonasal lines. [K. Vogt]
Weisbach's a. a craniometric a. formed by the junction, at the alveolar point, of lines passing from the basion and from the middle of the frontonasal suture.
Welcker's a. sphenoidal a. of parietal bone
y-a. in craniometry, the a. at the inion formed by lines drawn from the hormion and the lambda.hypsiloid a;

angor angor (ang´gor)

Rarely used term for extreme distress or mental anguish. [L. quinsy, anguish]
a. an´imi the sense of being in the act of dying, differing from the fear of death or the desire for death; a symptom that may occur with angina pectoris and occasionally in diseases of the medulla.a. pectoris (2);
a. pec´toris 1. Gairdner's disease 2. a. animi

Ångström Ångström

Anders J., Swedish physicist, 1814-1874. See angstrom; A.'s law; A. unit, scale.

angstrom (Å) angstrom (Å) (ang´strom)

A unit of wavelength, 10^-10 m, roughly the diameter of an atom; equivalent to 0.1 nm. [A.J. Ångström]

Anguillula Anguillula (ang-gwil´lu-la)

Old name for a genus of free-living nematodes. See Turbatrix. [Mod. L. dim. of L. anguilla, eel]

angulation angulation (ang´gu-la´shun)

Formation of an angle; an abnormal angle or bend in an organ.

angulus angulus , gen and pl. anguli (ang´gyu-lus, -lI) [NA]

angle [L.]
a. acromia´lis [NA] acromial angle
a. cos´tae [NA] costal angle
a. fronta´lis os´sis parieta´lis [NA] frontal angle of parietal bone
a. infe´rior scap´ulae [NA] inferior angle of scapula
a. infrasterna´lis [NA] infrasternal angle
a. ir´idis iridocorneal angle
a. iridocornea´lis [NA] iridocorneal angle
a. latera´lis scap´ulae [NA] lateral angle of scapula
a. mandib´ulae [NA] angle of mandible
a. mastoid´eus os´sis parieta´lis [NA] mastoid angle of parietal bone
a. occipita´lis os´sis parieta´lis [NA] Daubenton's angle
a. oc´uli latera´lis [NA] lateral angle of eye
a. oc´uli media´lis [NA] medial angle of eye
a. oc´uli nasa´lis medial angle of eye
a. oc´uli temporalis lateral angle of eye
a. o´ris [NA] angle of mouth
a. sphenoida´lis os´sis parieta´lis [NA] sphenoidal angle of parietal bone
a. ster´ni [NA] sternal angle
a. subpu´bicus [NA] subpubic angle
a. supe´rior scap´ulae [NA] superior angle of scapula

anhaline anhaline (an-ha´lin)

hordenine

anhaphia anhaphia (an-haf´e-a)

anaphia

anhedonia anhedonia (an-he-do´ne-a)

Absence of pleasure from the performance of acts that would ordinarily be pleasurable. [G. an- priv. + hedone, pleasure]

anhidrosis anhidrosis (an-hI-dro´sis)

Inability to tolerate heat; absence of sweat glands.adiaphoresis, anidrosis; [G. an- priv. + hidros, sweat]

anhidrotic anhidrotic (an-hI-drot´ik)

1. Relating to, or characterized by, anhidrosis. 2. antiperspirant (2) 3. Denoting a reduction or absence of sweat glands, characteristic of congenital ectodermal defect and anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.adiaphoretic, anidrotic;

anhistic anhistic , anhistous (an-his´tik, -tus)

Without apparent structure. [G. an- priv. + histos, web]

anhydrase anhydrase (an-hI´dras)

An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of water from a compound; most such enzymes are now known as hydrases, hydro-lyases, or dehydratases.
carbonic a. a zinc-containing enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of CO₂ with HCO₃^- and H⁺. There are at least seven human isozymes that appear predominantly in red blood cells, secretory tissues, muscle, etc. A deficiency of a. II can result in osteopetrosis and metabolic acidosis. The inhibition of a. IV and possibly a. II by sulfonamides is a current therapy in the treatment of glaucoma.carbonate dehydratase, carbonate hydro-lyase;

anhydration anhydration (an-hI-dra´shun)

dehydration (1)

anhydride anhydride (an-hI´drId)

An oxide that can combine with water to form an acid or that is derived from an acid by the abstraction of water.

anhydro- anhydro-

Chemical prefix denoting the removal of water. Cf. pyro- (2). [G. an- priv., + hydor, water]

3,6-anhydrogalactose 3,6-anhydrogalactose (an-hI´dro-ga-lak´tos)

A galactose derivative found in a number of polysaccharides (e.g., agarose).

anhydrogitalin anhydrogitalin (an-hI´dro-jit´a-lin)

gitoxin

anhydroleucovorin anhydroleucovorin (an-hI´dro-lu-ko-vor´in)

An intermediate formed in the folic acid-catalyzed glycine-serine interconversion.N⁵,N¹⁰-methenyltetrahydrofolic acid;

anhydrosugars anhydrosugars (an-hI´dro-shug-arz)

Sugars from which one or more molecules of water, other than water of crystallization, have been eliminated.dehydrosugars;

anhydrous anhydrous (an-hI´drus)

Containing no water, especially water of crystallization.

aniacinamidosis aniacinamidosis (a-nI´a-sin-am-i-do´sis)

Rarely used term for deficiency of niacinamide which may be associated with pellagra. [G. a- priv. + niacinamide + -osis, condition]

aniacinosis aniacinosis (a-nI´a-sin-o´sis)

Rarely used term for aniacinamidosis. [G> a- oruv. + niacin + -osis condition]

anicteric anicteric (an-ik-ter´ik)

Not icteric.

anidean anidean (an-id´e-an)

Shapeless; denoting a formless mass of tissue.anidous; [see anideus]

anideus anideus (an-id´e-us)

A parasitic fetus consisting of a poorly differentiated mass of tissue with slight indications of parts. See also holoacardius amorphus. [G. an- priv. + eidos, shape]
embryonic a. a blastoderm without axial organization.

anidous anidous (an-I´dus)

anidean

anidrosis anidrosis (an-i-dro´sis)

anhidrosis

anidrotic anidrotic (an-i-drot´ik)

anhidrotic

anile anile (a´nIl, an´il)

Obsolete term for senile or demented. [L. anilis, fr. anus, an old woman]

anileridine anileridine (an-i-ler´i-den)

Ethyl 1-(4-aminophenethyl)-4-phenylisonipecotate;related chemically and pharmacologically to meperidine hydrochloride; used for relief of moderate to severe pain; also mildly antihistaminic and spasmolytic; addiction liability is equivalent to that of morphine.

anilide anilide (an´i-lid)

An N-acyl aniline; e.g., acetanilide.

anilinction anilinction , anilinctus (a-ni-lingk´shun, -lingk´tus)

anilingus

aniline aniline (an´i-lin, -len)

C₆H₅(NH₂);an oily, colorless or brownish liquid, of aromatic odor and acrid taste, that is the parent substance of many synthetic dyes; formally derived from benzene by the substitution of the group -NH₂for one of the hydrogen atoms. Aniline is highly toxic and may cause industrial poisoning.aminobenzene, benzeneamine, phenylamine; [Ar. an-nil, indigo]

aniline blue aniline blue [C.I. 42755]

A mixture of sulfonated triphenylmethane dyes used widely as a connective tissue stain and counterstain.

anilingus anilingus (a-ni-ling´gus)

Sexual stimulation by licking or kissing the anus; a type of oral-genital sexual activity.anilinction, anilinctus; [L. anus, + lingo, to lick]

anilinism anilinism (an´i-lin-izm)

anilism

anilinophil anilinophil , anilinophile (an-i-lin´o-fil, -fIl)

Denoting a cell or histologic structure that stains readily with an aniline dye.anilinophilous; [aniline + G. philos, fond]

anilinophilous anilinophilous (an-i-li-nof´I-lus)

anilinophil

anilism anilism (an´i-lizm)

Chronic aniline poisoning characterized by gastric and cardiac weakness, vertigo, muscular depression, intermittent pulse, and cyanosis.anilinism;

anility anility (a-nil´i-te)

senility [L. anilitas, fr. anus, an old woman]

anima anima (an´i-ma)

1. The soul or spirit. See animus (4). 2. In jungian psychology, the inner self, in contrast to persona; a female archtype in a man. Cf. animus (5). [L. breath, soul]

animal animal (an´i-mal)

1. A living, sentient organism that has membranous cell walls, requires oxygen and organic foods, and is capable of voluntary movement, as distinguished from a plant or mineral. 2. One of the lower a. organisms as distinguished from humans. [L.]
cold-blooded a. poikilotherm
control a. in research, an a. submitted to the same conditions as the others used for the experiment, but with the crucial factor (such as the injection of antitoxin, the administration of a drug, etc.) omitted. See also control, control experiment.
conventional a. an a. colonized by the burden of resident microorganisms normally associated with its particular species.
Houssay a. an a. that has been pancreatectomized and hypophysectomized. Named after the discoverer of the principle that a.'s are more sensitive to insulin after removal of the pituitary, and that after this operation the intensity of diabetes in depancreatized a.'s is diminished.
normal a. in research, an experimental a. that has neither suffered an attack of a particular disease nor received an injection of a specific microorganism or its toxin.
sentinel a. an a. deliberately placed in a particular environment to detect the presence of an infectious agent, such as a virus.
warm-blooded a. homeotherm

animal black animal black

animal charcoal

animalcule animalcule (an-i-mal´kyul)

Term used by believers in the preformation theory to designate the supposed miniature body contained in a gamete. See homunculus. [Mod. L. animalculum, dim. of L. animal, a living being]

animation animation (an-i-ma´shun)

1. The state of being alive. 2. Liveliness; high spirits. [L. animo, pp. -atus, to make alive; anima, breath, soul]
suspended a. a temporary state resembling death, with cessation of respiration; may also refer to certain forms of hibernation in animals or to endospore formation by some bacteria.

animatism animatism (an´i-ma-tizm)

Attribution of mental or spiritual qualities to both living beings and nonliving things. See also animism.

animism animism (an´i-mizm)

The view that all things in nature, both animate and inanimate, contain a spirit or soul; held by primitive peoples and young children. See also animatism. [L. anima, soul]

animus animus (an´i-mus)

1. An animating or energizing spirit. 2. Intention to do something; disposition. 3. In psychiatry, a spirit of active hostility or grudge. 4. The ideal image toward which a person strives. 5. In jungian psychology, a male archetype in a woman. Cf. anima (2). [L. animus, breath, rational soul in man, will]

anion (A-) anion (A^-) (an´I-on)

An ion that carries a negative charge, going therefore to the positively charged anode; in salts, acid radicals are a.'s.

anion exchange anion exchange

The process by which an anion in a mobile (liquid) phase exchanges with another anion previously bound to a solid, positively charged phase, the latter being an anion exchanger. It takes place when Cl^- is exchanged for OH^- in desalting. The reaction is Cl^- (in solution) + (OH^- on anion exchanger⁺) -> (Cl^- on anion exchanger) + OH^- (in solution); combined with cation exchange, NaCl is removed from solution. Anion exchange may also be used chromatographically, to separate anions, and medicinally, to remove an anion (e.g., Cl^-) from gastric contents or bile acids in the intestine.

anion exchanger anion exchanger

An insoluble solid, usually a polystyrene or a polysaccharide, with cation groups (e.g., -NR₃⁺ or -NR₂H⁺), which can attract and hold anions that pass by in a moving solution in exchange for anions previously held.

anionic anionic (an-I-on´ik)

Referring to a negatively charged ion.

anionotropy anionotropy (an´-I-on-ot´ro-pe)

The migration of a negative ion in tautomeric changes.

aniridia aniridia (an-i-rid´e-a) [MIM*106200]

Absence of the iris; when congenital, a rudimentary iris root is usually present. About 60 percent of cases are inherited as autosomal dominants, although somewhat irregularly manifested. Cf. irideremia. [G. an- priv. + irid- + -ia]

anisakiasis anisakiasis (an´i-sa-kI´a-sis)

Infection of the intestinal wall by larvae of Anisakis marina and other genera of anisakid nematodes (Contracaecum, Phocanema), characterized by intestinal eosinophilic granuloma and symptoms like those of peptic ulcer or tumor.herring-worm disease; [G. anisos, unequal, + akis, a point, + -iasis, condition]

anisakid anisakid (an-i-sa´kid)

Common name for nematodes of the family Anisakidae.

Anisakidae Anisakidae (an-i-sa´ki-de)

Family of large nematode worms (superfamily Heterocheilidae) found in the stomach and intestines of fish-eating birds and marine mammals, infection being acquired from marine fish; human cases of anisakiasis have been reported from Japan. See also Anisakis.

Anisakis Anisakis (an-i-sa´kis)

Genus of nematodes (family Anisakidae) that includes many common parasites of marine fish-eating birds and marine mammals. [G. anisos, unequal, + akis, a point]

anisate anisate (an´I-sat)

A salt of anisic acid, usually possessing antiseptic properties.

anise anise (an´is)

The fruit of Pimpinellla anisum (family Umbelliferae); an aromatic and carminative.

aniseikonia aniseikonia (an´I-sI-ko´ne-a)

An ocular condition in which the image of an object in one eye differs in size or shape from the image of the same object in the fellow eye.unequal retinal image; [G. anisos, unequal, + eikon, an image]

anisic anisic (an-is´ik)

Relating to anise.

anisic acid anisic acid (an-is´ik)

A crystalline volatile acid obtained from anise; its compounds are the antiseptic anisates.4-methoxybenzoic acid;

anisindione anisindione (an´i-sin-dI´on)

2-p-Anisylindan-1,3-dione;an anticoagulant with pharmacologic actions similar to those of phenindone and bishydroxycoumarin.

aniso- aniso-

Unequal, dissimilar, unlike. [G. anisos, unequal, fr. an-, not, + isos, equal]

anisoaccommodation anisoaccommodation (an-I´so-a-kom-o-da´shun)

Variation between the two eyes in accommodation capacity. [aniso- + L. accommodo, to adapt]

anisochromasia anisochromasia (an-I´so-kro-ma´ze-a)

The unequal distribution of hemoglobin in the red blood cells, such that the periphery is pigmented and the central region is virtually colorless, as observed in films of blood from persons with certain forms of anemia caused by deficiency of iron; normal red blood cells show mild a. because of their biconcave shape. [aniso- + G. chroma, color]

anisochromatic anisochromatic (an-I´so-kro-mat´ik)

Not uniformly of one color.

anisocoria anisocoria (an-I-so-ko´re-a)

A condition in which the two pupils are not of equal size. [aniso- + G. kore, pupil]
essential a. simple a
physiologic a. simple a
simple a. a common (20% of normals) benign inequality of the pupils that may change from one hour to the next.essential a., physiologic a., simple-central a;
simple-central a. simple a

anisocytosis anisocytosis (an-I´so-sI-to´sis)

Considerable variation in the size of cells that are normally uniform, especially with reference to red blood cells. [aniso- + G. kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

anisodactylous anisodactylous (an-I´so-dak´ti-lus)

Relating to anisodactyly.

anisodactyly anisodactyly (an-I´so-dak´ti-le)

Unequal length in corresponding fingers. [aniso- + G. daktylon, finger]

anisogamy anisogamy (an´-i-sog´a-me)

Fusion of two gametes unequal in size or form; fertilization as distinguished from isogamy or conjugation. [aniso- + G. gamos, marriage]

anisognathous anisognathous (an-i-sog´na-thus)

Having jaws of unequal size, the upper being wider than the lower. [aniso- + G. gnathos, jaw]

anisokaryosis anisokaryosis (an-I´so-kar-e-o´sis)

Variation in size of nuclei, greater than the normal range for a tissue. [aniso- + G. karyon, nut (nucleus), + -osis, condition]

anisole anisole (an´i-sol)

C₆H₅OCH₃; Methoxybenzene;obtained from anisic acid; used in perfumery.

anisomastia anisomastia (an-i-so-mas´te-a)

Breasts of unequal size. [aniso- + G. mastos, breast]

anisomelia anisomelia (an-i-so-me´le-a)

A condition of inequality between two paired limbs. [aniso- + G. melos, limb]

anisometropia anisometropia (an-I´so-me-tro´pe-a)

A difference in the refractive power of the two eyes. [aniso- + G. metron, measure, + ops, sight]

anisometropic anisometropic (an-I´so-me-trop´ik)

1. Relating to anisometropia. 2. Having eyes of unequal refractive power.

anisopiesis anisopiesis (an-I-so-pI-e´sis)

Unequal arterial blood pressure on the two sides of the body. [aniso- + G. piesis, pressure]

anisorrhythmia anisorrhythmia (an-I-so-ridth´me-a)

Irregular action of the heart, or absence of synchronism in the rate of atria and ventricles. [aniso- + G. rhythmos, rhythm]

anisosphygmia anisosphygmia (an-I-so-sfig´me-a)

Difference in volume, force, or time of the pulse in the corresponding arteries on two sides of the body, e.g., the two radials, or femorals. [aniso- + G. sphygmos, pulse]

anisosthenic anisosthenic (an-I-sos-then´ik)

Of unequal strength; denoting two muscles or groups of muscles that are either paired or are antagonists. [aniso- + G. sthenos, strength]

anisotonic anisotonic (an-I-so-ton´ik)

Not having equal tension; having unequal osmotic pressure. [aniso- + G. tonus, tension]

anisotropic anisotropic (an-I-so-trop´ik)

Not having properties that are the same in all directions. [aniso- + G. tropos, a turning]

anisotropine methylbromide anisotropine methylbromide (an´i-so-tro´pen)

8-Methyltropinium bromide 2-propylvalerate;an anticholinergic and intestinal antispasmodic.

Anitschkow Anitschkow

Nikolai, Russian pathologist, 1885-1964. See A. cell, myocyte.

ankle ankle (ang´kl)

1. ankle joint 2. The region of the a. joint. 3. talus

ankylo- ankylo-

Bent, crooked, stiff, fused, fixed, closed See also ancylo-. [G. ankylos, bent, crooked; ankylosis, stiffening of the joints, fr. ankos, a bend, a hollow]

ankyloblepharon ankyloblepharon (ang´ki-lo-blef´a-ron)

blepharocoloboma [ankylo- + G. blepharon, eyelid]
congenital a. congenital adhesion of the upper and lower eyelid by bands of tissue.filiform adnatum;

ankylocolpos ankylocolpos (ang´ki-lo-kol´pos)

vaginal atresia [ankylo- + G. kolpos, womb (vagina)]

ankylodactyly ankylodactyly , ankylodactylia (ang´ki-lo-dak´ti-le, -dak-til´e-a)

Adhesion between two or more fingers or toes. See also syndactyly. [ankylo- + G. daktylos, finger]

ankyloglossia ankyloglossia (ang´ki-lo-glos´e-a) [MIM 106280]

Partial or complete fusion of the tongue to the floor of the mouth; abnormal shortness of the frenulum linguae.tongue-tie; [ankylo- + G. glossa, tongue]

ankylomele ankylomele (ang´ki-lo-me´le)

A curved or bent probe. [ankylo- + G. mele, probe]

ankylopoietic ankylopoietic (ang´ki-lo-poy-et´ik)

Forming ankylosis.

ankyloproctia ankyloproctia (ang´ki-lo-prok´she-a)

Obsolete term for imperforation or stricture of the anus. [ankylo- + G. proktos, anus]

ankylosed ankylosed (ang´ki-losd)

Stiffened; bound by adhesions; denoting a joint in a state of ankylosis.

ankylosis ankylosis (ang´ki-lo´sis)

Stiffening or fixation of a joint as the result of a disease process, with fibrous or bony union across the joint. [G. ankylosis, stiffening of a joint]
artificial a. arthrodesis
bony a. synostosis
dental a. bony union of the radicular surface of a tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone in an area of previous partial root resorption.
extracapsular a. stiffness of a joint due to induration or heterotopic ossification of the surrounding tissues.spurious a;
false a. fibrous a
fibrous a. stiffening of a joint due to the presence of fibrous bands between and about the bones forming the joint.false a., pseudankylosis;
intracapsular a. stiffness of a joint due to the presence of bony or fibrous adhesions between the articular surfaces of the joint.
spurious a. extracapsular a
true a. synostosis

Ankylostoma Ankylostoma (ang-ki-los´to-ma)

1. Ancylostoma 2. trismus [ankylo- + G. stoma, mouth]

ankylostomiasis ankylostomiasis (ang´ki-lo-sto-mI´a-sis)

ancylostomiasis

ankylotic ankylotic (ang-ki-lot´ik)

Characterized by or pertaining to ankylosis.

ankyrin ankyrin (ang´ki-rin)

An erythrocyte membranal protein that binds spectrin. A deficiency in ankyrin may lead to a type of hereditary spherocytosis.anchorin, syndein; [G. ankyra, anchor, + -in]

ankyroid ankyroid (an´ki-royd)

ancyroid

anlage anlage , pl. anlagen (ahn´lah-ge, -gen)

1. primordium 2. In psychoanalysis, genetic predisposition to a given trait or personality characteristic. [Ger. plan, outline]

anneal anneal (an-nel´)

1. To soften or temper a metal by controlled heating and cooling; the process makes a metal more easily adapted, bent, or swaged, and less brittle. 2. In dentistry, to heat gold leaf preparatory to its insertion into a cavity, in order to remove adsorbed gases and other contaminants. 3. The pairing of complementary single strands of DNA; or of DNA-RNA. 4. The attachment of the ends of two macromolecules; e.g., two microtubules annealing to form one longer microtubule. 5. In molecular biology, annealing is a process in which short sections of single-stranded DNA from one source are bound to a filter and incubated with single-stranded, radioactively conjugated DNA from a second source. Where the two sets of DNA possess complementary sequences of nucleotides, bonding occurs. The degree of relatedness (homology) of the two sets of DNA is then estimated according to the radioactivity level of the filter. This technique plays a central role in the classification of bacteria and viruses.nucleic acid hybridization; [A.S. anaelan, to burn]

annectent annectent (a-nek´tent)

Connected with; joined. [L. an-necto, pres. p. -nectnes, pp. -nexus, to join to]

Annelida Annelida (an´ne-lI´da)

A phylum that includes the segmented or true worms, such as the earthworm.

annelids annelids (an´ne-lids)

Common name for members of the phylum Annelida.

annellide annellide (an´e-lId)

A conidiogenous cell that produces conidia in succession, each leaving a ringlike collar on the cell wall when released. [Fr. annelide, fr. L. anellus, a ring]

annelloconidium annelloconidium (an´e-lo-ko-nid´e-um)

A conidium produced by an annellide.

annexa annexa (a-nek´sa)

adnexa

annexal annexal (a-neks-al)

adnexal

annexectomy annexectomy (an-eks-ek´to-me)

adnexectomy

annexins annexins (a-nek´sinz)

A family of Ca²⁺dependent phospholipid-binding proteins which may act as mediators of intracellular calcium signals.

annexitis annexitis (an-eks-I´tis)

adnexitis

annexopexy annexopexy (an-eks´o-pek-se)

adnexopexy

annotto annotto (a-not´o)

Coloring matter extracted from the seeds of Bixa orellana; contains bixin and several other yellow to orange-red pigments; used for coloring butter, margarine, cheese, and oils.

annular annular (an´yu-lar)

Ring-shaped.anular; [L. anulus, ring]

annuloplasty annuloplasty (an´yu-lo-plas-te)

Reconstruction of the ring (or annulus) of an incompetent cardiac valve. [L. anulus, ring, + G. plastos, formed]

annulorrhaphy annulorrhaphy (an-yu-lor´a-fe)

Closure of a hernial ring by suture. [L. anulus, ring, + G. rhaphe, seam]

annulus annulus (an´yu-lus) [NA]

ring See also ring.
a. abdomina´lis deep inguinal ring
a. cilia´ris ciliary body
a. conjuncti´vae [NA] conjunctival ring
a. femora´lis [NA] femoral ring
a. fibrocartilagin´eus mem´branae tympa´ni [NA] fibrocartilaginous ring of tympanic membrane
a. fibro´sus [NA] 1. fibrous ring of heart 2. a. fibrosus of intervertebral disc
a. fibro´sus cor´dis [NA] fibrous ring of heart
a. fibro´sus dis´ci intervertebra´lis [NA] a. fibrosus of intervertebral disc
a. fibrosus of intervertebral disc the ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disc; surrounds the nucleus pulposus, which is prone to herniation when the a. fibrosus is compromised.a. fibrosus disci intervertebralis [NA] , a. fibrosus (2) [NA] , fibrous ring of intervertebral disc, fibrous ring (2);
a. of fibrous sheath annular part of fibrous digital sheath
Haller's a. Haller's insula
a. hemorrhoida´lis hemorrhoidal zone
a. inguina´lis profun´dus [NA] deep inguinal ring
a. inguina´lis superficia´lis [NA] superficial inguinal ring
a. ir´idis ring of iris
a. iridis major greater ring of iris
a. iridis minor lesser ring of iris
a. lymphat´icus car´diae [NA] lymphatic ring of cardiac part of stomach
a. ova´lis limbus fossae ovalis
a. tendin´eus commu´nis [NA] common tendinous ring
a. tympan´icus [NA] tympanic ring
a. umbilica´lis [NA] umbilical ring
a. urethra´lis sphincter vesicae
Vieussens' a. limbus fossae ovalis

AnOC AnOC

Abbreviation for anodal opening contraction.

anochlesia anochlesia (an´o-kle´ze-a)

1. catalepsy 2. Quietude. [G. an- priv. + ochlesis, disturbance]

anochromasia anochromasia (an´o-kro-ma´ze-a)

1. Failure of cells or other elements of tissue to be colored in the usual manner when treated with a stain (or stains). 2. Accumulation of hemoglobin in the peripheral zone of erythrocytes, thereby resulting in a pale, virtually colorless central portion. [G. ano, upward, + chroma, color]

anociassociation anociassociation (a-no´se-a-so-se-a´shun)

Theory that afferent stimuli, especially pain, contribute to the development of surgical shock, and, as a corollary, that conduction anesthesia at the surgical field and pre-surgical sedation protect against shock. [G. a- priv. + L. noceo, to injure, + association]

anococcygeal anococcygeal (a-no-kok-sij´e-al)

Relating to both anus and coccyx.

anodal anodal (an-od´al)

Of, pertaining to, or emanating from an anode.anodic;

anode anode (an´od)

1. The positive pole of a galvanic battery or the electrode connected with it; an electrode toward which negatively charged ions (anions) migrate; a positively charged electrode. Cf. cathode. 2. The portion, usually made of tungsten, of an x-ray tube from which x-rays are re leased by bombardment by cathode rays (electrons).anelectrode, positive electrode; [G. anodos, a way up, fr. ana, up, + hodos, a way]
rotating a. in diagnostic radiography, modern x-ray tubes that have a mushroom-shaped anode that rotates rapidly to avoid local heat buildup from electron impact during x-ray generation.

anoderm anoderm (a´no-derm)

Lining of the anal canal immediately inferior to the dentate line and extending for about 1.5 cm. to the anal verge; it is devoid of hair and sebaceous and sweat glands, and so is not true skin, although it is squamous epithelium; it is pale, smooth, thin, and delicate, and shiny when stretched; it is especially vulnerable to abrasion (as from rough toilet paper), chemical irritants (soaps), and is well-provided with tactile and nociceptive (pain, itch) endings innervated by the inferior rectal (pudendal) nerve.

anodic anodic (an-od´ik)

anodal

anodontia anodontia (an-o-don´she-a)

Congenital absence of the teeth; developmental, not due to extraction or impaction.agomphious, agomphosis, agomphiasis; [G. an- priv. + odous, tooth]
partial a. hypodontia

anodontism anodontism (an-o-dont´izm)

Congenital absence of tooth germ development.

anodyne anodyne (an´o-dIn)

A compound less potent than an anesthetic or a narcotic but capable of relieving pain. [G. an- priv. + odyne, pain]

anoetic anoetic (an-o-et´ik)

Lacking the power of comprehension, as in severe and profound levels of mental retardation. [G. anoesia, from a- priv. + noos, perception]

anogenital anogenital (a´no-jen´I-tal)

Relating in any way to both the anal and the genital regions.

anomalad anomalad (a-nom´a-lad)

A malformation together with its subsequently derived structural changes. [see anomaly]

anomaloscope anomaloscope (a-nom´a-lo-skop)

An instrument used to diagnose abnormalities of color perception in which one-half of a field of color is matched by mixing two other colors. [G. anomalos, irregular, + skopeo, to examine]

anomaly anomaly (a-nom´a-le)

Deviation from the average or norm; anything that is structurally unusual or irregular or contrary to a general rule. Congenital defects are an example of the definition of anomaly. [G. anomalia, irregularity]
Alder's a. coarse azurophilic granulation of leukocytes, especially granulocytes, which may be associated with gargoylism and Morquio's disease.
Aristotle's a. when a small object is held between the first and second fingers crossed in such a way that it touches or presses upon skin surfaces which ordinarily are not pressed upon simultaneously by a single object, it is perceived falsely as two.
Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi a. Chédiak-Steinbrinck-Higashi syndrome
developmental a. an a. established during intrauterine life; a congenital a.
Ebstein's a. congenital downward displacement of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle.Ebstein's disease;
eugnathic a. eugnathia
Freund's a. a narrowing of the upper aperture of the thorax by shortening of the first rib and its cartilage; formerly believed to predispose to tuberculosis because of defective expansion of the lung apex.
Hegglin's a. a disorder in which neutrophils and eosinophils contain basophilic structures known as Döhle or Amato bodies and in which there is faulty maturation of platelets, with thrombocytopenia; autosomal dominant inheritance.May-Hegglin a;
May-Hegglin a. Hegglin's a
morning glory a. congenital a. of the optic disk in which the nerve head is funnel-shaped, with a dot of white tissue at the end of the excavation, and is surrounded by an elevated pigmented annulus; the retinal vessels seen are multiple narrow bands at the edge of the disk.
Pelger-Huët nuclear a. [MIM*169400] congenital inhibition of lobulation in the nuclei of neutrophilic leukocytes; most cells present band or bilobulate appearance, and only an occasional cell is trilobed; it is not associated with disease, but may be confused with leukocyte "shift to left"; autosomal dominant inheritance.
Peters' a. anterior chamber cleavage syndrome
Rieger's a. iridocorneal mesodermal dysgenesis
Shone's a. coarctation of the aorta, subaortic stenosis, and stenosing ring of the left atrium found in association with a parachute mitral valve.
Uhl a. right ventricular myocardial aplasia, causing a dilated, thin-walled right ventricle without murmurs; death results in early childhood.

anomer anomer (an´o-mer)

One of two sugar molecules that are epimeric at the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon atom (carbon-1 in aldoses, carbon-2 in most ketoses); e.g., a-d-glucose and beta-d-glucose. See also sugars. Cf. epimer.

anomia anomia (a-no´me-a)

nominal aphasia [G. a- priv. + onoma, name]

anomie anomie (an´o-me)

1. Lawlessness; absence or weakening of social norms or values, with corresponding erosion of social cohesion. 2. In psychiatry, absence or weakening of individual norms or values; characterized by anxiety, isolation, and personal disorientation. [Fr., fr. G. anomia, lawlessness]

anonychia anonychia , anonychosis (an-o-nik´e-a, an-o-nI-ko´sis)

Absence of the nails. [G. an- priv. + onyx (onych-), nail]

anonyma anonyma (a-non´i-ma)

Without name; a term formerly applied to the large vessels in the thorax (now called the brachiocephalic trunk and vein) and the hip bone.innominate; [G. an- priv. + onyma, name]

Anopheles Anopheles (a-nof´e-lez)

A genus of mosquitoes (family Culicidae, subfamily Anophelinae). The sporogenous cycle of the malarial parasite is passed in the body cavity of female mosquitoes of certain species of this genus; a few selected vectors (from among over 90 species) are listed below. [G. anopheles, useless, harmful, fr. an- priv. + opheleo, to be of use]
A. albima´nus a species having white hind feet, a common carrier of the malaria parasite in the West Indies and Central America.
A. albitar´sus a South American species that transmits malaria.
A. balabacen´sis a vector species in Southeast Asia, Burma, and India.
A. culicifa´cies a species that is a common malaria vector in India and Sri Lanka, China, and elsewhere in the Orient.
A. darling´i a South American species, an important carrier of the malarial parasite.
A. fluviatil´is a species that is an important vector in India and Pakistan.
A. freebor´ni a species that is a vector in the western U.S. (although endemic cases are no longer present).
A. funes´tus an important African species that transmits malaria.
A. gam´biae an African species that is a most important vector of malaria.
A. labranch´iae a species that is an important vector in southern Europe and the Mediterranean basin.
A. macula´tus a species that is a vector in Malaysia and Indonesia.
A. maculipen´nis the type species of this genus; its wings are marked by spots formed of collections of scales; one of the most widely spread species active in the dissemination of malaria (formerly an important vector in continental Europe).
A. min´imus a species that is an important vector throughout the Orient.
A. pseudopunctipen´nis a South American vector species.
A. quadrimacula´tus a species that was formerly an important carrier of malaria in the southern United States.
A. stephen´si a widespread species that is an important vector of malaria in Asia.
A. sundai´cus a species that is an important vector in the Orient and Southeast Asia.
A. superpic´tus a species that is an important vector in the Mediterranean region, Middle East, and southern Asia.

anophelicide anophelicide (a-nof´e-li-sId)

An agent that destroys the Anopheles mosquito.

anophelifuge anophelifuge (a-nof´e-li-fuj)

An agent that drives away or prevents the bite of Anopheles mosquitoes.

Anophelinae Anophelinae (an-of-e-lI´ne)

A subfamily of the mosquitoes (Culicidae) consisting of several genera, including Anopheles.

anopheline anopheline (a-nof´e-lIn)

Referring to the Anopheles mosquito.

Anophelini Anophelini (a-nof-e-lI-nI)

The tribe of mosquitoes (family Culicidae) that includes the genus Anopheles. [G. anopheles, useless, troublesome]

anophelism anophelism (a-nof´e-lizm)

The habitual presence in any region of Anopheles mosquitoes.

anophthalmia anophthalmia (an-of-thal´me-a)

Congenital absence of all tissues of the eyes. [G. an- priv. + ophthalmos, eye]

anoplasty anoplasty (a´no-plas-te)

Plastic surgery of the anus. [L. anus + G. plastos, formed]

Anoplocephala Anoplocephala (an-op´lo-sef´a-la)

A genus of large tapeworms (family Anoplocephalidae) with strong linear segmentation, numerous scattered testes, and eggs with a pyriform apparatus; they are parasitic in herbivores, with terrestrial mites serving as intermediate hosts. [G. anoplos, unarmed, + kephale, head]
A. perfolia´ta a cosmopolitan species of the horse, donkey, mule, and zebra; cysticercoid larvae are found in arthropods.Taenia equina, Taenia quadrilobata;

Anoplura Anoplura (an-o-plu´ra)

The order of insects that includes the bloodsucking lice of mammals, with some 450 species arranged in 6 families, of which 4 contain species of medical or veterinary importance: Haematopinus, Linognathus, and Solenopotes of domestic mammals, and the human sucking lice Pediculus humanus. [G. anoplos, unarmed, + oura, tail]

anorchia anorchia (an-or´ke-a)

anorchism

anorchism anorchism (an-or´kizm)

Absence of the testes; may be congenital or acquired.anorchia; [G. an- priv. + orchis, testis]

anorectal anorectal (a´no-rek´tal)

Relating to both anus and rectum.

anorectic anorectic , anoretic (an-o-rek´tic, -ret´ik)

1. Relating to, characteristic of, or suffering from anorexia, especially anorexia nervosa. 2. An agent that causes anorexia.anorexic;

anorexia anorexia (an-o-rek´se-a)

Diminished appetite; aversion to food. [G. fr. an- priv. + orexis, appetite]
a. nervo´sa a mental disorder manifested by extreme fear of becoming obese and an aversion to food, usually occurring in young women and often resulting in life-threatening weight loss, accompanied by a disturbance in body image, hyperactivity, and amenorrhea.

anorexiant anorexiant (an-o-rek´se-ant)

A drug ("diet pills"), process, or event that leads to anorexia.

anorexic anorexic (an-o-rek´sik)

anorectic

anorexigenic anorexigenic (an´o-rek-si-jen´ik)

Promoting or causing anorexia.

anorgasmy anorgasmy , anorgasmia (an-or-gaz´me, -gaz´me-a)

Failure to experience an orgasm; may be biogenic (secondary to a physical disorder or medication), psychogenic (secondary to psychological or situational factors), or a combination of the two. [G. an- priv. + orgasm + -ia]

anorthography anorthography (an-or-thog´ra-fe)

agraphia [G. an- priv. + orthos, straight, + grapho, to write]

anoscope anoscope (a´no-skop)

A short speculum for examining the anal canal and lower rectum.
Bacon's a. an instrument resembling a rectal speculum, with a long slit on one side and an electric light opposite.

anosigmoidoscopy anosigmoidoscopy (a´no-sig-moy-dos´-ko-pe)

Endoscopy of the anus, rectum and sigmoid colon.

anosmia anosmia (an-oz´me-a)

Loss of the sense of smell. It may be: 1) essential or true, due to lesion of the olfactory nerve; 2) mechanical or respiratory, due to obstruction of the nasal fossae; 3) reflex, due to disease in some other part or organ; or 4) functional, without any apparent causal lesion. [G. an- priv. + osme, sense of smell]

anosmic anosmic (an-oz´mik)

Relating to anosmia.

anosodiaphoria anosodiaphoria (a-no´so-dI-a-for´e-a)

Indifference, real or assumed, regarding the presence of disease, specifically of paralysis. [G. a- priv. + nosos, disease, + diaphora, difference]

anosognosia anosognosia (a-no´sog-no´se-a)

Ignorance of the presence of disease, specifically of paralysis. Most often seen in patients with non-dominant parietal lobe lesions, who deny their hemiparesis. [G. a- priv. + nosos, disease, + gnosis, knowledge]

anosognosic anosognosic (a-no-sog-no´sik)

Relating to anosognosia.

anospinal anospinal (a´no-spI´nal)

Relating to the anus and the spinal cord.

anosteoplasia anosteoplasia (an-os´te-o-pla´ze-a)

Failure of bone formation. [G. an- priv. + osteon, bone, + plasso, to form]

anostosis anostosis (an-os-to´sis)

Failure of ossification. [G. an- priv. + osteon, bone]

anotia anotia (an-o´she-a)

Congenital absence of one or both auricles of the ears. [G. an- priv. + ous, ear]

ANOVA ANOVA

Acronym for analysis of variance.

anovesical anovesical (a´no-ves´i-kal)

Relating in any way to both anus and urinary bladder.

anovular anovular (an-ov´yu-lar)

Absence of discharge of an ovum from the ovary during an ovarian cycle.anovulatory;

anovulation anovulation (an-ov-yu-la´shun)

Suspension or cessation of ovulation.

anovulatory anovulatory (an-ov´yu-la-tor-e)

anovular

anoxemia anoxemia (an-ok-se´me-a)

Absence of oxygen in arterial blood; formerly often used to include moderate decrease in oxygen now properly distinguished as hypoxemia. [G. an- priv. + oxygen + G. haima, blood]

anoxia anoxia (an-ok´se-a)

Absence or almost complete absence of oxygen from inspired gases, arterial blood, or tissues; to be differentiated from hypoxia. [G. an- priv. + oxygen]
anemic a. a term formerly considered synonymous with anemic hypoxia, but now reserved for extremely severe cases in which oxygen is almost completely lacking.
anoxic a. a term formerly considered synonymous with hypoxic hypoxia, but now reserved for extremely severe cases in which oxygen is almost completely lacking.
diffusion a. diffusion hypoxia severe enough to result in the absence of oxygen in alveolar gas.
histotoxic a. poisoning of the respiratory enzyme systems of the tissues, as in the inhibition of cytochrome oxidase by cyanides; owing to the inability of tissue cells to utilize oxygen, its tension in arterial and capillary blood is usually greater than normal.
a. neonator´um any a. observed in newborn infants.
oxygen affinity a. a. due to inability of hemoglobin to release oxygen.
stagnant a. stagnant hypoxia severe enough to result in the absence of oxygen in tissues.

anoxic anoxic (an-ok´sik)

Denoting or characteristic of anoxia.

ANP ANP

Abbreviation for atrial natriuretic peptide.

Anrep Anrep

G.V., 20th century Lebanese physiologist in Britain. See A. phenomenon.

ANS ANS

Symbol for anterior nasal spine.

ansa ansa , gen and pl. ansae (an´sa, -se) [NA]

Any anatomical structure in the form of a loop or an arc. See also loop. [L. loop, handle]
a. cervica´lis [NA] a loop in the cervical plexus consisting of fibers from the first three cervical nerves. Fibers from a loop between the C-1 and C-2 spinal nerves accompany the hypoglossal nerve for a short distance, leaving it as the superior root of the a. cervicalis. Fibers from a loop between the C-2 and C-3 spinal nerves form the inferior root of the a. cervicalis. Most commonly, the roots merge, forming the a. cervicalis, which gives rise to branches innervating infrahyoid muscles.cervical loop, loop of hypoglossal nerve;
Haller's a. communicating branch of facial nerve with glossopharyngeal nerve
Henle's a. nephronic loop
a. hypoglos´si former name for a. cervicalis.
lenticular a. lenticular loop
a. lenticula´ris [NA] lenticular loop
ansae nervo´rum spina´lium loops of spinal nerves, under loop
peduncular a. a. peduncularis
a. peduncula´ris [NA] a complex fiber bundle curving around the medial edge of the internal capsule and connecting the anterior part of the temporal lobe (temporal cortex), amygdala, and olfactory cortex with the mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus; it enters the thalamus as a component of the inferior thalamic peduncle which also contains a major part of the fibers connecting the mediodorsal nucleus to the orbitofrontal cortex.peduncular a., peduncular loop, Reil's a;
Reil's a. a. peduncularis
a. sacra´lis a nerve cord connecting one or both of the sympathetic nerve trunks with the ganglion impar.
a. subcla´via [NA] a nerve cord connecting the middle cervical and stellate sympathetic ganglia, forming a loop around the subclavian artery.subclavian loop, Vieussens' a., Vieussens' loop;
Vieussens' a. a. subclavia

ansate ansate (an´sat)

ansiform

anserine anserine

1. (an´ser-In) Resembling or characteristic of a goose. See cutis anserina, pes anserinus. 2. (an´ser-en) N^a-(beta-alanyl)-pi-methyl- l-histidine;present in muscle.N-methylcarnosine; [L. anserinus, fr. anser, goose]

ansiform ansiform (an´si-form)

In the shape of a loop or arc.ansate; [L. ansa, handle, + forma, shape]

ansotomy ansotomy (an-sot´o-me)

1. Surgical division of a loop, usually a constricting loop. 2. Section of the ansa lenticularis for treatment of striatal syndromes. [L. ansa, handle + G. tome, cutting]

ant- ant-

See anti-.

ant ant

One of the most numerous insects (order Hymenoptera), characterized by an extraordinary development of colonial dwelling and caste specialization.
harvester a. Pogonomyrmex
velvet a. a wingless mutilid wasp (family Mutilidae, order Hymenoptera) known for its venomous sting.

antacid antacid (ant-as´id)

1. Neutralizing an acid. 2. Any agent that reduces or neutralizes acidity, as of the gastric juice or any other secretion.antiacid;

antagonism antagonism (an-tag´on-izm)

1. Denoting mutual opposition in action between structures, agents, diseases, or physiologic processes. Cf. synergism. 2. The situation in which the combined effect of two or more factors is smaller than the solitary effect of any one of the factors.mutual resistance; [G. antagonisma, from anti, against, + agonizomai, to fight, fr. agon, a contest]
bacterial a. the inhibition of one bacterium by products of another.

antagonist antagonist (an-tag´o-nist)

Something opposing or resisting the action of another; certain structures, agents, diseases, or physiologic processes that tend to neutralize or impede the action or effect of others. Cf. synergist.
beta-adrenoreceptor a. beta-adrenergic blocking agent
aldosterone a. an agent that opposes the action of the adrenal hormone aldosterone on renal tubular mineralocorticoid retention; these agents, e.g., spironolactone, are useful in treating the hypertension of primary hyperaldosteronism, or the sodium retention of secondary hyperaldosteronism.
associated a. one of two muscles or groups of muscles which pull in nearly opposite directions, but which, when acting together, move the part in a path between their diverging lines of action.
calcium a. calcium channel-blocking agent
competitive a. an antimetabolite.
enzyme a. an antimetabolite or inhibitor of enzyme action.
folic acid a.'s modified pterins, such as aminopterin and amethopterin, that interfere with the action of folic acid and thus produce the symptoms of folic acid deficiency; have been used in cancer chemotherapy.
5-hydroxy tryptamine a.'s agents which block serotonin receptors and hence interfere with the biological actions of serotonin (5-HT).
insulin a. substances in the beta- and gamma-globulin or beta₁-lipoprotein fractions of serum which may induce a functional insulin deficiency; may include nonprecipitating antibodies against nonhuman insulin.
muscarinic a. drugs which bind with muscarinic cholinergic receptors but do not activate them, thus preventing access to acetylcholine; examples include atropine, scopolamine, propantheline, and pirenzepine.
opioid a.'s agents such as naloxone and naltrexone which have high affinity for opiate receptors but do not activate these receptors. These drugs block the effects of exogenously administered opioids such as morphine, heroin, meperidine, and methadone, or of endogenously released endorphins and enkephalins.

antalgesia antalgesia (ant-al-je´ze-a)

Rarely used term for lowering of a previous elevation in pain threshold. [anti- + G. algesis, sense of pain]

antalgic antalgic (ant-al´jik)

analgesic (2)

antalkaline antalkaline (ant-al´ka-lIn)

Reducing or neutralizing alkalinity.

antaphrodisiac antaphrodisiac (ant´af-ro-diz´e-ak)

anaphrodisiac

antaphroditic antaphroditic (ant´af-ro-dit´ik)

1. anaphrodisiac 2. antivenereal

antarthritic antarthritic (ant´ar-thrit´ik)

Rarely used term for: 1. Relieving arthritis. 2. A remedy for arthritis.antiarthritic;

antasthenic antasthenic (ant-as-then´ik)

1. Strengthening or invigorating. 2. An agent possessing such qualities. [anti- + G. astheneia, weakness]

antasthmatic antasthmatic (ant-az-mat´ik)

1. Tending to relieve or prevent asthma. 2. An agent that prevents or arrests an asthmatic attack.antiasthmatic;

antatrophic antatrophic (ant-a-trof´ik)

1. Preventing or curing atrophy. 2. An agent that promotes the restoration of atrophied structures.

antazoline hydrochloride antazoline hydrochloride (an-taz´o-len)

2-(N-benzylanilino- methyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride;a histamine-antagonizing agent used in treating allergy; also available as a.h. phosphate.phenazoline hydrochloride;

ante- ante-

Before, in front of (in time or place or order). See also pre-, pro- (1). [L. ante, before, in front of]

antebrachial antebrachial (an´te-bra´ke-al)

Relating to the forearm.

antebrachium antebrachium (an-te-bra´ke-um) [NA]

forearm [ante- + L. brachium, arm]

antecardium antecardium (an-te-kar´de-um)

precordia

antecedent antecedent (an-te-se´dent)

A precursor. [L. antecedo, to go before]
plasma thromboplastin a. (PTA) factor XI

ante cibum ante cibum (an´te sI´bum)

Before a meal. The plural is ante cibos, before meals. [L.]

antecubital antecubital (an-te-kyu´bi-tal)

In front of the elbow. [ante- + L. cubitum, elbow]

antefebrile antefebrile (an-te-feb´ril)

Rarely used term for antepyretic. [ante- + L. febris, fever]

anteflex anteflex (an´te-fleks)

To bend forward, or cause to bend forward. [ante- + L. flecto, pp. flexus, to bend]

anteflexion anteflexion (an-te-flek´shun)

A bending forward; a sharp forward curve or angulation; denoting especially the normal forward bend in the uterus at the junction of corpus and cervix uteri.
a. of iris rarely used term for an iris that is in part, folded forward after a severe iridodialysis so that the pigmented layer faces forward.

antegrade antegrade (an´te-grad)

In the direction of normal movement, as in blood flow or peristalsis. [ante- + L. gradior, to walk]

antemortem antemortem (an´te-mor-tem)

Before death. Cf. postmortem. [ante- + L. acc. case of mors (mort-), death]

antenatal antenatal (an-te-na´tal)

prenatal [ante- + L. natus, birth]

antepartum antepartum (an´te-par-tum)

Before labor or childbirth. Cf. intrapartum, postpartum. [ante- + L. pario, pp. partus, to bring forth]

antephialtic antephialtic (ant´ef-i-al´tik)

Alleviating nightmares or distressing dreams. [anti- + G. ephialtes, nightmare]

anteposition anteposition (an´te-po-si´shun)

Forward or anterior position.

anteprostate anteprostate (an-te-pros´tat)

Obsolete term for bulbourethral gland.

antepyretic antepyretic (an´te-pI-ret´ik)

Before the occurrence of fever; before the period of reaction following shock. [ante- + G. pyretos, fever]

anterior anterior (an-ter´e-or)

1. [NA] In human anatomy, denoting the front surface of the body; often used to indicate the position of one structure relative to another, i.e., situated nearer the front part of the body.ventral (2); 2. Near the head or rostral end of certain embryos. 3. Undesirable and confusing substitute for cranial in quadrupeds. In veterinary anatomy, a. is restricted to parts of the eye and inner ear. 4. Before, in relation to time or space. [L.]

antero- antero-

Anterior. [L. anterior, more before, earlier, fr. ante, before, + -r- -ior, more]

anteroexternal anteroexternal (an´ter-o-eks-ter´nal)

In front and to the outer side.

anterograde anterograde (an´ter-o-grad)

1. Moving forward. Cf. antegrade. 2. Extending forward from a particular point in time; used in reference to amnesia. [L. gradior, pp. gressus, to step, go]

anteroinferior anteroinferior (an´ter-o-in-fer´e-or)

In front and below.

anterointernal anterointernal (an´ter-o-in-ter´nal)

In front and to the inner side.

anterolateral anterolateral (an´ter-o-lat´er-al)

In front and away from the middle line.

anteromedial anteromedial (an´ter-o-me´de-al)

In front and toward the middle line.

anteromedian anteromedian (an´ter-o-me´de-an)

In front and in the central line.

anteroposterior anteroposterior (an´ter-o-pos-ter-e-er)

1. Relating to both front and rear. 2. In x-ray imaging, describing the direction of the beam through the patient from anterior to posterior, e.g., an A-P view of the abdomen.

anterosuperior anterosuperior (an´ter-o-su-pe´re-er)

In front and above.

anterotic anterotic (ant-er-ot´ik)

Pertaining to an effort to avoid erotic feelings. [anti- + G. erotikos, pertaining to love]

antesystole antesystole (an-te-sis´to-le)

Premature activation of the ventricle responsible for the pre-excitation syndrome of the Wolff-Parkinson-White or Lown-Ganong-Levine types.

anteversion anteversion (an-te-ver´shun)

Turning forward, inclining forward as a whole without bending. [ante- + Mediev. L. versio, a turning]

anteverted anteverted (an-te-vert´ed)

Tilted forward; in a position of anteversion.

anthelix anthelix (ant´he-liks, an´the-liks) [NA]

antihelix [anti- + G. helix, coil]

anthelminthic anthelminthic (ant-hel-min´thik)

anthelmintic (1)

anthelmintic anthelmintic (ant-hel-min´tik, an-thel-)

1. An agent that destroys or expels intestinal worms.anthelminthic, antihelminthic, helminthagogue, helminthic, helmintic, vermifuge; 2. Having the power to destroy or expel intestinal worms.vermifugal; [anti- + G. helmins, worm]

anthelone anthelone (an´the-lon)

urogastrone
a. E enterogastrone
a. U urogastrone

anthelotic anthelotic (ant-he-lot´ik)

Obsolete term for a remedy for corns. [anti- + G. helos, nail, callus]

anthema anthema (an-the´ma, an´the)

exanthema [G. anthein, to blossom]

antheridium antheridium (an´ther-id´e-um)

The male gametangium produced in the teleomorph part to the life cycle of fungi. [Mod. L. anthera, flower, fr. G antheros, blooming, fr. antheo, to bloom, + dim. suffix -idium, fr. G. -idion]

anthiolimine anthiolimine (an-thI-o´li-men)

Lithium antimony thiomalate;used in the treatment of filariasis and schistosomiasis.

anthocyanins anthocyanins (an-tho-sI´a-ninz)

A group of floral pigments, existing as glycosides in combination with glucose or cellobiose molecules, that range from red to blue and are often pH dependent; soluble in water and alcohol but not in ether. A. are divided into derivatives of pelargonidin, cyanidins, and delphinidins. Some have been used as hematoxylin substitutes. [G. anthos, flower, + kyanos, a blue substance]

Anthomyia Anthomyia (an-tho-mI´ya)

A genus of muscoid flies similar in appearance to the common housefly. [G. anthos, flower, + myia, fly]
A. canicula´ris a small black horsefly, the larvae of which have been reported as accidental parasites in the intestine of humans, being hatched there from the ingested eggs; symptoms of gastroenteric irritation may be caused by it; adults may transport eggs of the tropical warble fly or botfly to humans, Dermatobia hominis, a cause of myiasis.

anthoxanthins anthoxanthins (an-tho-zan´thinz)

Compounds responsible for the yellow and ivory shades of flowers; usually divided into flavones and flavonols.

anthracemia anthracemia (an-thra-se´me-a)

The presence of Bacillus anthracis in the circulating blood, usually resulting from previously developed anthrax of the skin or lungs.anthrax septicemia;

anthracene anthracene (an´thra-sen)

1. A hydrocarbon obtained from coal tar; it oxidizes to anthraquinone, which is converted to alizarin dyes.anthracin; 2. A compound containing a. (1) as a part of its structure. [G. anthrax, coal]

anthracic anthracic (an-thras´ik)

Relating to anthrax.

anthracin anthracin (an´thra-sin)

anthracene (1)

anthraco- anthraco- (an´thra-ko-)

Coal; carbon; carbuncle; corresponds to L. carb-, carbo-. [G. anthrax, anthrakos, charcoal, a live coal; a carbuncle, a pustule]

anthracoid anthracoid (an´thra-koyd)

Resembling a carbuncle or cutaneous anthrax. [G. anthrax, carbuncle, + eidos, resemblance]

anthracosilicosis anthracosilicosis (an´thra-ko-sil´i-ko´sis)

Pneumonoconiosis from accumulation of carbon and silica in the lungs from inhaled coal dust; the silica content produces fibrous nodules. [anthraco- + silicosis]

anthracosis anthracosis (an-thra-ko´sis)

Pneumonoconiosis from accumulation of carbon from inhaled smoke or coal dust in the lungs. See also pneumomelanosis.collier's lung, melanedema, miner's lung (1); [anthraco- + G. -osis, condition]

anthracotic anthracotic (an-thra-kot´ik)

Characterized by anthracosis.

anthralin anthralin (an´thra-lin)

1,8,9-anthracenetriol; 1,8,9-anthratriol; 1,8,9-dihydroxyanthranol;used as a substitute for chrysarobin in ointment for treatment of psoriasis and ringworm infestation.dithranol;

anthramucin anthramucin (an-thra-myu´sin)

A neutralizing material from the capsule of Bacillus anthracis that neutralizes serum and tissue antimicrobial action.

anthranilic acid anthranilic acid (an-thra-nil´ik)

One of the products of tryptophan catabolism.o-aminobenzoic acid;

anthraniloyl anthraniloyl (an-thra-nil´o-il)

The acyl radical of anthranilic acid.

anthrapurpurin anthrapurpurin (an´thra-pur´pu-rin)

C₁₄H₈O₅; 1,2,7-Trihydroxyanthraquinone;a purple dye used in histology as a reagent for calcium, although the specificity has been questioned.

9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone (an´thra-kwi´non)

1. 9,10-Dioxoanthracene;the basis of natural cathartic principles in plants; used as a reagent. 2. A compound containing 9,10-anthraquinone (1) as a part of its structure; this class of compound comprises the largest group of naturally occurring quinones.

anthrax anthrax (an´thraks)

1. A disease in humans caused by infection by cutaneous anthrax (q.v.) followed by septicemia with Bacillus anthracis from infected animals through traumatized skin; marked by hemorrhage and serous effusions in various organs and body cavities and by symptoms of extreme prostration. Rarely, infection is airborne, with no cutaneous lesion.carbuncle (2); 2. An infectious disease of animals, especially herbivores, due to presence in the blood of Bacillus anthracis.charbon; [G. anthrax (anthrak-), charcoal, coal, a carbuncle]
cerebral a. a form of a., associated with pulmonary or intestinal a., in which the specific bacilli invade the capillaries of the brain causing violent delirium; frequently associated with hemorrhagic meningitis.
cutaneous a. the skin of B. anthracis infection characteristic lesion that begins as a papule and soon becomes a vesicle and breaks, discharging a bloody serum; the seat of this vesicle, in about 36 hours, becomes a bluish black necrotic mass; constitutional symptoms of septicemia are severe: high fever, vomiting, profuse sweating, and extreme prostration; the infection is often fatal.malignant pustule;
intestinal a. a usually fatal form of a. marked by chill, high fever, pain in the head, back, and extremities, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, cardiovascular collapse, and frequently hemorrhages from the mucous membranes and in the skin (petechiae). See also mycosis intestinalis.
pulmonary a. a form of a. acquired by inhalation of dust containing Bacillus anthracis; there is an initial chill followed by pain in the back and legs, rapid respiration, dyspnea, cough, fever, rapid pulse, and extreme cardiovascular collapse.anthrax pneumonia, ragpicker's disease, ragsorter's disease, rag-sorter's disease, wool-sorter's pneumonia, woolsorter's disease, wool-sorter's disease;

anthrone anthrone (an´thron)

9,10-dihydro-9-oxoanthracene;a reagent used in the detection of carbohydrates.

anthropo- anthropo-

Human. [G. anthropos, a human being (of either sex)]

anthropobiology anthropobiology (an´thro-po-bI-ol´o-je)

The study of the biologic relationships of humans as a species.

anthropocentric anthropocentric (an´thro-po-sen´trik)

With a human bias, under the assumption that man is the central fact of the universe. [anthropo- + G. kentron, center]

anthropogenesis anthropogenesis (an´thro-po-jen´e-sis)

anthropogeny

anthropogenic anthropogenic , anthropogenetic (an´thro-po-jen´ik, -je-net´ik)

Relating to anthropogeny.

anthropogeny anthropogeny (an-thro-poj´e-ne)

The origin and development of man, both individual and racial.anthropogenesis, anthropogony; [anthropo- + G. genesis, origin]

anthropogony anthropogony (an-thro-poj´o-ne)

anthropogeny

anthropography anthropography (an-thro-pog´ra-fe)

The geographical distribution of the varieties of human beings. [anthropo- + G. grapho, to write]

anthropoid anthropoid (an´thro-poyd)

1. Resembling man in structure and form. 2. One of the monkeys resembling man; an ape. [G. anthropo-eides, man-like]

Anthropoidea Anthropoidea (an´thro-po-id´e-a)

A suborder of Primates, including man and the monkeys.

anthropology anthropology (an-thro-pol´o-je)

The branch of science concerned with origin and development of humans in all their physical, social, and cultural relationships. [anthropo- + G. logos, treatise]
applied a. a fusion of modern cultural a. and some aspects of sociology in the study of literate peoples in their cultures and deriving applications therefrom.
criminal a. a. in relation to the physical and mental characteristics, heredity, and social relations of the criminal. See also criminology.
cultural a. study of all aspects of culture resulting from human behavior, including, among others, speech and language, systems of thought, social systems, and the artifacts produced by a culture.
physical a. the study of the physical attributes of human beings.

anthropometer anthropometer (an-thro-pom´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring various dimensions of the human body.

anthropometric anthropometric (an-thro-po-met´rik)

Relating to anthropometry.

anthropometry anthropometry (an-thro-pom´e-tre)

The branch of anthropology concerned with comparative measurements of the human body. [anthropo- + G. metron, measure]

anthropomorphism anthropomorphism (an´thro-po-mor´fizm)

Ascription of human shape or qualities to nonhuman creatures or inanimate objects. Cf. theriomorphism. [anthropo- + G. morphe, form]

anthroponomy anthroponomy (an-thro-pon´o-me)

The study of the laws governing the development of the human species and the relation to the environment. [anthropo- + G. nomos, law]

anthropopathy anthropopathy (an-thro-pop´a-the)

Attribution of human feelings to nonhumans, e.g., to gods or lower animals. [anthropo- + G. pathos, suffering]

anthropophilic anthropophilic (an´thro-po-fil´ik)

Human-seeking or human-preferring, especially with reference to: 1) bloodsucking arthropods, denoting the preference of a parasite for the human host as a source of blood or tissues over an animal host; and 2) dermatophytic fungi which grow preferentially on humans rather than other animals. [anthropo- + G. phileo, to love]

anthropophobia anthropophobia (an´thro-po-fo´be-a)

Morbid aversion to or dread of human companionship.phobanthropy; [anthropo- + G. phobos, fear]

anthroposcopy anthroposcopy (an´thro-pos´ko-pe)

Judging body type and build by inspection. [anthropo- + G. skopeo, to view]

anthroposomatology anthroposomatology (an´thro-po´so-ma-tol´o-je)

That part of anthropology concerned with the human body, e.g., anatomy, physiology, or pathology. [anthropo- + G. soma, body, + logos, study]

anthropozoonosis anthropozoonosis (an´thro-po-zo´o-no´sis)

A zoonosis maintained in nature by animals and transmissible to man; e.g., rabies, brucellosis. Cf. zooanthroponosis, amphixenosis. [anthropo- + G. zoon, animal, + nosos, disease]

anti- anti-

1. Against, opposing, or, in relation to symptoms and diseases, curative. 2. Prefix denoting an antibody (immunoglobulin) specific for the thing indicated; e.g., antitoxin (antibody specific for a toxin). [G. anti, against, opposite, instead of]

antiacid antiacid (an-te-as´id)

antacid

antiadrenergic antiadrenergic (an´te-ad-re-ner´jik)

Antagonistic to the action of sympathetic or other adrenergic nerve fibers. See also sympatholytic.

antiagglutinin antiagglutinin (an´te-a-glu´ti-nin)

A specific antibody that inhibits or destroys the action of an agglutinin.

antialexin antialexin (an´te-a-lek´sin)

anticomplement

antiallergic antiallergic (an´te-a-ler´jik)

Relating to any agent or measure that prevents, inhibits, or alleviates an allergic reaction.

antianaphylaxis antianaphylaxis (an´te-an´a-fI-lak´sis)

desensitization (1)

antiandrogen antiandrogen (an-te-an´dro-jen)

Any substance capable of preventing full expression of the biological effects of androgenic hormones on responsive tissues, either by producing antagonistic effects on the target tissue, as estrogens do, or by merely inhibiting androgenic effects, such as by competing for binding sites at the cell surface.

antianemic antianemic (an´te-a-ne´mik)

Pertaining to factors or substances that prevent or correct anemic conditions.

antiantibody antiantibody (an´te-an´te-bod-e)

Antibody specific for another antibody.

antiantitoxin antiantitoxin (an´te-an-te-tok´sin)

An antiantibody that inhibits or counteracts the effects of an antitoxin.

antiarachnolysin antiarachnolysin (an-te-ar-ak-nol´i-sin)

An antivenin counteracting the poison (lysin) of a spider. [anti- + G. arachne, spider, + lysin]

antiarrhythmic antiarrhythmic (an´te-a-rith´mik)

Combating an arrhythmia.antidysrhythmic;

antiarthritic antiarthritic (an´te-ar-thrit´ik)

antarthritic

antiasthmatic antiasthmatic (an´te-az-mat´ik)

antasthmatic

antiautolysin antiautolysin (an´te-aw-tol´i-sin)

An antibody that inhibits or neutralizes the activity of an autolysin.

antibacterial antibacterial (an´te-bak-ter´e-al)

Destructive to or preventing the growth of bacteria.

antibechic antibechic (an-te-bek´ik)

antitussive [anti- + G. bex (bech-), cough]

antibiogram antibiogram (an-te-bI´o-gram)

Obsolete term for a record of the resistance of microbes to various antibiotics.

antibiont antibiont (an-te-bI´ont)

A microorganism producing antimicrobial substance.

antibiosis antibiosis (an´te-bI-o´sis)

1. An association of two organisms which is detrimental to one of them, in contrast to probiosis. 2. Production of an antibiotic by bacteria or other organisms inhibitory to other living things, especially among soil microbes. [anti- + G. biosis, life]

antibiotic antibiotic (an´te-bI-ot´ik)

1. Relating to antibiosis. 2. Prejudicial to life. 3. A soluble substance derived from a mold or bacterium that inhibits the growth of other microorganisms. 4. Relating to such an action.
broad spectrum a. an a. having a wide range of activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms.
transport a. A substance that makes biomembranes permeable to certain ions.

antibiotic-resistant antibiotic-resistant

Indicating microorganisms that continue to multiply although exposed to antibiotic agents.

antibiotin antibiotin (an-te-bI´o-tin)

avidin

antiblennorrhagic antiblennorrhagic (an´te-blen-o-raj´ik)

Rarely used term for: 1. Preventive or curative of a mucous discharge (blennorrhagia). 2. A remedy possessing such properties.

antibody (Ab) antibody (Ab) (an´te-bod-i)

An immunoglobulin molecule with a specific amino acid sequence evoked in man or other animals by an antigen, and characterized by reacting specifically with the antigen in some demonstrable way, antibody and antigen each being defined in terms of the other. It is believed that antibodies may also exist naturally, without being present as a result of the stimulus provided by the introduction of an antigen: 1) in the broad sense any body or substance, soluble or cellular, which is evoked by the stimulus provided by the introduction of antigen and which reacts specifically with antigen in some demonstrable way; 2) one of the classes of globulins (immunoglobulins) present in the blood serum or body fluids of an animal as a result of antigenic stimulus or occurring "naturally." Different genetically inherited determinants, Gm (found on IgG H chains), Am (found on IgA H chains), and Km (found on K-type L chains and formerly called InV), control the antigenicity of the antibody molecule; subclasses are denoted either alphabetically or numerically (e.g., G3mb1 or G3m5). The various classes differ widely in their ability to react in different kinds of serologic tests. See also immunoglobulin.immune protein, protective protein, sensitizer (1);
affinity a. the measure of the interaction between molecules such as a receptor and its ligand. This interaction is reversible.
agglutinating a. agglutinin (1)
anaphylactic a. cytotropic a
anti-basement membrane a. autoantibodies to renal glomerular basement membrane antigens.
anticardiolipin a.'s a.'s directed against cardiolipid, a phosphorylated polysaccharide ester of fatty acids found in cell membranes. Associated with immune-mediated illnesses, syphilis, and stroke;s thought to be from a hypercoagulable state.
anti-idiotype a. an antiantibody, the activity of which is directed specifically against the idiotype of a particular immunoglobulin (antibody) molecule.idiotype a;
antinuclear a. (ANA) an a. showing an affinity for cell nuclei, demonstrated by exposing a cell substrate to the serum to be tested, followed by exposure to an antihuman-globulin serum conjugated with fluorescein; development of specific nuclear fluorescence is a positive reaction; this a. is found in the serum of a high proportion of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and certain collagen diseases, in some of their healthy relatives, and in about 1% of normal individuals.
antiphospholipid a.'s a.'s directed against phosphorylated polysaccharide esters of fatty acids, includes lupus anticoagulant, VDRL, and anticardiolipin a.'s. Associated with immune-mediated illnesses, syphilis, and stroke; thought to be from a hypercoagulable disorder.
avidity a. the sum total of the functional binding strength between a polyvariant and its a. The total binding strength represents the sum strength of all the affinity bonds.
bivalent a. a. that causes a visible reaction with specific antigen as in agglutination, precipitation, and so on; so-called because according to the "lattice theory" aggregation occurs when the antibody molecule has two or more binding sites that can crosslink one antigen particle to another; probably a characteristic of the class of immunoglobulin.
blocking a. 1. a. which, in certain concentrations, does not cause precipitation after combining with specific antigen, and which, in this combined state, "blocks" activity of additional a. added to increase the concentration to a level at which precipitation would ordinarily occur; 2. the IgG class of immunoglobulin which combines specifically with an atopic allergen but does not elicit a type I allergic reaction, the combined IgG a. "blocking" available IgE class (reaginic) a. activity.
blood group a.'s see Blood Groups appendix.
catalytic a. an a. that has been altered to give it a catalytic activity.abzyme;
cell-bound a. a term used for a. on the surface of cells that may be bound either through antigen combining sites or other sites such as the Fc region.
CF a. complement-fixing a
chimeric a.'s a. that may have the FAB fragment from one species fused with FC fragment from another.
cold a. See cold agglutinin.
cold-reactive a. See cold agglutinin.
complement-fixing a. a. that combines with and sensitizes antigen leading to the activation of complement, which may result in cell lysis.CF a., sensitizing substance;
complete a. saline agglutinin
cross-reacting a. 1. a. specific for group antigens, i.e., those with identical functional groups; 2. a. for antigens that have functional groups of closely similar, but not identical, chemical structure.
cytophilic a. cytotropic a
cytotropic a. a. that has an affinity for certain kinds of cells, in addition to and unrelated to its specific affinity for the antigen that induced it, because of the properties of the Fc portion of the heavy chain. See also heterocytotropic a., homocytotropic a., cytotropic antibody test.anaphylactic a., cytophilic a;
fluorescent a. an immunoglobulin (antibody) to which a fluorescent dye has been attached.
Forssman a. a heterogenetic a. specific for the Forssman group of heterogenetic antigens.heterophil a., heterophile a;
heterocytotropic a. a cytotropic a. (chiefly of the IgG class) similar in activity to homocytotropic a., but having an affinity for cells of a different species rather than for cells of the same or a closely related species.
heterogenetic a. an a. that reacts to a heterogenetic antigen.
heterophil a. Forssman a
heterophile a. Forssman a
homocytotropic a. a. of the IgE class which has an affinity for tissues (notably mast cells) of the same or a closely related species and that, upon combining with specific antigen, triggers the release of pharmacological mediators of anaphylaxis from the cells to which it is attached; the tropism seems to be dependent upon the Fc portion of the antibody molecule; the Prausnitz-Küstner a. (IgE class of immunoglobulins) is the prototype for this a., but in anaphylaxis in the guinea pig, the homocytotropic a. involved is of the gammaG class.reaginic a;
idiotype a. anti-idiotype a
immobilizing a. treponema-immobilizing a
incomplete a. 1. univalent a 2. serum agglutinin
inhibiting a. univalent a
lymphocytotoxic a.'s a.'s specific for histocompatibility antigens of lymphocytes and which, upon combining with the antigens, induce cellular damage or death.
monoclonal a. (MAB, MoAb) an a. produced by a clone or genetically homogenous population of hybrid cells i.e., hybridoma; hybrid cells are cloned to establish cell lines producing a specific a. that is chemically and immunologically homogeneous.Invented in 1975 by molecular biologists Cesar Milstein and Georges Kohler, the technique for producing such antibodies has become a mainstay of immunological research and medical diagnosis. MoAbs serve as experimental probes in a number of fields, including cell biology, biochemistry, and parasitology; and are used in purification of biological substances and certain drugs (e.g., interferon). Because of their high specificity in binding to target antigens, they provide far more accurate assays than conventional antiserum. Yoked to radionuclides, they have been employed therapeutically to deliver radiation doses directly to cancerous tissues.
natural a. normal a
neutralizing a. a form of a. that reacts with an infectious agent (usually a virus) and destroys or inhibits its infectivity and virulence; may be demonstrated by means of mixing serum with the suspension of infectious agent, and then injecting the mixture into animals or cell cultures that are susceptible to the agent in question.
nonprecipitable a. nonprecipitating a
nonprecipitating a. a. that, under conditions normally employed in precipitin tests, is refractory to precipitation by specific a., demonstrable when antigen is added serially in small amounts; nonprecipitating a. will precipitate under special conditions such as addition of complement.nonprecipitable a;
normal a. a. demonstrable in the serum or plasma of various persons or animals not known to have been stimulated by specific antigen, either artificially or as the result of naturally occurring contact.natural a;
P-K a.'s igE a.'s involved in the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction.
polyclonal a. (pol-e-klo´nal) a. that is derived from different clones of plasma cells but reacts with a particular a.
Prausnitz-Küstner a. one of the IgE class of a.'s first demonstrated by Prausnitz and Küstner by passive transfer to the skin. See homocytotropic a.atopic reagin;
precipitating a. precipitin
reaginic a. homocytotropic a
treponema-immobilizing a. a., evoked during syphilitic infections, possessing specific affinity for Treponema pallidum, and which in the presence of complement immobilizes the organism.immobilizing a., treponemal a;
treponemal a. treponema-immobilizing a
univalent a. an "incomplete" form of a. that may coat antigen, but which according to the "lattice theory" does not have a second receptor for attachment to another molecule of antigen; in the case of Rh+ erythrocytes, such an anti-Rh antibody may coat the cells but not cause them to agglutinate in saline; however, agglutination does occur when such coated cells are suspended in serum or other protein media, such as albumin, therefore called serum agglutinin.incomplete a. (1) , inhibiting a;
Vi a. a form of a. that agglutinates highly virulent strains of Salmonella typhi, i.e., cells with Vi antigen; such bacteria are not agglutinable with O antiserum until the Vi antigen is destroyed. See Vi antigen.
Wassermann a. a., evoked during syphilitic infections, that combines with cardiolipin in the presence of lecithin and cholesterol; it is distinct from the treponema-immobilizing a.

antibrachial antibrachial (an-te-bra´ke-al)

Incorrect spelling of antebrachial.

antibrachium antibrachium (an-te-bra´ke-um)

Incorrect spelling of antebrachium.

antibromic antibromic (an-te-bro´mik)

1. Deodorizing. 2. A deodorizer. [anti- + G. bromos, smell]

anticalculous anticalculous (an-te-kal´kyu-lus)

antilithic

anticarious anticarious (an´te-kar´e-us)

Preventing or inhibiting caries.

anticathexis anticathexis (an´te-ka-thek´sis)

In psychoanalysis, the shifting of an emotional charge to an impulse or action of an opposite character; e.g., unconscious hatred expressed as conscious love.counterinvestment;

anticephalalgic anticephalalgic (an´te-sef-a-lal´jik)

Headache-relieving or preventing.

anticholagogue anticholagogue (an-te-kol´a-gog)

Rarely used term for an agent or process that reduces or suspends the flow of bile.

anticholinergic anticholinergic (an´te-kol-i-ner´jik)

Antagonistic to the action of parasympathetic or other cholinergic nerve fibers (e.g., atropine).

anticholinesterase anticholinesterase (an´te-ko-lin-es´ter-as)

One of the drugs that inhibit or inactivate acetylcholinesterase, either reversibly (e.g., physostigmine) or irreversibly (e.g., tetraethyl pyrophosphate).

a-1-antichymotrypsin a-₁-antichymotrypsin (an´ti-kI´mo-trip-sin)

An inhibiter protein of the digestive protease, chymotrypsin.

anticipate anticipate (an-tis´i-pat)

To come before the appointed time; said of a periodic symptom or disease, such as a malarial paroxysm, when it recurs at progressively shorter intervals. [L. anticipo, pp. -cipatus, to anticipate, fr. anti (old form of ante), before, + capio, to take]

anticipation anticipation (an-tis-i-pa´shun)

1. Appearance before the appointed time of a periodic symptom or sign, such as a malarial paroxysm. 2. Progressively earlier age of manifestation of a hereditary disease in successive generations; may be factitious (because of heightened awareness to early signs of the disease or because they are more conspicuous in the young) or authentic (because of progressive loss of epistatic and modifier genes by recombination and segregation).

anticlinal anticlinal (an-te-klI´nal)

Inclined in opposite directions, as two sides of a pyramid. [anti- + G. klino, to incline]

anticnemion anticnemion (an-tik-ne´me-on)

anterior border of tibia [G. antiknemion]

anticoagulant anticoagulant (an´te-ko-ag´yu-lant)

1. Preventing coagulation. 2. An agent having such action (e.g., warfarin).
lupus a. antiphospholipid antibody causing elevation in partial thromboplastin time; associated with venous and arterial thrombosis.

anticodon anticodon (an-te-ko´don)

The trinucleotide sequence complementary to a codon found in one loop of a tRNA molecule; e.g., if a codon is A-G-C, its anticodon is U (or T)-C-G. The complementarity principle arises from Watson-Crick base-pairing, in which A is complementary to U (or T) and G is complementary to C. Sometimes called "nodoc".

anticomplement anticomplement (an-te-kom´ple-ment)

A substance that combines with a complement and so neutralizes its action by preventing its union with the antibody.antialexin;

anticomplementary anticomplementary (an´te-kom-ple-men´ta-re)

Denoting a substance possessing the power of diminishing or abolishing the action of a complement.

anticontagious anticontagious (an´te-kon-ta´jus)

Preventing contagion.

anticonvulsant anticonvulsant (an´te-kon-vul´sant)

1. Preventing or arresting seizures. 2. An agent having such action.anticonvulsive, antiepileptic;

anticonvulsive anticonvulsive (an´te-kon-vul´siv)

anticonvulsant

anticurare anticurare (an-te-koo-ra´-re)

A drug property referring to the capacity to reverse the muscle paralysis produced by d-tubocurarine and other curare-like neuromuscular blocking drugs. Examples include neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and edrophonium.

anticus anticus (an-tI´kus)

A term in anatomical nomenclature to designate a muscle or other structure which of all similar structures is nearest the front or ventral surface. Nomina Anatomica uses "anterior" in place of this term. [L. in the very front, fr. ante, before]

anticytotoxin anticytotoxin (an´te-sI-to-tok´sin)

A specific antibody that inhibits or destroys the activity of a cytotoxin.

antidepressant antidepressant (an´te-de-pres´ant)

1. Counteracting depression. 2. An agent used in treating depression.
tetracyclic a. a class of a.'s similar to the tricyclic a.'s and also related to the phenothiazine antipsychotics; e.g., maprotiline.
triazolopyridine a. a class of a.'s structurally and pharmacologically unrelated to other a.'s; clinical effectiveness appears to be equivalent to the tricyclic a.'s, but with less anticholinergic side effects; e.g., trazodone.
tricyclic a. a chemical group of a. drugs that share a 3-ringed nucleus; e.g., amitriptyline, imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline.

antidiabetic antidiabetic (an´te-dI-a-bet´ik)

Counteracting diabetes; denoting an agent that lowers blood sugar.

antidiarrheal antidiarrheal , antidiarrhetic (an´te-dI-a-re´al, -dI-a-ret´ik)

1. Having the property of opposing or correcting diarrhea. 2. An agent having such action.

antidiuresis antidiuresis (an´te-dI-yu-re´sis)

Reduction of urinary volume.

antidiuretic antidiuretic (an´te-dI-yu-ret´ik)

An agent that reduces the output of urine.

antidiuretin antidiuretin (an´te-dI-yu-ret´in)

vasopressin

antidotal antidotal (an-te-do´tal)

Relating to or acting as an antidote.alexipharmac (1);

antidote antidote (an´te-dot)

An agent that neutralizes a poison or counteracts its effects. [G. antidotos, from anti, against, + dotos, what is given, fr. didomi, to give]
chemical a. a substance that unites with a poison to form an innocuous chemical compound.
mechanical a. a substance that prevents the absorption of a poison.
physiologic a. an agent that produces systemic effects contrary to those of a given poison.
universal a. a dated mixture of 2 parts charcoal, 1 part tannic acid, and 1 part magnesium oxide intended to be administered to persons having consumed poison. The mixture is ineffective and no longer used; activated charcoal is useful.

antidromic antidromic (an-te-drom´ik)

Performing a nerve conduction study in such a manner that the nerve impulse is being propagated in a direction opposite to that in which the nerve fiber ordinarily conducts.

antidysenteric antidysenteric (an´te-dis-en-ter´ik)

Relieving or preventing dysentery.

antidysrhythmic antidysrhythmic (an´te-dis-rith´mik)

antiarrhythmic

antidysuric antidysuric (an´te-dis-yu´rik)

Preventing or relieving strangury or distress in urination.

antiemetic antiemetic (an´te-e-met´ik)

1. Preventing or arresting vomiting. 2. A remedy that tends to control nausea and vomiting. [anti- + G. emetikos, emetic]

antienergic antienergic (an´te-en-er´jik)

Acting against or in opposition. [anti- + G. energos, active]

antienzyme antienzyme (an-te-en´zIm)

An agent or principle that retards, inhibits, or destroys the activity of an enzyme; may be an inhibitory enzyme or an antibody to an enzyme (e.g., serum antitrypsin).

antiepileptic antiepileptic (an´te-ep-i-lep´tik)

anticonvulsant

antiestrogen antiestrogen (an´te-es´tro-jen)

Any substance capable of preventing full expression of the biological effects of estrogenic hormones on responsive tissues, either by producing antagonistic effects on the target tissue, as androgens and progestogens do, or by competing with estrogens at estrogen receptors at the cellular level.

antifebrile antifebrile (an-te-fe´brIl, -feb´ril)

antipyretic (1) [anti- + L. febris, fever]

antifibrillatory antifibrillatory (an´te-fI´bri-la-tor-e)

Any measure or medication that tends to suppress fibrillary arrhythmias (atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation).

antifibrinolysin antifibrinolysin (an´te-fI-bri-nol´i-sin)

antiplasmin

antifibrinolytic antifibrinolytic (an´te-fI-brin-o-lit´ik)

Denoting a substance that decreases the breakdown of fibrin; e.g., aminocaproic acid.

antifolic antifolic (an-te-fo´lik)

1. Antagonistic to the action of folic acid. 2. Any agent with this effect. See also folic acid antagonists, under antagonist.

antifungal antifungal (an-te-fung´al)

antimycotic

anti-G anti-G

In the strict sense, a term that means "antigravity" but, as commonly used, an adjectival term that implies protection against the effects of gravity (e.g., anti-G suit).

antigalactagogue antigalactagogue (an´te-ga-lak´ta-gog)

An agent for suppressing lactation.

antigalactic antigalactic (an-te-ga-lak´tik)

Diminishing or arresting the secretion of milk. [anti- + G. gala, milk]

antigen (Ag) antigen (Ag) (an´ti-jen)

Any substance that, as a result of coming in contact with appropriate cells, induces a state of sensitivity and/or immune responsiveness after a latent period (days to weeks) and which reacts in a demonstrable way with antibodies and/or immune cells of the sensitized subject in vivo or in vitro. Modern usage tends to retain the broad meaning of a., employing the terms "antigenic determinant" or "determinant group" for the particular chemical group of a molecule that confers antigenic specificity. See also hapten.immunogen; [anti(body) + G. -gen, producing]
ABO a.'s see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
acetone-insoluble a. cardiolipin
allogeneic a. (al´o-je-ne´ik) genetic variations of the same a.'s within a given species.
Am a.'s allotypic determinants (antigens) on human immunoglobulin alpha heavy chains.
Au a. 1. see Auberger blood group, Blood Groups appendix; 2. Australia a
Aus a. Australia a
Australia a. so-called because it was first recognized in an Australian aborigine, but now known to be an a. associated with hepatitis B virus surface antigen.Au a. (2) , Aus a;
Be^a a.'s see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.Becker a;
Becker a. Be^a a.'s
Bi a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.Bile's a;
Bile's a. Bi a
blood group a. generic term for any inherited antigen found on the surface of erythrocytes that determines a blood grouping reaction with specific antiserum; a.'s of the ABO and Lewis blood groups may be found also in saliva and other body fluids; the genes controlling development of blood group a.'s vary in frequency in different population and ethnic groups. See also Blood Groups appendix.blood group substance;
By a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
capsular a. that found only in the capsules of certain microorganisms; e.g., the specific polysaccharides of various types of pneumococci.
carcinoembryonic a. (CEA) a glycoprotein constituent of the glycocalyx of embryonic endodermal epithelium, generally absent from adult cells with the exception of some carcinomas. It may also be detected in the serum of patients with colon cancer.
C carbohydrate a. an antigen found in the cell wall of Streptococcus pneumoniae. See beta-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus.
CDE a.'s see Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
cholesterinized a. cardiolipin to which cholesterol has been added.
Chr^a a.'s see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
class I a.'s cell membrane bound glycoproteins that are coded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex.
class II a.'s a cell membrane glycoprotein encoded by genes of the major histocompatibility complex. These antigens are distributed on a.-presenting cells such as macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells.
class III a.'s non-cell membrane molecules that are encoded by the S region of the major histocompatibility complex. These a.'s are not involved in determining histocompatibility and include the complement proteins.
common a. cross reacting antigen (epitope), a common antigen that occurs in 2 or more different molecules/organisms.heterogenic enterobacterial a;
complete a. any a. capable of stimulating the formation of antibody with which it reacts in vivo or in vitro, as distinguished from incomplete a. (hapten).
conjugated a. conjugated hapten
D a. one of 6 antigens that compose the Rh locus. Antibody induced by D antigen is the most frequent cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn.
delta a. hepatitis delta virus
Dharmendra a. a chloroform-ether extracted suspension of Mycobacterium leprae; used to produce the Fernandez reaction in a lepromin test.
Di a. see Diego blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Duffy a.'s see Duffy blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
flagellar a. the heat-labile a.'s associated with bacterial flagella, in contrast to somatic a. See also H a.
Forssman a. a type of heterogenetic a. found in dogs, horses, sheep, cats, turtles, eggs of some fish, in certain bacteria (e.g., some strains of enteric organisms and pneumococci), and varieties of corn; usually found in the tissues and organs (not in blood), but is present in sheep erythrocytes, though not in this animal's tissues; with the exception of guinea pigs and hamsters, Forssman a. is not found in rodents, or in frogs, hogs, and most primates; the antibody that develops in infectious mononucleosis of man reacts specifically with the Forssman. a.
Fy a.'s see Duffy blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
G a. an antigenic glycoprotein frequently associated with viral surfaces. [Ger. gebundenes, bound]
Ge a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Gerbich a. glycophorin C. See glycophorins.
Gm a.'s allotypic determinants (antigens) that are present on the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. There are 25 different determinants present throughout the human population.
Good a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Gr a. Vw aSee Vw a. under MNSs blood group in Blood Groups Appendix
group a.'s a.'s that are shared by related genera of microorganisms.
H a. 1. the a. in the flagella of motile bacteria; so named because first identified in motile bacteria from a film (Ger. Hauch) of spreading growth on agar medium; See also O a. (1). 2. the chemical precursor of a.'s of the ABO blood group locus.
H-2 a.'s a.'s that are coded by the H-2 complex of genes in mice and are involved in self/nonself recognition.
He a.'s see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.Hu a.'s;
heart a. cardiolipin
hepatitis-associated a. (HAA) a term used for the surface a. of hepatitis B virus before its nature was established. See hepatitis B surface a.
hepatitis B core a. (HB_cAb, HB_cAg) the a. found in the core of the Dane particle (which is the complete virus) and also in hepatocyte nuclei in hepatitis B infections.
hepatitis B e a. (HB_eAb, HBe, HB_eAg) an a., or group of a.'s, associated with hepatitis B infection and distinct from the surface a. (HB_sAg) and the core a. (HB_cAg); it is associated with the viral nucleocapsid. Its presence indicates that the virus is replicating and the individual is potentially infectious.
hepatitis B surface a. (HB_sAb, HB_sAg) a. of the small (20 nm) spherical and filamentous forms of hepatitis B a., and a surface a. of the larger (42 nm) Dane particle (complete infectious hepatitis B virus). See also hepatitis B core a., hepatitis B e a.
heterogeneic a. See heterophile a.
heterogenetic a. an a. which is possessed by a variety of different phylogenetically unrelated species; e.g., the various organ- or tissue-specific a.'s, the alpha- and beta-crystalline protein of the lens of the eye, and Forssman a.heterophil a;
heterogenic enterobacterial a. common a
heterophil a. heterogenetic a
heterophile a. an a. or antigenic determinant which is found in different tissues in more than one species.
hexon a. See hexon.
histocompatibility a. an a. on the surface of nucleated cells, particularly leucocytes and thrombocytes. See also H-2 a.'s.transplantation a;
HL-A a.'s original designation for human lymphocyte histocompatibility a.'s determined by alleles at locus A (the first recognized); "HLA" is now the system designation, locus A being designated HLA-A. See human lymphocyte a.'s.
Ho a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
homologous a. (ho´mo-log´us) the specific a. that generates the formation of an antibody that in turn can react with that antigen.
Hu a.'s He a.'s
human leukemia-associated a.'s a.'s on the surface of leukemic cells which seem not to be present on the surfaces of the same type of normal cells; the myeloblast a. of acute myelogenous leukemia found in chronic myelogenous leukemia is thought to be associated with a "blastic" transformation.
human lymphocyte a.'s (HLA) [MIM*142560] system designation for the gene products of at least four linked loci (A, B, C, and D) and a member of subloci on the sixth human chromosome which have been shown to have a strong influence on human allotransplantation, transfusions in refractory patients, and certain disease associations; more than 50 alleles are recognized, most of which are at loci HLA-A and HLA-B; autosomal dominant inheritance.
H-Y a. an a. factor, dependent on the Y chromosome, responsible for the differentiation of the human embryo into the male phenotype by inducing the initially bipotential embryonic gonad to develop into a testis; in the absence of this a., the indifferent gonad develops into an ovary. There are two loci involved, one that generates the a. [MIM*143170] and one that makes the receptor [MIM*143150], both are dominant.
I a.'s see I blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
incomplete a. hapten
InV group a. Km a
Jk a.'s see Kidd blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Jobbins a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Js a. see Sutter Blood Group, Blood Groups Appendix.
K a.'s see Kell blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Km a. allotypic a.'s that are present on human kappa immunoglobulin light chains.InV group a;
Kveim a. a saline suspension of human sarcoid tissue prepared from the spleen of an individual with active sarcoidosis; used in the Kveim test.Kveim-Stilzbach a;
Kveim-Stilzbach a. Kveim a
Lan a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Le a.'s see Lewis blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
leukocyte common a. (lu´ko-sIt) family of glycoproteins found on most leukocytes and absent from other cell types. These cell surface a.'s can comprise up to 10% of the membrane proteins.
Levay a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Lu a.'s see Lutheran blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
lymphocyte function associated a. (LFA) (limf´o-sit) a member of the integrin family that is expressed on all leukocytes and binds to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 on a variety of cells.
lymphogranuloma venereum a. a sterile preparation of inactivated chlamydiae grown in the yolk sac of domestic fowl and used as an a. in the Frei test.
Lyt a.'s a group of alloantigens that are present on either T or B murine lymphocytes, e.g., Lyt 2,3 is equivalent to human CD8.
M a. an antigen found in the cell of Streptococcus pyogenes; associated with virulence. See beta-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus.
M₁ a. , M^g a. , M^c a. , M₂ a. see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Mitsuda a. an autoclaved suspension of human tissue naturally infected with Mycobacterium leprae; used to produce the Mitsuda reaction in a lepromin test.
MNSs a.'s see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Mu a. see MNS blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
mumps skin test a. a sterile suspension of killed mumps virus in isotonic sodium chloride solution, used to determine susceptibility to mumps or to confirm previous exposure.
O a. 1. somatic a. of enteric gram-negative bacteria. External part of cell wall lipopolysaccharide; See also H a. (1). 2. see ABO blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
oncofetal a.'s tumor-associated a.'s present in fetal tissue but not in normal adult tissue, including a-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic a.
organ-specific a. a heterogenetic antigen with organ specificity; e.g., in addition to species-specific a., kidney of one species contains a. that is identical to that in kidney of other species.tissue-specific a;
Ot a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
P a.'s see P blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
partial a. hapten
penton a. See penton.
pollen a. an extract of the antigenic protein from the pollen of plants; i.e., pollen allergen, used in the diagnosis and prevention of hay fever.
private a.'s see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
prostate-specific a. (PSA) a single chain 31 kilodalton glycoprotein with 240 amino acid residues and 4 carbohydrate side chains that is a kallikrein protease; found in normal seminal fluid and produced by the prostatic epithelial cells. Elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with prostatic enlargement and prostatic adenocarcinoma, and this allows early detection of cancer in many cases.In about 70% of cases, the rise is owed to a cancerous condition. Thus, some studies have suggested that PSA testing may supplement an older test for prostatic acid phosphate (PAP), previously a fairly reliable gauge of metastatic prostate cancer. However, because no large-scale clinical studies have been completed, the medical and economic value of PSA testing remain uncertain.
public a.'s see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
R a. See beta-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus.
Rh a.'s see Rh blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Rhus toxicodendron a. an extract of fresh leaves of poison ivy, with 0.4% of procaine hydrochloride; used by intradermal injection to determine sensitiveness to the poison of Rhus toxicodendron.
Rhus venenata a. an extract of fresh leaves of poison sumac; used to determine sensitiveness to the plant or to relieve the dermatitis caused by contact with its leaves.
S a. soluble a
sensitized a. the complex formed when a. combines with specific antibody; so called because the a., by the mediation of antibody, is rendered sensitive to the action of complement.
shock a. an a. capable of producing anaphylactic shock in an animal that has been sensitized to it.
Sm a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
soluble a. viral a. that remains in solution after the particles of virus have been removed by means of centrifugation; in the case of the influenza viruses, it is the internal helical structure, free of the external envelope.S a;
somatic a. an a. located in the cell wall of a bacterium in contrast to one in the flagella (flagellar a.) or in a capsule (capsular a.).
species-specific a. antigenic components in the tissues and fluids of members of a species of animal, by means of which various species may be immunologically distinguished; e.g., serum albumin of horses is immunologically different from that of man, dogs, sheep, and so on.
specific a.'s a.'s that characterize a single genus of microorganisms.
Stobo a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Streptococcus M a. the somatic a. associated with virulence and type specificity of group A streptococci.M protein (1);
Sw^a a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Swann a.'s see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
T a.'s tumor antigens associated wtih replication and transformation by certain DNA tumor viruses, including adenoviruses and papovaviruses. See also beta-hemolytic streptococci, under streptococcus, tumor a.'s.
Tac a. an antigenic determinant of the human interleukin 2 receptor that is identified by a murine monoclonal antibody, anti-Tac. Binding of this antigen prevents the proliferation of T cells, which is normally stimulated by binding interleukin-2.
T-dependent a. an a. that requires T helper cells in addition to appropriate B cells. Most a.'s are T-dependent.
theta a. (tha´ta) a surface glycoprotein that is present on thymocytes of mice and rats.
thymus-independent a. an a. that does not require T helper cell activation in order for the host's B cells to be stimulated. Repeating polymers such as polysaccharides are examples of T-independent a.'s.
tissue-specific a. organ-specific a
Tj a. see P blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Tr^a a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
transplantation a. histocompatibility a
tumor a.'s 1. a.'s that may be frequently associated with tumors or may be specifically found on tumor cells of the same origin (tumor specific); 2. tumor antigens may also be associated with replication and transformation by certain DNA tumor viruses, including adenoviruses and papovaviruses.neoantigens; See also T a.'s.
tumor-associated a. a.'s that are highly correlated with certain tumor cells. They are not usually found, or are found to a lesser extent, on normal cells.
tumor-specific transplantation a.'s (TSTA) surface a.'s of DNA tumor virus-transformed cells, which elicit an immune rejection of the virus-free cells when transplanted into an animal that has been immunized against the specific cell-transforming virus.
V a. viral a. that is intimately associated with the virus particle, is protein in nature, has multiple antigenicities, and is strain-specific; antibody to such a. is demonstrable as protective or neutralizing antibody.
Vel a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Ven a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Vi a. "virulence a.," an external capsular a. of enterobacteria formerly thought to be related to increased virulence.
Vw a. see MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.Gr a;
Webb a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Wr^a a. see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Wright a.'s (Wr^a) see low frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.
Xg a. see Xg blood group, Blood Groups appendix.
Yt^a a. see high frequency blood groups, Blood Groups appendix.

antigenemia antigenemia (an´ti-je-ne´me-a)

Persistence of antigen in circulating blood; e.g., HB_s-antigenemia (presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in blood serum). [antigen + G. haima, blood]

antigenic antigenic (an-ti-jen´ik)

Having the properties of an antigen (allergen).allergenic, immunogenic;

antigenicity antigenicity (an´ti-je-nis´i-te)

The state or property of being antigenic.immunogenicity;

antigonorrheic antigonorrheic (an´te-gon-o-re´ik)

Curative of gonorrhea.

antigravity antigravity (an-te-grav´i-te)

See anti-G.

anti-HBc anti-HB_c

Antibody to the hepatitis B core antigen (HB_cAg).

anti-HBe anti-HB_e

Antibody to the hepatitis B e antigen (HB_eAg).

anti-HBs anti-HB_s

Antibody to the hepatitis B surface antigen (HB_sAg).

antihelix antihelix (an-te-he´liks)

An elevated ridge of cartilage anterior and roughly parallel to the posterior portion of the helix of the external ear.anthelix [NA];

antihelminthic antihelminthic (an´te-hel-minth´ik)

anthelmintic (1)

antihemagglutinin antihemagglutinin (an´te-he-ma-glu´ti-nin, an´te-hem-a-)

A substance (including antibody) that inhibits or prevents hemagglutination.

antihemolysin antihemolysin (an´te-he-mol´i-sin, an´te-hem-ol´-)

A substance (including antibody) that inhibits or prevents the effects of hemolysin.

antihemolytic antihemolytic (an´te-he-mo-lit´ik, an´te-hem-o-)

Preventing hemolysis.

antihemorrhagic antihemorrhagic (an´te-hem-o-raj´ik)

Arresting hemorrhage.hemostatic (2);

antihidrotic antihidrotic (an´te-hI-drot´ik, -hi-drot´ik)

antiperspirant

antihistamines antihistamines (an-te-his´ta-menz)

Drugs having an action antagonistic to that of histamine; used in the treatment of allergy symptoms.

antihistaminic antihistaminic (an´te-his-ta-min´ik)

1. Tending to neutralize or antagonize the action of histamine or to inhibit its production in the body. 2. An agent having such an effect, used to relieve the symptoms of allergy.

antihormones antihormones (an-te-hor´monz)

Substances demonstrable in serum that inhibit or prevent the usual effects of certain hormones, e.g., specific antibodies.

antihydriotic antihydriotic (an´te-hI-dre-ot´ik)

antiperspirant

antihydropic antihydropic (an´te-hI-drop´ik)

1. Relieving edema (dropsy). 2. An agent that mobilizes accumulated fluids.

antihypertensive antihypertensive (an´te-hI-per-ten´siv)

Indicating a drug or mode of treatment that reduces the blood pressure of hypertensive individuals.

antihypnotic antihypnotic (an´te-hip-not´ik)

1. Preventing or tending to prevent sleep. 2. An arousing agent, or one antagonistic to sleep.

antihypotensive antihypotensive (an´te-hI´po-ten´siv)

Any measure or medication that tends to raise reduced blood pressure.

anti-icteric anti-icteric (an´te-ik-ter´ik)

Rarely used term for preventing or curing icterus (jaundice).

anti-inflammatory anti-inflammatory (an´te-in-flam´a-to-re)

Reducing inflammation by acting on body mechanisms, without directly antagonizing the causative agent; denoting agents such as glucocorticoids and aspirin.

anti-insulin anti-insulin

A factor, usually an antibody, which antagonizes the action of insulin.

antiketogenesis antiketogenesis (an´te-ke-to-jen´e-sis)

Prevention or reduction of ketosis either by decreased production or increased utilization of ketone bodies.

antiketogenic antiketogenic (an´te-ke-to-jen´ik)

Inhibiting the formation of ketone bodies, or accelerating their utilization.

antileukocidin antileukocidin (an´te-lu-kos´i-din, lu-ko-sI´din)

1. A substance that inhibits or prevents the effects of leukocidin. 2. A leukocidin-specific antibody.

antileukotoxin antileukotoxin (an´te-lu-ko-tok´sin)

A substance (including antibody) that inhibits or prevents the effects of leukocytoxin; frequently regarded as synonymous with antileukocidin.

antilewisite antilewisite (an-te-lu´i-sIt)

dimercaprol

antilipotropic antilipotropic (an´te-lip-o-trop´ik)

Pertaining to substances depressing choline synthesis (e.g., by competing for methyl groups) and thus enhancing dietary fatty liver.

antilithic antilithic (an-te-lith´ik)

1. Preventing the formation of calculi or promoting their dissolution. 2. An agent so acting.anticalculous; [anti- + G. lithos, stone]

antilobium antilobium (an-te-lo´be-um)

tragus (1) [L., fr. G. antilobion]

antiluteogenic antiluteogenic (an´te-lu-te-o-jen´ik)

Inhibiting the growth or hastening involution of the corpus luteum.

antilysin antilysin (an-te-lI´sin)

An antibody that inhibits or prevents the effects of lysin.

antimalarial antimalarial (an´te-ma-la´re-al)

1. Preventing or curing malaria. 2. A chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits or destroys malarial parasites.

antimer antimer (an´ti-mer)

enantiomer

antimere antimere (an´ti-mer)

1. A segment of an animal body formed by planes cutting the axis of the body at right angles. 2. One of the symmetrical parts of a bilateral organism. 3. The right or left half of the body. [anti- + G. meros, a part]

antimesenteric antimesenteric (an´te-mez´en-ter´ik)

Pertaining to the part of the intestine that lies opposite the mesenteric attachment.

antimetabolite antimetabolite (an´te-me-tab´o-lIt)

A substance that competes with, replaces, or antagonizes a particular metabolite; e.g., ethionine is an a. of methionine.

antimetropia antimetropia (an´te-me-tro´pe-a)

A form of anisometropia in which one eye is myopic and the other hypermetropic. [anti- + G. metron, measure, + ops, eye]

antimicrobial antimicrobial (an´te-mI-kro´be-al)

Tending to destroy microbes, to prevent their multiplication or growth, or to prevent their pathogenic action.

antimitotic antimitotic (an´te-mI-tot´ik)

1. Having an arresting action upon mitosis. 2. A drug having such an effect; e.g., a folic acid antagonist that is used in leukemia to inhibit the multiplication of white cells.

antimongoloid antimongoloid (an-te-mon´go-loyd)

The condition in which the lateral portion of the palpebral fissure is lower than the medial portion.

antimonid antimonid (an-te-mo´nid)

A chemical compound containing antimony in union with a more positive element; e.g., sodium a., Na₃Sb.

antimonous oxide antimonous oxide (an-ti-mo´nus)

antimony trioxide

antimony (Sb) antimony (Sb) (an´-ti-mo-ne)

A metallic element, atomic no. 51, atomic wt. 121.757, valences 0, -3, +3, +5; used in alloys; toxic and irritating to the skin and mucous membranes.stibium; [G. anti + monos, not found alone]
a. chloride a. trichloride
a. dimercaptosuccinate 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid cyclic thioantimonate;an antiparasitic effective against Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium.stibocaptate;
a. oxide a. trioxide
a. potassium tartrate a compound used as an expectorant and in the treatment of schistosomiasis japonicum, although it is extremely toxic and must be administered very slowly intravenously; common toxic manifestations are phlebitis, tachycardia, and hypotension; sudden deaths have been reported, chiefly from circulatory collapse.potassium antimonyltartrate, tartar emetic, tartrated a;
a. sodium gluconate stibogluconate sodium (1)
a. sodium tartrate Na(SbO)C₄H₄O₆;used in the treatment of schistosomiasis, and as an emetic.sodium antimonyl tartrate;
a. sodium thioglycollate a compound of a. trioxide and thioglycolic acid, used for tropical parasites.
tartrated a. a. potassium tartrate
a. thioglycollamide Sb(SCH₂CONH₂)₃;the triamide of a. thioglycolic acid; used in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, kala azar, and filariasis.
a. trichloride SbCl₃;combines with vitamin A to form a blue compound and with beta-carotene to form a green one, as a method for assay of these substances; also used externally as a caustic.a. chloride;
a. trioxide Sb₂O₃;used technically in paints and flame-proofing; also used as an expectorant and emetic.antimonous oxide, a. oxide, flowers of antimony;

antimonyl antimonyl (an-tim´o-nil)

The univalent radical, SbO-, of antimony.

antimuscarinic antimuscarinic (an´te-mus´ka-rin´ik)

Inhibiting or preventing the actions of muscarine and muscarine-like agents, or the effects of parasympathetic stimulation at the neuroeffector junction (e.g., atropine).

antimutagen antimutagen (an-te-myu´ta-jen)

A factor that reduces or interferes with the mutagenic actions of effects of a substance.

antimutagenic antimutagenic (an´te-myu-ta-jen´ik)

Pertaining to or characteristic of an antimutagen.

antimyasthenic antimyasthenic (an´te-mI´as-then´ik)

Tending toward the correction of the symptoms of myasthenia gravis, e.g., as in the action of neostigmine.

antimycotic antimycotic (an´-te-mI-kot´ik)

Antagonistic to fungi.antifungal; [anti- + G. mykes, fungus]

antinatriferic antinatriferic (an´te-na-trif´er-ik)

Tending to inhibit sodium transport.

antinauseant antinauseant (an-te-naw´se-ant)

Having an action to prevent nausea.

antineoplastic antineoplastic (an´te-ne-o-plas´tik)

Preventing the development, maturation, or spread of neoplastic cells.

antinephritic antinephritic (an´te-ne-frit´ik)

Rarely used term for preventing or relieving inflammation of the kidneys.

antineuralgic antineuralgic (an´te-nu-ral´jik)

A rarely used term for an agent that relieves paroxysmal nerve pain.

antineuritic antineuritic (an´te-nu-rit´ik)

A rarely used term for an agent that relieves nerve pain.

antineurotoxin antineurotoxin (an´te-nu-ro-tok´sin)

An antibody to a neurotoxin.

antiniad antiniad (an-tin´e-ad)

Toward the antinion.

antinial antinial (an-tin´e-al)

Relating to the antinion.

antinion antinion (an-tin´e-on)

The space between the eyebrows; the point on the skull opposite the inion. See also glabella. [anti- + G. inion, nape of the neck]

antinomy antinomy (an-tin´o-me)

A contradiction between two principles, each of which is considered true. [anti- + G. nomos, law]

antinuclear antinuclear (an-te-nu´kle-er)

Having an affinity for or reacting with the cell nucleus.

antiodontalgic antiodontalgic (an´te-o-don-tal-jik)

1. Relieving toothache. 2. A toothache remedy. [anti- + G. odous, tooth, + algos, pain]

antioncogene antioncogene (an-te-on´ko-jen)

A tumor-suppressing gene involved in controlling cellular growth; inactivation of this type of gene leads to deregulated cellular proliferation, as in cancer.A number of antioncogenes have been identified. Their deletion, mutation, or inactivation opens the gateway for further cellular harm. Typically, the shut-off of an antioncogene results first in cell proliferation. In the presence of one or more oncogenes, this proliferation is accelerated and the cells become invasive.

antioxidant antioxidant (an-te-oks´i-dant)

An agent that inhibits oxidation and thus prevents rancidity of oils or fats or the deterioration of other materials through oxidative processes (e.g., ascorbic acid, vitamin E).

antipain antipain (an´te-pa-in)

A peptide that inhibits the proteolytic enzymes, papain, trypsin, and plasmin. [anti- + papain]

antiparallel antiparallel (an-te-par´a-lel)

Denoting molecules that are parallel but point in opposite directions; e.g., the two strands of a DNA double helix.

antiparasitic antiparasitic (an´te-par-a-sit´ik)

Destructive to parasites.

antiparastata antiparastata (an´te-pa-ras´ta-ta)

Obsolete term for bulbourethral gland. [anti- + G. parastates, a testicle]

antipedicular antipedicular (an´te-pe-dik´yu-lar)

Destructive to lice.

antipediculotic antipediculotic (an´te-pe-dik-yu-lot´ik)

Effective in the treatment of pediculosis, especially denoting such an agent.

antiperiodic antiperiodic (an´te-per-e-od´ik)

Preventing the regular recurrence of a disease (e.g., malaria) or a symptom.

antiperistalsis antiperistalsis (an´te-per-i-stal´sis)

reversed peristalsis

antiperistaltic antiperistaltic (an´te-per-i-stal´tik)

1. Relating to antiperistalsis. 2. Impeding or arresting peristalsis.

antiperspirant antiperspirant (an-te-per´spi-rant)

1. Having an inhibitory action upon the secretion of sweat. 2. An agent having such an action (e.g., aluminum chloride).anhidrotic (2); antihidrotic, antihydriotic, antisudorific;

antiphagocytic antiphagocytic (an´te-fag-o-sit´-ik)

Impeding or preventing the action of the phagocytes.

antiphlogistic antiphlogistic (an´te-flo-jis´tik)

1. Older term denoting preventing or relieving inflammation. 2. An agent that reduces inflammation.antipyrotic (1); [anti- + G. phogistos, burnt up]

antiphobic antiphobic (an-te-fo´bik)

A mechanism or drug designed to control phobias.

antiplasmin antiplasmin (an-te-plaz´min)

A substance that inhibits or prevents the effects of plasmin; found in plasma and some tissues, especially the spleen and liver.antifibrinolysin;

antiplatelet antiplatelet (an-te-plat´let)

A substance that manifests a lytic or agglutinative action on the blood platelets, thereby inhibiting or destroying the effects of the latter.

antipneumococcic antipneumococcic (an´te-nu-mo-kok´sik)

Destructive to, or repressing the growth of, the pneumococcus (e.g., penicillin).

antipodal antipodal (an-tip´o-dal)

Denoting opposite positions; positioned at opposite sides of a cell or other body.

antipode antipode (an´ti-pod)

That which is diametrically opposite. [G. antipous, with the feet opposite]
optical a. enantiomer

antiport antiport (an´te-port)

The coupled transport of two different molecules or ions through a membrane in opposite directions by a common carrier mechanism (antiporter). Cf. symport, uniport. [anti- + L. porto, to carry]

antiporter antiporter (an´te-por-ter)

A protein responsible for mediating the transport of two different molecules or ions simultaneously in opposite directions through a membrane.

antiposic antiposic (an-te-po´sik)

Rarely used term for: 1. Inhibitory to the drinking of water and other beverages. 2. An agent that has this effect. [anti- + G. posis, drinking, + -ic]

antiprecipitin antiprecipitin (an´te-pre-sip´i-tin)

A specific antibody that inhibits or prevents the effects of a precipitin.

antiprogestin antiprogestin (an´te-pro-jes´tin)

A substance that inhibits progesterone formation, that interferes with its carriage or stability in the blood, or that reduces its uptake by, or effects on, target organs (e.g., RU-486).

antiprostate antiprostate (an-te-pros´tat)

Obsolete term for bulbourethral gland.

antiprothrombin antiprothrombin (an´te-pro-throm´bin)

An anticoagulant that inhibits or prevents the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin; examples are heparin, which is present in various tissues (especially in liver), and dicoumarin, which is isolated from partially decomposed sweet clover.

antipruritic antipruritic (an´te-pru-rit´ik)

1. Preventing or relieving itching. 2. An agent that relieves itching.

antipsoric antipsoric (an-te-so´rik)

Obsolete term for curative of scabies, or of itching. [anti- + G. psora, itch]

antipsychotic antipsychotic (an´te-sI-kot´ik)

1. antipsychotic agent 2. Denoting the actions of such an agent (e.g., chlorpromazine).

antipurine antipurine (an´te-pyur´en)

An analog of the purines and purine nucleotides that acts as an antimetabolite.

antipyogenic antipyogenic (an´te-pI-o-jen´ik)

Preventing suppuration. [anti- + G. pyon, pus, + -gen, production]

antipyresis antipyresis (an´te-pI-re´sis)

Symptomatic treatment of fever rather than of the underlying disease.

antipyretic antipyretic (an´te-pI-ret´ik)

1. Reducing fever.antifebrile, febrifugal; 2. An agent that reduces fever (e.g., acetaminophen, aspirin).febrifuge; [anti- + G. pyretos, fever]

antipyrimidine antipyrimidine (an´te-pir-im´i-den)

An analog of the pyrimidines and pyrimidine nucleotides that acts as an antimetabolite.

antipyrine antipyrine (an-te-pI´rin, -pI´ren)

2,3-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazoline-5-one;an obsolescent analgesic and antipyretic.
a. acetylsalicylate a compound of a. and aspirin; an antirheumatic and analgesic.
a. salicylacetate an analgesic, antirheumatic, and antipyretic.
a. salicylate an analgesic and antipyretic; used in dysmenorrhea, influenza, and acute rhinitis in the early stages.

antipyrotic antipyrotic (an´te-pI-rot´ik)

1. antiphlogistic 2. Relieving the pain and promoting the healing of superficial burns. 3. A topical application for burns. [anti- + G. pyrotikos, burning, inflaming]

antirachitic antirachitic (an´te-ra-kit´ik)

Promoting the cure of rickets or preventing its development (e.g., vitamin D preparations).

antirheumatic antirheumatic (an´te-ru-mat´ik)

1. Denoting an agent which suppresses manifestations of rheumatic disease; usually applied to anti-inflammatory agents or agents that are capable of delaying progression of the basic disease process in inflammatory arthritis. 2. An agent possessing such properties (e.g., gold compounds).

antiricin antiricin (an-te-rI´sin)

An antibody or antitoxin that inhibits or prevents the effects of ricin.

antiruminant antiruminant (an-te-ru´mi-nant)

Denoting a method to 1) control regurgitation of food or 2) break a compulsive trend of thought. [anti- + L. rumino, to chew the cud, fr. rumen, throat]

anti-S anti-S

See MNSs blood group, Blood Groups appendix.

antiscorbutic antiscorbutic (an´te-skor-byu´tik)

1. Preventive or curative of scurvy (scorbutus). 2. A treatment for scurvy (e.g., vitamin C).

antiseborrheic antiseborrheic (an´te-seb-o-re´ik)

1. Preventing or relieving excessive secretion of sebum; preventing or relieving seborrheic dermatitis. 2. An agent having such actions.

antisecretory antisecretory (an´te-se-kre´to-rI)

Inhibitory to secretion, said of certain drugs that reduce or suppress gastric secretion (e.g., ranitidine, omeprazole).

antisense antisense (an´te-sens)

See antisense DNA, antisense RNA.

antisepsis antisepsis (an-te-sep´sis)

Prevention of infection by inhibiting the growth of infectious agents. See also disinfection. [anti- + G. sepsis, putrefaction]

antiseptic antiseptic (an-te-sep´tik)

1. Relating to antisepsis. 2. An agent or substance capable of effecting antisepsis.

antiserum antiserum (an-te-se´rum)

Serum that contains demonstrable antibody or antibodies specific for one (monovalent or specific a.) or more (polyvalent a.) antigens; may be prepared from the blood of animals inoculated parenterally (under certain conditions) with an antigenic material or from the blood of animals and persons that have been stimulated by natural contact with an antigen (as in those who recover from an attack of disease).immune serum;
blood group a.´s see Blood Groups appendix.
heterologous a. an a. that reacts with (e.g., agglutinates) certain microorganisms or other complexes of antigens, even though the a. was produced by means of stimulation with a different microorganism or antigenic material. See also homologous a.
homologous a. an a. in which there is complete correspondence between the content of antibodies and the antigenic material used for producing the a.
monovalent a. See antiserum.
nerve growth factor a. an a. containing antibodies against nerve growth factor; when injected into newborn animals the majority of sympathetic ganglion cells are permanently destroyed, resulting in hypoinnervation of peripheral tissues.NGF a;
NGF a. nerve growth factor a
polyvalent a. See antiserum.
specific a. See antiserum.

antishock garment antishock garment

See military antishock trousers, pneumatic antishock garment.

antisialagogue antisialagogue (an-te-sI-al´a-gog)

An agent that diminishes or arrests the flow of saliva (e.g., atropine). [anti- + G. sialon, saliva, + agogos, drawing forth]

antisideric antisideric (an-te-sid´er-ik)

Counteracting the physiological action of iron, probably by chelating or precipitation. [anti- + G. sideros, iron]

antisocial antisocial (an-te-so´shul)

Behaving in violation of the social or legal norms of society; e.g., the antisocial personality, the psychopath. Cf. asocial.

antispasmodic antispasmodic (an´te-spaz-mod´ik)

1. Preventing or alleviating muscle spasms (cramps). 2. An agent that quiets spasm.

antistaphylococcic antistaphylococcic (an´te-staf´i-lo-kok´sik)

Antagonistic to staphylococci or their toxins.

antistaphylolysin antistaphylolysin (an´te-staf-i-lol´i-sin)

A substance that antagonizes or neutralizes the action of staphylolysin.

antisteapsin antisteapsin (an´te-ste-ap´sin)

An antibody counteracting the action of triacylglycerol lipase (steapsin).

antistreptococcic antistreptococcic (an´te-strep-to-kok´sik)

Destructive to streptococci or antagonistic to their toxins.

antistreptokinase antistreptokinase (an´te-strep-to-kI´nas)

An antibody that inhibits or prevents the dissolution of fibrin by streptokinase.

antistreptolysin antistreptolysin (an´te-strep-tol´i-sin)

An antibody that inhibits or prevents the effects of streptolysin O elaborated by group A streptococci; the amount of a. in the serum is frequently increased during and after streptococcal disease, and comparative titers may be a diagnostic and prognostic aid.

antisubstance antisubstance (an-te-sub´stans)

Obsolete term for antibody.

antisudorific antisudorific (an´te-su-dor-if´ic)

antiperspirant

anti-tac anti-tac

Monoclonal antibody that recognizes a drain of the IL-2 receptor.

antitetanic antitetanic (an´te-te-tan´ik)

Preventing or alleviating muscular contraction.

antithenar antithenar (an-te-the´nar)

hypothenar eminence

antithrombin antithrombin (an-te-throm´bin)

Any substance that inhibits or prevents the effects of thrombin in such a manner that blood does not coagulate. A deficiency of a. results in impaired inhibition of coagulation factors IIa, IXa, and Xa in plasma, causing recurrent thrombosis.
a. III an a. at present somewhat conjectural and biochemically not well characterized. Deficiency [MIM*107300] is commonly inherited as an autosomal dominant trait; one of the few known mendelizing disorders to which thrombotic disease occurs.
normal a. an a. naturally occurring in blood and certain tissues under normal conditions in contrast to abnormal states or a. from other sources.

antithyroid antithyroid (an-te-thI´royd)

Relating to an agent that suppresses thyroid function (e.g., propylthiouracil).

antitonic antitonic (an-te-ton´ik)

Diminishing muscular or vascular tonus.

antitoxic antitoxic (an-te-tok´sik)

Neutralizing the action of a poison; specifically, relating to an antitoxin. See also antidotal.

antitoxigen antitoxigen (an-te-toks´i-jen)

antitoxinogen

antitoxin antitoxin (an-te-tok´sin)

Antibody formed in response to antigenic poisonous substances of biologic origin, such as bacterial exotoxins (e.g., those elaborated by Clostridium tetani or Corynebacterium diphtheriae), phytotoxins, and zootoxins; in general usage, a. refers to whole, or globulin fraction of, serum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of the specific toxoid. A. neutralizes the pharmacologic effects of its specific toxin in vitro, and also in vivo if the toxin is not already fixed in the tissue cells. [anti- + G. toxikon, poison]
bivalent gas gangrene a. a. specific for the toxins of Clostridium perfringens and C. septicum.
bothropic a. a. specific for the venom of pit vipers of the genus Bothrops (Bothrophora) of the family Crotalidae.Bothrops a;
Bothrops a. bothropic a
botulinum a. botulism a
botulism a. a. specific for a toxin of one or another strain of Clostridium botulinum.botulinum a;
bovine a. a. prepared from cattle instead of horses, used in the treatment of persons who are sensitive to horse serum; the cattle are immunized against the toxin for which specific a. is desired.
Crotalus a. a. specific for venom of rattlesnakes (Crotalus species).
despeciated a. an antitoxic serum treated in an appropriate manner to alter the species-specific protein, so that a person sensitized to the animal protein is not likely to have a serious reaction when the a. is administered.
diphtheria a. a. specific for the toxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
dysentery a. a. specific for the neurotoxin of Shigella dysenteriae.
gas gangrene a. a. specific for the toxin of one or more species of Clostridium that cause gaseous gangrene and associated toxemia, especially C. perfringens C. novyi, C. histolyticum, and commercially available preparations are usually polyvalent, i.e., contain a. for two or more species.pentavalent gas gangrene a;
normal a. serum that is capable of neutralizing an equivalent quantity of a normal toxin solution.
pentavalent gas gangrene a. gas gangrene a
plant a. a. specific for a phytotoxin.
scarlet fever a. a. specific for the erythrogenic toxin of strains of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci.
staphylococcus a. a preparation from native serum containing antitoxic globulins or their derivatives that specifically neutralize the lethal, skin-necrosing, and hemolytic properties of the a-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus.
tetanus a. a. specific for the toxin of Clostridium tetani.
tetanus and gas gangrene a.'s a mixture of antibodies obtained from animals immunized against the toxins of Clostridium tetani, C. perfringens, and C. septicum.
tetanus-perfringens a. an a. prepared from animals immunized against the toxins of Clostridium tetani and C. perfringens (C. welchii).

antitoxinogen antitoxinogen (an´te-tok-sin´o-jen)

Any antigen that stimulates the formation of antitoxin in an animal or person, i.e., a toxin or a toxoid.antitoxigen; [antitoxin + G. -gen, producing]

antitragicus antitragicus (an´te-traj´i-kus)

See antitragicus muscle.

antitragohelicine antitragohelicine (an´te-tra´go-hel´i-sen)

See antitragohelicine fissure.

antitragus antitragus (an-te-tra´gus) [NA]

A projection of the cartilage of the auricle, in front of the tail of the helix, just above the lobule, and posterior to the tragus from which it is separated by the intertragic notch. [G. anti-tragos, the eminence of the external ear, fr. anti, opposite, + tragos, a goat, the tragus]

antitreponemal antitreponemal (an´te-trep-o-ne´mal)

treponemicidal

antitrismus antitrismus (an-te-triz´mus)

A condition of tonic muscular spasm that prevents closing.

antitrope antitrope (an´ti-trop)

An organ or appendage that forms a symmetrically reversed pair with another of the same type, e.g., the right and left legs of a vertebrate. [anti- + G. trope, a turn]

antitropic antitropic (an-te-tro´pik)

Similar, bilaterally symmetrical, but in an opposite location (as in a mirror image), e.g., the right thumb in relation to the left thumb.

antitrypsic antitrypsic (an-te-trip´sik)

antitryptic

antitrypsin antitrypsin (an-te-trip´sin)

A substance that inhibits or prevents the action of trypsin.

a1-antitrypsin a₁-antitrypsin

A glycoprotein that is the major protease inhibitor of human serum, is synthesized in the liver, and is genetically polymorphic due to the presence of over 20 alleles; individuals appropriately homozygous are deficient in a₁-trypsin and are predisposed to pulmonary emphysema and juvenile hepatic cirrhosis because of alterations in the amino acid and sialic acid components of the glycoprotein. a-a.'s also inhibits thrombin.a₁-trypsin inhibitor, human a₁-proteinase inhibitor;

antitryptic antitryptic (an-te-trip´tik)

Possessing properties of antitrypsin.antitrypsic;

antitumorigenesis antitumorigenesis (an´te-tu-mor-i-jen´e-sis)

Inhibition of the development of a neoplasm.

antitussive antitussive (an-te-tus´iv)

1. Relieving cough. 2. A cough remedy (e.g., codeine).antibechic; [anti- + L. tussis, cough]

antityphoid antityphoid (an-te-tI´foyd)

Preventive or curative of typhoid fever.

antivenene antivenene (an-te-ve-nen´)

antivenin

antivenereal antivenereal (an´te-ve-ne´re-al)

Rarely used term for preventive or curative of venereal diseases.antaphroditic (2);

antivenin antivenin (an-te-ven´in)

An antitoxin specific for an animal or insect venom.antivenene; [anti- + L. venenum, poison]

antiviral antiviral (an-te-vI´ral)

Opposing a virus; interfering with its replication; weakening or abolishing its action.

antivitamin antivitamin (an-te-vI´ta-min)

A substance that prevents a vitamin from exerting its typical biological effects. Most a.'s have chemical structures similar to vitamins (e.g., pyridoxine and its a., deoxypyridoxine) and appear to function as competitive antagonists; some a.'s produce effects, in addition, that are unrelated to vitamin antagonism.

antivivisection antivivisection (an´te-viv-i-sek´shun)

Opposition to the use of living animals for experimentation. See vivisection.

antixerophthalmic antixerophthalmic (an´te-ze-rof-thal´mik)

Denoting agents (vitamin A and retinoic acid) that inhibit pathologic drying of the conjunctiva (xerophthalmia). [anti- + G. xeros, dry, + ophthalmos, eye]

antixerotic antixerotic (an´te-ze-rot´ik)

Preventing xerosis.

Anton Anton

Gabriel, German neuropsychiatrist, 1858-1933. See A.'s syndrome.

Antoni Antoni

Nils, Swedish neurologist, 1887-1968. See A. type A neurilemoma, type B neurilemoma.

antra antra (an´tra)

Plural of antrum.

antral antral (an´tral)

Relating to an antrum.

antrectomy antrectomy (an-trek´to-me)

1. Removal of the walls of an antrum. 2. Removal of the antrum (distal half) of the stomach; often combined with bilateral excision of portions of vagus nerve trunks (vagectomy) in treatment of peptic ulcer. [antrum + G. ektome, excision]

antro- antro-

An antrum. [L. antrum, from G. antron, a cave]

antroduodenectomy antroduodenectomy (an´tro-du-o-de-nek´to-me)

Surgical removal of the antrum of the stomach and the ulcer-bearing part of the duodenum.

antronasal antronasal (an-tro-na´sal)

Relating to a maxillary sinus and the corresponding nasal cavity.

antrophose antrophose (an´tro-foz)

A subjective sensation of light or color originating in the visual centers of the brain. See also phosphene. [antro- + G. phos, light]

antropyloric antropyloric (an´tro-pI-lor´ik)

Related to or affecting the pyloric antrum.

antroscope antroscope (an´tro-skop)

An instrument to aid in the visual examination of any cavity, particularly the antrum of Highmore maxillary sinus. [antro- + G. skopeo, to view]

antroscopy antroscopy (an-tros´co-pe)

Examination of any cavity, especially of the antrum of Highmore, by means of an antroscope.

antrostomy antrostomy (an-tros´to-me)

Formation of a permanent opening into any antrum (maxillary sinus). [antro- + G. stoma, mouth]
intraoral a. Caldwell-Luc operation

antrotomy antrotomy (an-trot´o-me)

Incision through the wall of any antrum. [antro- + G. tome, incision]

antrotonia antrotonia (an-tro-to´ne-a)

Tonus of the muscular walls of an antrum, such as that of the stomach.

antrotympanic antrotympanic (an´tro-tim-pan´ik)

Relating to the mastoid antrum and the tympanic cavity.

antrum antrum , gen. antri , pl. antra (an´trum, -trI, -tra)

1. [NA] Any nearly closed cavity, particularly one with bony walls. 2. pyloric a [L. fr. G. antron, a cave]
a. au´ris external acoustic meatus
a. cardi´acum a dilation that occasionally occurs in the esophagus near the stomach.forestomach;
antra ethmoida´lia ethmoidal sinuses, under sinus
follicular a. the cavity of an ovarian follicle filled with liquor folliculi.
a. of Highmore maxillary sinus
mastoid a. a cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone, communicating posteriorly with the mastoid cells and anteriorly with the epitympanic recess of the middle ear via the aperture of the mastoid a.a. mastoideum [NA] , tympanic a., Valsalva's a;
a. mastoid´eum [NA] mastoid a
maxillary a. maxillary sinus
pyloric a. The initial portion of the pyloric part of the stomach, which may temporarily become partially or completely shut off from the remainder of the stomach during digestion by peristaltic contraction of the prepyloric "sphincter"; it is demarcated, sometimes, from the second part of the pyloric part of the stomach (pyloric canal) by a slight groove.a. pyloricum [NA] , antrum (2) , lesser cul-de-sac;
a. pylor´icum [NA] pyloric a
tympanic a. mastoid a
Valsalva's a. mastoid a

ANTU ANTU

Abbreviation for a-naphthylthiourea.

Antyllus Antyllus

Greek physician, ca. 150 A.D. See A.'s method.

ANUG ANUG

Abbreviation for acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis.

anular anular (an´yu-lar)

annular

anulus anulus , pl. anuli (an´yu-lus, -lI) [NA]

* official alternate term for ring [L.]

anuresis anuresis (an-yu-re´sis)

Obsolete term for inability to pass urine. [G. an- priv. + ouresis, urination]

anuretic anuretic (an-yu-ret´ik)

Relating to anuresis.

anuria anuria (an-yu´re-a)

Absence of urine formation.

anuric anuric (an-yur´ik)

Relating to anuria.

anus anus , gen. ani , pl. anus (a´nus, -nI, -nus) [NA]

The lower opening of the digestive tract, lying in the cleft between the buttocks, through which fecal matter is extruded.anal orifice; [L.]
artificial a. an opening into the bowel, usually in the right or left flank, as a result of a colostomy.
Bartholin's a. a. cerebri
a. cer´ebri entrance to the cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius) from the caudal part of the third ventricle.aditus ad aqueductum cerebri, Bartholin's a., opening to cerebral aqueduct;
imperforate a. 1. anal atresia 2. ectopic (1)
a. vesica´lis rectal emptying into the urinary bladder.
vesicalis a. (ve-sI´kal-is) imperforate a. with urinary bladder opening into the a.
vestibular a. , vulvovaginal a. a congenital malformation in which the a. is imperforate but the rectum opens into the vagina just above the vulva.

anvil anvil

incus

anxiety anxiety (ang-zI´e-te)

1. Apprehension of danger and dread accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea unattached to a clearly identifiable stimulus. 2. In experimental psychology, a drive or motivational state learned from and thereafter associated with previously neutral cues. [L. anxietas, anxiety, fr. anxius, distressed, fr. ango, to press tight, to torment]
a. attack an acute episode of anxiety.
castration a. castration complex
free-floating a. in psychoanalysis, a pervasive unrealistic expectation unattached to a clearly formulated concept or object of fear; observed particularly in a. neurosis and may be seen in some cases of latent schizophrenia.
noetic a. in existential psychotherapy, a. caused by confusion or loss of meaning in life.
separation a. a child's apprehension or fear associated with removal from or loss of a parent or significant other.
situation a. a. related to current life problems.

anxiolytic anxiolytic (ang´ze-o-lit´ik)

1. antianxiety agent 2. Denoting the actions of such an agent. [anxiety + G. lysis, a dissolution or loosening]

AOC AOC

Abbreviation for anodal opening contraction.

aorta aorta , gen and pl. aortae (a-or´ta, a-or´te) [NA]

A large artery of the elastic type which is the main trunk of the systemic arterial system, arising from the base of the left ventricle and ending at the left side of the body of the fourth lumbar vertebra by dividing to form the right and left common iliac arteries. The a. is formed from: ascending a.; aortic arch; and descending a., which is divided into the thoracic a. and the abdominal a.arteria aorta; [Mod. L. fr. G. aorte, from aeiro, to lift up]
abdominal a. the part of the descending a. that supplies structures below the diaphragm.pars abdominalis aortae [NA] , abdominal part of aorta, a. abdominalis;
a. abdomina´lis abdominal a
a. angus´ta congenital narrowness of a.
a. ascen´dens ascending a
ascending a. the part of the a. prior to the aortic arch from which arise the coronary arteries.a. ascendens, ascending part of aorta, pars ascendens aortae;
buckled a. pseudocoarctation
a. descen´dens descending a
descending a. a part of the a., further divided into the thoracic a. and the abdominal a.pars descendens aortae [NA] , a. descendens, descending part of aorta;
dynamic a. abnormally marked pulsations of a.
kinked a. pseudocoarctation
overriding a. a congenitally malpositioned a. whose origin straddles the ventricular septum and so receives ejected blood from the right ventricle as well as from the left; it is found especially in tetralogy of Fallot.
primitive a. the paired aortic primordia in young embryos.
pseudocoarctation of the a. a rare abnormality of the arch of the a. that constricts that vessel but is not a true coarctation in that there is no significant encroachment on the lumen.
shaggy a. a colloquial but fitting description for severe arterial degeneration of the aorta, the surface of which is extremely friable and likely to cause atheroembolism.
thoracic a. the part of the descending a. that supplies structures as far down as the diaphragm.pars thoracica aortae [NA] , a. thoracica, thoracic part of aorta;
a. thorac´ica thoracic a
ventral aortas the paired vessels ventral to the pharynx, which give rise to the aortic arches.

aortal aortal (a-or´tal)

aortic

aortalgia aortalgia (a-or-tal´je-a)

Pain assumed to be due to aneurysm or other pathologic conditions of the aorta. [aorta + G. algos, pain]

aortarctia aortarctia (a-or-tark´she-a)

aortostenosis [aorta + L. arcto, properly arto, to narrow]

aortartia aortartia (a-or-tar´she-a)

aortostenosis

aortectasis aortectasis , aortectasia (a-or-tek´ta-sis, -tek-ta´ze-a)

Dilation of aorta. [aorta + G. ektasis, a stretching]

aortectomy aortectomy (a-or-tek´to-me)

Excision of a portion of the aorta. [aorta + G. ektome, excision]

aortic aortic (a-or´tik)

Relating to the aorta or the a. orifice of the left ventricle of the heart.aortal;

aortic curtain aortic curtain

an intertrigonal sheet of fibrous tissue between the aortic annulus and the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve.

aorticorenal aorticorenal (a-or´ti-ko-re´nal)

Related to the aorta and kidney, specifically the ganglion aorticorenale.

aortitis aortitis (a-or-tI´tis)

Inflammation of the aorta.
giant cell a. giant cell arteritis involving the aorta.
syphilitic a. a common manifestation of tertiary syphilis, involving the thoracic aorta, where destruction of elastic tissue in the media results in dilation and aneurysm formation.

aortocoronary aortocoronary (a-or´to-kor´o-nar-e)

Relating to the aorta and the coronary arteries.

aortogram aortogram (a-or´to-gram)

The image or set of images resulting from aortography.

aortography aortography (a-or-tog´ra-fe)

1. Radiographic imaging of the aorta and its branches, or a portion of the aorta, by injection of contrast medium. 2. Imaging of the aorta by ultrasound or magnetic resonance. [aorta + G. grapho, to write]
retrograde a. a. by the injection of contrast medium into the aorta through one of its branches, e.g., the brachial artery, in a direction against normal arterial blood flow.
translumbar a. early method of a. by injection into the abdominal aorta through a needle just below the twelfth rib and four fingerbreadths to the left of the spinal processes of the vertebrae.

aortopathy aortopathy (a-or-top´a-the)

Disease affecting the aorta. [aorta + G. pathos, suffering]

aortopexy aortopexy

A surgical procedure used to treat tracheomalacia or tracheal compression.

aortoplasty aortoplasty (a-or´to-plas´te)

A procedure for surgical repair of the aorta.

aortoptosia aortoptosia , aortoptosis (a-or-top-to´ze-a, -top-to´sis)

A sinking down of the abdominal aorta in splanchnoptosia. [aorta + G. ptosis, a failing]

aortorrhaphy aortorrhaphy (a-or-tor´a-fe)

Suture of the aorta. [aorta + G. rhaphe, seam]

aortosclerosis aortosclerosis (a-or´to-skler-o´sis)

Arteriosclerosis of the aorta.

aortostenosis aortostenosis (a-or-to-ste-no´sis)

Narrowing of the aorta.aortarctia, aortartia; [aorta + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

aortotomy aortotomy (a-or-tot´o-me)

Incision of the aorta. [aorta + G. tome, a cutting]

AP AP

Abbreviation for area postrema.

APA APA

Abbreviation for antipernicious anemia factor.

apallesthesia apallesthesia (a-pal-es-the´ze-a)

pallanesthesia [G. a- priv. + pallo, to tremble, quiver, + aisthesis, feeling]

apallic apallic (a-pal´ik)

apallic state [G. a- priv. + L. pallium, brain mantle (cerebral cortex)]

apancreatic apancreatic (a-pan-kre-at´ik)

Without a pancreas.

aparalytic aparalytic (a-par´a-lit´ik)

Without paralysis; not causing paralysis.

aparathyreosis aparathyreosis (a-par-a-thI´re-o- sis)

hypoparathyroidism, especially that caused by removal of the parathyroid glands. [G. a- priv. + parathyroid + -osis, condition]

aparathyroidism aparathyroidism (a-par-a-thI´royd-izm)

Congenital absence, deficiency, or surgical removal of the parathyroid glands, with an extreme degree of hypoparathyroidism.

apareunia apareunia (a-par-yu´ne-a)

Absence or impossibility of coitus. [G. a- priv. + para, alongside, + eune, bed]

apathetic apathetic (ap-a-thet´ik)

Exhibiting apathy; indifferent.

apathism apathism (ap´a-thizm)

A sluggishness of reaction. Cf. erethism.

apathy apathy (ap´a-the)

Indifference; absence of interest in the environment. Often one of the earliest signs of cerebral disease. [G. apatheia, fr. a- priv. + pathos, suffering]

apatite apatite (ap´a-tIt)

1. Generic name for a class of minerals with compositions that are variants of the formula D₅T₃M, where D is a divalent cation, T is a trivalent tetrahedral compound ion, and M is a monovalent anion; calcium phosphate a.'s are important mineral constituents of bones and teeth. See hydroxyapatite. 2. Ca₅(PO₄)₃(OH,F,Cl).

A-P-C A-P-C

Abbreviation for adenoidal-pharyngeal-conjunctival.

APC APC

Acronym for acetylsalicylic acid, phenacetin, and caffeine combined as an antipyretic and analgesic; antigen-presenting cells, under cell.

apeidosis apeidosis (ap-I-do´sis)

Rarely used term for departure from the normal histologic picture or the characteristic manifestations of a disease. [G. apo, away, + eidos, form]

apellous apellous (a-pel´us)

1. Without skin. 2. Without foreskin; circumcised. [G. a- not + L. pellis, skin]

apenteric apenteric (ap-en-ter´ik)

An obsolete term for abenteric. [G. apo, from, + enteron, intestine]

apepsinia apepsinia (a-pep-sin´e-a)

Rarely used term for lack of pepsin in the gastric juice.

aperiodic aperiodic (a-per-e-od´ik)

Not occurring periodically.

aperistalsis aperistalsis (a´per-i-stal´sis)

Absence of peristalsis.

aperitive aperitive (a-per´i-tiv)

Stimulating the appetite. [Fr. apéritif, from L. aperio, to open]

Apert Apert

Eugène, French pediatrician, 1868-1940. See A.'s hirsutism, syndrome.

apertognathia apertognathia (a-per-to-nath´e-a)

An open bite deformity, a type of malocclusion characterized by premature posterior occlusion and absence of anterior occlusion.open bite (2); [L. apertus, open, + G. gnathos, jaw]

apertometer apertometer (ap-er-tom´e-ter)

Instrument for measuring the angular aperture of a microscope objective.

apertura apertura , pl. aperturae (ap-er-tu´ra, -re) [NA]

aperture [L. fr. aperio, pp. apertus, to open]
a. exter´na aqueduc´tus vestib´uli [NA] external aperture of vestibular aqueduct
a. exter´na canalic´uli coch´leae [NA] external aperture of cochlear canaliculus
a. latera´lis ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] lateral aperture of the fourth ventricle
a. media´na ventric´uli quar´ti [NA] medial aperture of the fourth ventricle
a. pel´vis infe´rior [NA] inferior pelvic aperture
a. pel´vis mino´ris inferior pelvic aperture
a. pel´vis supe´rior [NA] superior pelvic aperture
a. pirifor´mis [NA] anterior nasal aperture
a. si´nus fronta´lis [NA] frontal sinus aperture
a. si´nus sphenoidal´is [NA] opening of the sphenoidal sinus
a. thora´cis infe´rior [NA] inferior thoracic aperture
a. thora´cis supe´rior [NA] superior thoracic aperture
a. tympan´ica canalic´uli chor´dae tym´pani [NA] tympanic opening of canaliculi for chorda tympani

aperture aperture (ap´er-chur)

1. An inlet or entrance to a cavity or channel. in anatomy, an open gap or hole. 2. The diameter of the objective of a microscope.aditus [NA] , apertura [NA] , opening; [L. apertura, an opening]
angular a. the angle, in air, of light that passes from the object to the ends of the diameter of the front lens of the microscope objective.
anterior nasal a. the anterior nasal opening in the skull.apertura piriformis [NA] , piriform opening;
external a. of cochlear canaliculus the external opening of the cochlear aqueduct on the temporal bone medial to the jugular fossa.apertura externa canaliculi cochleae [NA];
external a. of vestibular aqueduct the external opening of the vestibular aqueduct on the posterior surface of the petrous part of the temporal bone near the groove for the sigmoid sinus.apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli [NA];
frontal sinus a. one of a pair of openings in the floor of the frontal sinuses in the nasal part of the frontal bone, through which the frontal sinuses communicate with the ethmoidal infundibulum via the frontonasal duct.apertura sinus frontalis [NA];
inferior pelvic a. the lower opening of the true pelvis, bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the rami of the ischium and the sacrotuberous ligament on either side, and posteriorly by these ligaments and the tip of the coccyx.apertura pelvis inferior [NA] , apertura pelvis minoris, fourth parallel pelvic plane, pelvic outlet, pelvic plane of outlet, plane of outlet;
inferior thoracic a. the inferior boundary of the bony thorax composed of the twelfth thoracic vertebra and the lower margins of the rib cage and sternum.apertura thoracis inferior [NA];
laryngeal a. inlet of larynx
lateral a. of the fourth ventricle one of the two lateral openings of the fourth ventricle into the subarachnoid space at the cerebellopontine angle.apertura lateralis ventriculi quarti [NA] , foramen lateralis ventriculi quarti, foramen of Key-Retzius, foramen of Luschka, Retzius' foramen;
a. of mastoid antrum the orifice leading from the epitympanic recess to the mastoid antrum.aditus ad antrum [NA];
medial a. of the fourth ventricle the large midline opening in the posterior inferior part of the roof of the fourth ventricle, connecting the ventricle with the cerebellomedullary cistern.apertura mediana ventriculi quarti [NA] , arachnoid foramen, Magendie's foramen, median a. of the fourth ventricle;
median a. of the fourth ventricle medial a. of the fourth ventricle
numerical a. (N.A.) defined by the formula n sine a, where n is the refractive index of the medium between the object and objective lens and a is the angle between the central and the marginal ray entering the objective.
a. of orbit orbital opening
sphenoidal sinus a. opening of the sphenoidal sinus
superior pelvic a. the upper opening of the true pelvis, bounded anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and the pubic crest on either side, laterally by the iliopectineal lines, and posteriorly by the promontory of the sacrum.apertura pelvis superior [NA] , aditus pelvis, first parallel pelvic plane, pelvic brim, pelvic inlet, pelvic plane of inlet, plane of inlet;
superior thoracic a. the upper boundary of the bony thorax composed of the first thoracic vertebra and the upper margins of the first ribs and manubrium of the sternum.apertura thoracis superior [NA];

apex apex , gen. apicis , pl. apices (a´peks, ap´i-sis, ap´i-ses) [NA]

The extremity of a conical or pyramidal structure, such as the heart or the lung. [L. summit or tip]
a. of arytenoid cartilage the pointed upper end of the cartilage which supports the corniculate cartilage and the aryepiglottic fold.a. cartilaginis arytenoideae [NA];
a. auric´ulae [NA] tip of auricle
a. cap´itis fib´ulae [NA] a. of head of fibula
a. cartila´ginis arytenoi´deae [NA] a. of arytenoid cartilage
a. cor´dis [NA] a. of heart
a. cor´nus posterio´ris [NA] a. of the posterior horn
a. cus´pidis den´tis [NA] a. of cusp of tooth
a. of cusp of tooth the tip of the peaklike projections from the crown of a tooth.a. cuspidis dentis [NA];
a. of dens the tip of the dens of the axis to which is attached the apical ligament of the dens.a. dentis [NA];
a. den´tis [NA] a. of dens
a. of head of fibula the pointed upper end of the fibular head to which is attached the arcuate popliteal ligament and part of the biceps femoris tendon.a. capitis fibulae [NA] , styloid process of fibula;
a. of heart the blunt extremity of the heart formed by the left ventricle. See apex beat.a. cordis [NA] , vertex cordis;
a. lin´guae [NA] tip of tongue
a. of lung the rounded, upper extremity of each lung that extends into the cupula of the pleura.a. pulmonis [NA];
a. na´si [NA] tip of nose
a. of orbit the posterior part of the orbit into which the optic canal opens; forms the tip of the pyramidal-shaped space.
a. os´sis sa´cri [NA] a. of sacrum
a. par´tis petro´sae ossis temporalis [NA] a. of petrous part of temporal bone
a. of patella the pointed lower end of the patella from which the ligamentum patellae passes to insert on the tibial tuberosity.a. patellae [NA];
a. patel´lae [NA] a. of patella
a. of petrous part of temporal bone the irregular antero-medial extremity of the petrous part on which the anterior end of the carotid canal opens.a. partis petrosae ossis temporalis [NA];
a. of the posterior horn the pointed extremity of each posterior gray column or cornu of the spinal cord.a. cornus posterioris [NA] , caput cornus, tip of posterior horn;
a. pro´statae [NA] a. of prostate
a. of prostate the lowermost part of the prostate, situated above the urogenital diaphragm.a. prostatae [NA];
a. pulmo´nis [NA] a. of lung
a. rad´icis den´tis [NA] tip of tooth root
root a. tip of tooth root
a. of sacrum the tapering lower end of the sacrum that articulates with the coccyx.a. ossis sacri [NA];
a. sat´yri tip of auricle
a. of urinary bladder the junction of the superior and anteroinferior surfaces of the bladder, continuous above with the median umbilical ligament.a. vesicae [NA];
a. vesi´cae [NA] a. of urinary bladder

apexcardiogram apexcardiogram (a-peks-kar´de-o-gram)

Graphic recording of the movements of the chest wall produced by the apex beat of the heart.

apexcardiography apexcardiography (a´peks-kar´de-og-ra-fe)

Noninvasive graphic recording of cardiac pulsations from the region of the apex, usually of the left ventricle, and resembling the ventricular pressure curve.

apexification apexification (a-pek´si-fi-ka´shun)

Induced tooth root development or closure of the root apex by hard tissue deposition.

apexigraph apexigraph (a-pek´si-graf)

A device for determining the size and position of the apex of a tooth root. [apex + G. grapho, to write]

APF APF

Abbreviation for animal protein factor.

Apgar Apgar

Virginia, U.S. anesthesiologist, 1909-1974. See A. score.

aphagia aphagia (a-fa´je-a)

Inability to eat. [G. a- priv. + phago, to eat]

aphakia aphakia (a-fa´ke-a)

Absence of the lens of the eye. [G. a- priv. + phakos, lentil, anything shaped like a lentil]

aphalangia aphalangia (a-fa-lan´je-a)

Congenital absence of a digit, or more specifically, absence of one or more of the long bones (phalanges) of a finger or toe. [G. a- priv. + phalanx]

aphanisis aphanisis (a-fan´i-sis)

Loss of sexuality. [G. aphaneia, disappearance]

aphasia aphasia (a-fa´ze-a)

Impaired or absent comprehension or production of, or communication by, speech, writing, or signs, due to an acquired lesion of the dominant cerebral hemisphere.alogia (1) , anepia, logagnosia, logamnesia, logasthenia; [G. speechlessness, fr. a- priv. + phasis, speech]
acoustic a. auditory a
acquired epileptic a. Landau-Kleffner syndrome
amnestic a. , amnesic a. nominal a
anomic a. nominal a
anterior a. motor a
associative a. conduction a
ataxic a. motor a
auditory a. an impairment in comprehension of the auditory forms of language and communication, including the ability to write from dictation in the presence of normal hearing. Spontaneous speech, reading, and writing are not affected.acoustic a., word deafness;
Broca's a. motor a
conduction a. a form of a. in which the patient understands spoken and written words, is aware of his deficit, and can speak and write, but skips or repeats words, or substitutes one word for another (paraphasia);word repetition is severely impaired. The responsible lesion is in the associate tracks connecting the various language centers.associative a;
crossed a. a. in a right-handed person due to a solely right cerebral lesion.
expressive a. motor a
fluent a. sensory a
functional a. nonorganic a. related to conversion hysteria.
global a. in which all aspects of speech and communication are severely impaired. At best, patients can understand or speak only a few words or phrases; they cannot read or write.mixed a., total a;
graphic a. agraphia
graphomotor a. agraphia
impressive a. sensory a
jargon a. agrammatism
Kussmaul's a. mutism in psychosis; a misnomer; not actually an aphasia.
mixed a. global a
motor a. a type of a. in which there is a deficit in speech production or language output, often accompanied by a deficit in communicating by writing, signs, etc. The patient is aware of his impairment.anterior a., ataxic a., Broca's a., expressive a., nonfluent a;
nominal a. an a. in which the principal deficit is difficulty in naming persons and objects seen, heard, or felt; due to lesions in various portions of the language area.amnestic a., amnesic a., anomia, anomic a;
nonfluent a. motor a
pathematic a. mutism related to anger or strong emotions.
posterior a. sensory a
psychosensory a. sensory a
pure a.'s rare a.'s affecting only one type of communication, e.g., reading, while related communication forms such as writing, auditory comprehension, etc. remain intact.
receptive a. sensory a
semantic a. a. in which objects are correctly named; there is little disturbance in the articulation of words; individual words are understood, but the broader meaning of what is heard cannot be grasped.
sensory a. a. in which there is impairment in the comprehension of spoken and written words, associated with effortless, articulated, but paraphrasic, speech and writing; malformed words, substitute words, and enologisms are charcteristic. When severe, and speech is incomprehensible, it is called jargon a. The patient often appears unaware of his deficit.fluent a., impressive a., posterior a., psychosensory a., receptive a., Wernicke's a;
syntactical a. a. in which the words are fairly well pronounced but are spoken in short phrases or poorly constructed sentences without articles, prepositions, or conjunctions.
total a. global a
transcortical a. an a. in which the unaffected motor and sensory language areas are isolated from the rest of the hemispheric cortex. Subdivided into transcortical sensory and transcortical motor a.'s.
visual a. 1. alexia 2. improperly used as a synonym for anomia.
Wernicke's a. sensory a

aphasiac aphasiac , aphasic (a-fa´ze-ak, a-fa´sik)

Relating to or suffering from aphasia.

aphasiologist aphasiologist (a-fa´ze-ol´o-gist)

A specialist who deals with speech disorders caused by dysfunction of the language areas of the brain.

aphasiology aphasiology (a-fa´ze-ol´o-ge)

The science of speech disorders caused by dysfunction of the cerebral language areas.

aphasmid aphasmid (a-faz´mid)

1. Lacking phasmids, as seen in nematodes of the class Adenophorasida (Aphasmidia). 2. Common name for a member of the class Aphasmidia, now Adenophorasida.

Aphasmidia Aphasmidia (a-faz-mid´e-a)

Adenophorasida

apheliotropism apheliotropism (ap-he-le-ot´ro-pizm)

Negative heliotaxis. [G. apo, away, + helios, sun, + tropein, to turn]

aphemesthesia aphemesthesia (a-fe-mes-the´ze-a)

Loss of the sense of articulate speech; inability to recognize what one is saying. [G. a- priv. + pheme, speech, + aisthesis, sensation]

aphemia aphemia (a-fe´me-a)

Obsolete term for a form of motor aphasia in which the ability to express ideas in spoken words is lost. [a- priv. + G. pheme, voice]

aphemic aphemic (a-fe´mik)

Relating to aphemia.

aphephobia aphephobia (a-fe-fo´be-a)

haphephobia

apheresis apheresis (a-fer-e´sis)

Infusion of a patient's own blood from which certain cellular or fluid elements have been removed. [G. aphairesis, withdrawal]

aphilopony aphilopony (a-fil-op´o-ne)

Obsolete term for an aversion, or lack of desire, to work. [G. a- priv. + philo, to like, + ponos, work]

aphonia aphonia (a-fo´ne-a)

Loss of the voice as a result of disease or injury to the larynx. [G. a- priv. + phone, voice]
hysterical a. loss of voice for psychogenic reasons, as in some varieties of hysteria.nonorganic a;
nonorganic a. hysterical a
a. paralyt´ica a. due to paralysis of the vocal cords.
spastic a. a. caused by spasmodic contraction of the laryngeal adductor muscles provoked by attempted phonation.

aphonic aphonic (a-fon´ik)

Relating to aphonia.aphonous;

aphonogelia aphonogelia (a-fon-o-je´le-a)

Inability to laugh out loud. [G. a- priv. + phone, sound, + gelan, to laugh]

aphonous aphonous (af´o-nus)

aphonic

aphotesthesia aphotesthesia (a-fo-tes-the´ze-a)

Decreased sensitivity of the retina to light caused by excessive exposure to sunlight. [G. a- priv. + phos, light, + aisthesis, perception]

aphrasia aphrasia (a-fra´ze-a)

Inability to speak, from any cause. [G. a- priv. + phrasis, speaking]

aphrodisia aphrodisia (af-ro-diz´e-a)

Sexual desire, especially when excessive. [G. aphrodisios, relating to Aphrodite]

aphrodisiac aphrodisiac (af-ro-diz´e-ak)

1. Increasing sexual desire. 2. Anything that arouses or increases sexual desire.

aphrodisiomania aphrodisiomania (af-ro-diz´e-o-ma´ne-a)

Abnormal and excessive erotic interest. [G. aphrodisia, sexual pleasures, + mania, insanity]

aphtha aphtha , pl. aphthae (af´tha, af´the)

1. In the singular, a small ulcer(s) on a mucous membrane. 2. In the plural, stomatitis charactized by intermittent episodes of painful oral ulcers of unknown etiology that are covered by gray exudate, are surrounded by an erythematous halo, and range from several millimeters to 2 cm in diameter; they are limited to oral mucous membranes that are not bound to periosteum, occur as solitary or multiple lesions, and heal spontaneously in one to two weeks.aphthae minor, aphthous stomatitis, canker sores, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, recurrent aphthous ulcers, recurrent ulcerative stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis; [G. ulceration]
Bednar's aphthae traumatic ulcers located bilaterally on either side of the midpalatal raphe in infants.
herpetiform aphthae a variant of oral aphthae, of unknown etiology, characterized by up to several dozen ulcers, 2-3 mm in diameter, organized in a clustered herpetiform distribution.
aphthae ma´jor a severe form of aphthae characterized by unusually numerous, large, deep, and frequent ulcers; healing may take as long as six weeks and results in scarring.Mikulicz' aphthae, periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens, recurrent scarring aphthae, Sutton's disease (2);
Mikulicz' aphthae aphthae major
aphthae mi´nor aphtha (2)
recurrent scarring aphthae aphthae major

aphthoid aphthoid (af´thoyd)

Resembling aphthae.

aphthosis aphthosis (af-tho´sis)

Any condition characterized by the presence of aphthae.

aphthous aphthous (af´thus)

Characterized by or relating to aphthae or aphthosis.

aphylactic aphylactic (a-fI-lak´tik)

Rarely used term for pertaining to or characterized by aphylaxis.

aphylaxis aphylaxis (a-fI-lak´sis)

Rarely used term for lack of protection against disease.nonimmunity; [G. a- priv. + phylaxis, a guarding]

apical apical (ap´i-kal)

1. Relating to the apex or tip of a pyramidal or pointed structure. 2. Situated nearer to the apex of a structure in relation to a specific reference point; opposite of basal.apicalis [NA];

apicalis apicalis (ap-i-ka´lis) [NA]

apical, apical [L.]

apicectomy apicectomy (ap-i-sek´to-me)

1. Opening and exenteration of air cells in the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. 2. In dental surgery, an obsolete synonym for apicoectomy. [L. apex, summit or tip, + G. ektome, excision]

apiceotomy apiceotomy (a-pis-e-ot´o-me)

apicotomy

apices apices (ap´i-ses)

Plural of apex.

apicitis apicitis (ap-i-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the apex of a structure or organ.

apico- apico-

An apex; apical [L. apex, apicis a summit or a tip + -o-]

apicoectomy apicoectomy (ap´i-ko-ek´to-me)

Surgical removal of a dental root apex.root resection; [apico- + G. ektome, excision]

apicolocator apicolocator (ap´i-ko-lo´ka-tor)

A device for locating the root apex of a tooth.

apicolysis apicolysis (ap-i-kol´i-sis)

Surgical collapse of the upper portion of the lung by the operative detachment of the parietal pleura allowing a medial displacement of the pulmonary apex. [apico- + G. lysis, destruction]

Apicomplexa Apicomplexa (ap-i-kom-plek´sa)

A phylum of the subkingdom Protozoa, which includes the class Sporozoea and the subclasses Coccidia and Piroplasmia, and is characterized by the presence of an apical complex. [L. apex, pl. apicis, tip, summit, + complexus, woven together]

apicostome apicostome (ap´i-ko-stom)

The trocar and cannula used in apicostomy.

apicostomy apicostomy (ap-i-kos´to-me)

An operation in which the labial or buccal alveolar plate is perforated with a trocar and cannula; done to reach the root apex and to take bacterial cultures from this area. [apico- + G. stoma, mouth]

apicotomy apicotomy (ap-i-kot´o-me)

Incision into an apical structure.apiceotomy; [apico- + G. tome, a cutting]

apiculate apiculate (a-pik´yu-lat)

Terminated abruptly by a small point. [L. apiculus, a tip or point]

apiculus apiculus (a-pik´yu-lus)

A short, sharp projection on one end of a fungus spore at the point of attachment, or on the wall, of a hypha or condiophore. [L.]

apicurettage apicurettage (ap-i-kyu´re-tahzh)

Apical curettage after removal of an infected tooth.

apinealism apinealism (a-pin´e-al-izm)

Acquired absence of the pineal gland.

apiphobia apiphobia (a-pi-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of bees.melissophobia; [L. apis, bee, + G. phobos, fear]

apituitarism apituitarism (a-pi-tu´i-tar-izm)

Total lack of functional pituitary tissue; may be iatrogenic (e.g., as a consequence of hypophysectomy) or the result of a spontaneous disease process.

aplacental aplacental (a-pla-sen´tal)

Without a placenta; denoting the monotremes (which lay eggs and have no placenta) and the marsupials (which have a transitory simple yolk-sac placenta).

aplanatic aplanatic (ap-la-nat´ik)

Pertaining to aplanatism, or to an aplanatic lens.

aplanatism aplanatism (a-plan´a-tizm)

Freedom from spherical aberration; said of a lens. [G. a- priv. + planetos, wandering]

aplasia aplasia (a-pla´ze-a)

1. Defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue. 2. In hematology, incomplete, retarded, or defective development, or cessation of the usual regenerative process. [G. a- priv. + plasis, a molding]
congenital a. of thymus DiGeorge syndrome
a. cu´tis congen´ita [MIM*107600] congenital absence or deficiency of a localized area of skin, with the base of the defect covered by a thin translucent membrane; most often a single area near the vertex of the scalp, but may occur in other areas; underlying structures may also be affected; autosomal inheritance, either dominant or recessive.
germinal a. seminiferous tubule dysgenesis
gonadal a. congenital absence of essentially all gonadal tissue; the external genitalia and genital ducts are female, but if interstitial cells of Leydig are present, the external genitalia are commonly ambiguous and the genital ducts are female. See gonadal dysgenesis. Cf. Klinefelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome. gonadal agenesis;
pure red cell a. a transitory arrest of red blood cell production which may occur in the course of a hemolytic anemia, often preceded by infection, or as a complication of certain drugs; if the arrest persists anemia may result. See also congenital hypoplastic anemia.

aplastic aplastic (a-plas´tik, a-)

Pertaining to aplasia, or conditions characterized by defective regeneration, as in a. anemia.

apleuria apleuria (a-plur´e-a)

Congenital absence of one or more ribs; usually associated with absent transverse process or processes. [a- priv. + G. pleura, rib]

apnea apnea (ap´ne-a)

Absence of breathing. [G. apnoia, want of breath]
central a. a. as the result of medullary depression which inhibits respiratory movement.
deglutition a. inhibition of breathing during swallowing.
induced a. intentional respiratory arrest during general anesthesia produced by hypocapnia, a muscle relaxant drug, respiratory center depression, or sudden cessation of controlled respiration.
obstructive a. , peripheral a. a. either as the result of obstruction of the air passages or inadequate respiratory muscle activity.
sleep a. central and/or peripheral a. during sleep, associated with frequent awakening and often with daytime sleepiness. Cf. sleep-induced a.
sleep-induced a. a. resulting from failure of the respiratory center to stimulate adequate respiration during sleep; divided into respiratory pause (cessation of air flow for less than 10 seconds) and apneic pause (cessation of air flow greater than 10 seconds).

apneic apneic (ap´ne-ik)

Related to or suffering from apnea.

apneumatosis apneumatosis (ap-nu-ma-to´sis)

Obsolete term for congenital atelectasis. [G. a- priv. + pneumatoo, to inflate, + -osis, condition]

apneumia apneumia (ap-nu´me-a)

Congenital absence of the lungs. [G. a- priv. + pneumon, lung]

apneusis apneusis (ap-nu´sis)

An abnormal respiratory pattern consisting of a pause at full inspiration; a prolonged inspiratory cramp caused by a lesion at the mid or caudal pontine level of the brainstem. [G. a- priv. + pneusis, a breathing, fr. pneo, to breathe]

apneustic apneustic (ap-nu´stik)

Obsolete term for apneusis.

apo apo

Abbreviation for apoenzyme; apolipoprotein.

apo- apo-

Combining form meaning, usually, separated from or derived from. [G. apo, away from, off; apo- becomes ap-, especially before a vowel or h]

apobiosis apobiosis (ap-o-bI-o´sis)

Death, especially local death of a part of the organism. [G. death, fr. apo, from, + biosis, life]

apocarteresis apocarteresis (ap´o-kar-ter-e´sis)

Suicide by starvation. [G. apocartereo, to starve oneself to death]

apocleisis apocleisis (ap-o-klI´sis)

Aversion to food. [G. apo, away, + kleisis, closure]

apocrine apocrine (ap´o-krin)

Denoting a mechanism of glandular secretion in which the apical portion of secretory cells is shed and incorporated into the secretion. See also apocrine gland. [G. apo-krino, to separate]

apocrustic apocrustic (ap-o-krus´tik)

1. Astringent and repellent. 2. An agent with such action. [G. apokroustikos, able to beat off, fr. apo, off, + krouo, to strike]

apodal apodal (a-po´dal)

Relating to apodia.apodous; [G. a- priv. + pous, foot]

apodemialgia apodemialgia (ap´o-de-me-al´je-a)

Wanderlust; longing to get away from home or to travel. Cf. nostalgia. [G. apodemia, being away from home, + algos, pain]

apodia apodia (a-po´de-a)

Congenital absence of feet.apody; [G. a- priv. + pous, foot]

apodous apodous (ap´o-dus)

apodal

apody apody (ap´o-de)

apodia

apoenzyme (apo) apoenzyme (apo) (ap´o-en-zIm)

The protein portion of an enzyme as contrasted with the nonprotein portion, or coenzyme, or prosthetic portion (if present).

apoferritin apoferritin (ap-o-fer´i-tin)

A protein in the intestinal wall that combines with a ferric hydroxide-phosphate compound to form ferritin, the first stage in the absorption of iron.

apogamia apogamia , apogamy (ap-o-gam´e-a, a-pog´a-me)

parthenogenesis [G. apo, away, + gameo, to wed]

apogee apogee

The peak of severity of the clinical manifestations of an illness. [Fr., fr. Mod. L. apogaeum, fr. G. apogaios, far from the earth, fr. apo, + gaia, earth]

apoinducer apoinducer (a´po-in-dus´er)

A protein that binds to DNA to switch on transcription.

apolar apolar (a-po´lar)

1. Without poles; denoting specifically embryonic nerve cells (neuroblasts) that have not yet begun to sprout processes. 2. hydrophobic (2)

apolipoprotein (apo) apolipoprotein (apo) (ap´o-lip-o-pro´ten)

The protein component of lipoprotein complexes that is a normal constituent of plasma chylomicrons, HDL, LDL, and VLDL in man.
a. A-I an a. found in HDL and chylomicrons. It is an activator of LCAT and a ligand for the HDL receptor. A deficiency of this a. has been associated with low HDL levels and with Tangier disease.
a. A-II an a. found in HDL and chylomicrons.
a. A-IV an a. secreted with chylomicrons.
a. B a.'s found in LDL, VLDL, and IDL. Elevated in the plasma of individuals with familial hyperlipoproteinemia.
a. B-100 an a. found in LDL, VLDL, and IDL. The ligand for the LDL receptor; absent in certain types of abetalipoproteinemia.
a. B-48 an a. found in chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants. Retained in intestine of individuals with chylomicron retention disease.
a. C-I an a. found in VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons.
a. C-II an a. found in VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons; an activator of lipoprotein lipase; a deficiency will result in accumulation of chylomicrons and triacylglycerols.
a. C-III an a. found in VLDL, HDL, and chylomicrons.
a. D an a. found in HDL whose function is unclear.
a. E an a. found in VLDL, HDL, chylomicrons, and chylomicron remnants. Elevated in individuals with type III hyperlipoproteinemia.

apomixia apomixia (ap-o-mik´se-a)

parthenogenesis [G. apo, from, + mixis, a mingling]

apomorphine hydrochloride apomorphine hydrochloride (ap-o-mor´fen)

C₁₇H₁₇NO₂- HC1;a derivative of morphine used as an emetic by the parenteral route of administration.

aponeurectomy aponeurectomy (ap´o-nu-rek´to-me)

Excision of an aponeurosis. [aponeurosis + G. ektome, excision]

aponeurorrhaphy aponeurorrhaphy (ap´o-nu-ror´a-fe)

fasciorrhaphy [aponeurosis + G. rhaphe, suture]

aponeurosis aponeurosis , pl. aponeuroses (ap´o-nu-ro´sis, -sez) [NA]

A fibrous sheet or flat, expanded tendon, giving attachment to muscular fibers and serving as the means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle; it sometimes also performs the office of a fascia for other muscles. [G. the end of the muscle where it becomes tendon, fr. apo, from, + neuron, sinew]
bicipital a. , a. bicipita´lis radiating fibers from the tendon of insertion of the biceps which form a triangular band passing obliquely across the hollow of the elbow to the ulnar side and becoming merged into the deep fascia of the forearm. Formerly called "grace Dieu" fascia, it serves to protect the brachial artery and median nerve during phlebotomy of median cubital vein.a. musculi bicipitis brachii [NA] , bicipital fascia, lacertus fibrosus, semilunar fascia;
Denonvilliers' a. rectovesical septum
epicranial a. the aponeurosis or intermediate tendon connecting the frontalis and occipitalis muscles to form the epicranius.a. epicranialis [NA] , galea aponeurotica [NA] , galea (2);
a. epicrania´lis [NA] epicranial a
extensor a. extensor digital expansion
a. of external abdominal oblique muscle broad, flat tendinous portion of the external abdominal oblique muscle. The fleshy fibers of the muscle end in the a. along a line descending vertically from the costochondral joint of the ninth rib then turning laterally just below the level of the umbilicus toward the anterior superior iliac spine. The fibers of the aponeurosis run medially and inferiorly, contributing to the anterior wall of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle and decussating with those of the contralateral a. at the median linea alba. Inferomedially, the a. is attached to the upper border of the pubic symphysis, the pubic crest and pubic tubercle. Between the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercle, it is thickened and turned under, forming the inguinal ligaments. The portion of the a. attached to the pubic bone forms the superficial inguinal ring by splitting into medial and lateral crura. See also external spermatic fascia, inguinal ligament, lacunar ligament, pectineal ligament, reflected inguinal ligament, superficial inguinal ring, rectus sheath.
a. of insertion a tendinous sheet serving for the insertion of a broad muscle.
a. of internal abdominal oblique muscle broad, flat tendinous portion of the internal abdominal oblique muscle. The fleshy fibers of the muscle end in the a. lateral to the semilunar line. The uppermost portion of the a. is attached to the outer surfaces and lower borders of the seventh to ninth costal cartilages. Of the portion extending between the costoxiphoid margin and the pubis, the upper two-thirds splits into anterior and posterior laminae at the lateral border of the rectus abdominis muscle to contribute to the anterior and posterior walls of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle as they extend to the midline linea alba. The lower third of the a. does not split but joins the aponeuroses of the external abdominal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles to form the anterior wall of the sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle. The fibers of the portion of the a. contributing to the rectus sheath decussate with those of the contralateral a. in the linea alba. The lowermost portion of the a. blends with the a. of the transversus abdominis muscle to form the conjoint tendon, attaching to the pubic crest and often the pecten pubis, thus forming the posterior wall of the inguinal canal at the superficial inguinal ring. See also cremasteric fascia, conjoint tendon, rectus sheath.
a. of investment a fibrous membrane covering and keeping in place a muscle or group of muscles.
a. lin´guae [NA] lingual a
lingual a. the thickened lamina propria of the tongue to which the lingual muscles attach.a. linguae [NA];
a. mus´culi bicip´itis bra´chii [NA] bicipital a
a. of origin a tendinous expansion serving as the attachment of origin of a broad muscle.
a. palati´na [NA] palatine a
palatine a. the expanded tendons of the tensor veli palatini muscles in the anterior two-thirds of the soft palate to which the other palatine muscles attach.a. palatina [NA];
palmar a. the thickened, central portion of the fascia ensheathing the hand; it radiates toward the bases of the fingers from the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle.a. palmaris [NA] , Dupuytren's fascia, palmar fascia;
a. palma´ris [NA] palmar a
Petit's a. the posterior layer of the broad ligament of the uterus. [P. Petit]
a. pharyn´gea pharyngobasilar fascia
plantar a. the very thick, central portion of the fascia investing the plantar muscles; it radiates toward the toes from the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity and gives attachment to the short flexor muscle of the toes.a. plantaris [NA] , plantar fascia;
a. planta´ris [NA] plantar a
Sibson's a. suprapleural membrane
temporal a. temporal fascia
thoracolumbar a. thoracolumbar fascia
a. of vastus muscles See patellar retinaculum, medial patellar retinaculum, lateral patellar retinaculum.

aponeurositis aponeurositis (ap´o-nu-ro-sI´tis)

Inflammation of an aponeurosis.

aponeurotic aponeurotic (ap´o-nu-rot´ik)

Relating to an aponeurosis.

aponeurotome aponeurotome (ap-o-nu´ro-tom)

Instrument for dividing an aponeurosis. [aponeurosis + G. tome, a cutting]

aponeurotomy aponeurotomy (ap´o-nu-rot´o-me)

Incision of an aponeurosis.

apopathetic apopathetic (ap´o-pa-thet´ik)

Denoting a form of behavior in which one conspicuously alters his conduct in the presence of other people. [G. apo, away, + pathetikos, relating to the feelings]

apophylaxis apophylaxis (ap´o-fI-lak´sis)

A diminution of the phylactic power of the body fluids, as sometimes observed in the negative phase of therapy with immunizing agents.

apophysary apophysary (a-pof´i-sa-re)

apophysial

apophysial apophysial , apophyseal (a-po-fiz´e-al)

Relating to or resembling an apophysis.apophysary;

apophysis apophysis , pl. apophyses (a-pof´i-sis, -sez)

An outgrowth or projection, especially one from a bone. A bony process or outgrowth that lacks an independent center of ossification. [G. an offshoot]
basilar a. basilar part of the occipital bone
a. con´chae eminence of concha
a. hel´icis spine of helix
Ingrassia's a. lesser wing of sphenoid bone
lenticular a. lenticular process of incus
temporal a. mastoid process

apophysitis apophysitis (a-pof-i-sI´tis)

Inflammation of any apophysis.
a. tibia´lis adolescen´tium Osgood-Schlatter disease

apoplasmia apoplasmia (ap-o-plaz´me-a)

A decrease in the amount of blood plasma.

apoplectic apoplectic (ap-o-plek´tik)

Relating to, suffering from, or predisposed to apoplexy.

apoplectiform apoplectiform (ap-o-plek´ti-form)

Resembling apoplexy.

apoplexy apoplexy (ap´o-plek-se)

A classical but obsolete term for a cerebral stroke, most often due to intracerebral hemorrhage. [G. apoplexia]
abdominal a. mesenteric hemorrhage, thrombosis, or embolus involving the mesenteric or abdominal blood vessels.
adrenal a. hemorrhage into the adrenal glands or thrombosis of the adrenal veins, followed by acute adrenal insufficiency, occurring in the Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome.
bulbar a. a. due to vascular lesion in the brainstem.
cutaneous a. archaic term for a sudden rush of blood to the skin and subcutaneous tissue.
functional a. a condition simulating a. without any cerebral lesion; a form of conversion hysteria.
heat a. 1. heatstroke 2. ardent fever
labyrinthine a. a clinical syndrome manifested as a single, abrupt attack of severe vertigo, nausea, and vomiting, with permanent loss of labyrinthine function on one side, but without associated hearing loss or tinnitus. Attributed to occlusion of the labyrinthine branch of the internal auditory artery.
neonatal a. intracranial hemorrhage in newborn children.
pituitary a. the sudden onset of visual loss, ophthalmoplegia, and meningeal pain due to infarction of a a. adenoma, producing compression of chiasm and cavernous sinus and some subarachnoid hemorrhage.
spinal a. stroke involving the spinal cord.
splenic a. peracute anthrax often seen in ruminants, in which death occurs very quickly after the appearance of the first signs of the disease; grossly enlarged spleen and capillary hemorrhages are often the only lesions.
uteroplacental a. Couvelaire uterus

apoprotein apoprotein (ap-o-pro´ten)

A polypeptide chain (protein) not yet complexed with the prosthetic group that is necessary to form the active holoprotein.

apoptosis apoptosis (ap-o-to´sis, ap´op-to´sis)

Single deletion of scattered cells by fragmentation into membrane-bound particles which are phagocytosed by other cells; believed to be due to programmed cell death. [G. a falling or dropping off, fr. apo, off, + ptosis, a falling]

aporepressor aporepressor (ap´o-re-pres´er)

inactive repressor

aporia aporia (a-por´e-a)

Doubt, especially deriving from incompatible views on the same subject. [G. aporia, difficulty, doubt]

aporioneurosis aporioneurosis (a-por´e-o-nu-ro´sis)

Obsolete term for anxiety neurosis. [G. aporia, difficulty, doubt, + neurosis]

aposome aposome (ap´o-som)

A cytoplasmic inclusion produced by the cell itself. [G. apo, from, + soma, body]

apostaxis apostaxis (ap-o-staks´is)

Slight hemorrhage, or bleeding by drops. [G. a trickling down]

aposthia aposthia (a-pos´the-a)

Congenital absence of the prepuce. [G. a- priv. + posthe, foreskin]

apostilb apostilb (ap´o-stilb)

A unit of brightness equal to 0.1 millilambert. [G. apo, from + stilbe, lamp]

apothanasia apothanasia (ap´-o-tha-na´ze-a)

Postponement of death; prolongation of life, as opposed to euthanasia. [G. apo, away, + thanatos, death]

apothecary apothecary (a-poth´e-kar-e)

Obsolescent term for pharmacist or druggist. [G. apotheke, a barn, storehouse, fr. apo, from, + theke, a box]

apothem apothem , apotheme (ap´o-them, ap´o-them)

A precipitate caused by long boiling of a vegetable infusion or by its exposure to air. [G. apo, from, + thema, something set down, fr. tithemi, to place]

apoxesis apoxesis (ap-ok-se´sis)

subgingival curettage [G. apo, away, + xeein, to scrape]

apozem apozem , apozema (ap´o-zem, ap-oz´e-ma)

decoction [apo- + G. zema, something boiled]

apparatus apparatus (ap-a-ra´tus)

1. A collection of instruments adapted for a special purpose. 2. An instrument made up of several parts. 3. [NA] A group or system of glands, ducts, blood vessels, muscles, or other anatomical structures involved in the performance of some function. See also system. [L. equipment. fr. ap-paro, pp. -atus, to prepare]
accessory visual a. accessory organs of the eye, under organ
achromatic a. the nonstaining asters and spindle fibers in a dividing cell.
alimentary a. digestive system
attachment a. the tissues that attach the tooth to the alveolar process: cementum, periodontal membrane, and alveolar bone.
Barcroft-Warburg a. Warburg's a
Beckmann's a. a. for the accurate measurement of melting points and boiling points in connection with molecular weight determinations.
Benedict-Roth a. a device employed to measure the amount of oxygen utilized in quiet breathing in the basal state for the estimation of the basal metabolic rate; the subject rebreathes oxygen through soda lime from a recording spirometer.
branchial a. the aggregate of the pharyngeal arches, pouches, clefts, and membranes seen in the developing embryo of vertebrates.
central a. the centrosome and centrosphere.
chromatic a. the deeply staining mass of chromosomes in a dividing cell.
chromidial a. the aggregate of extranuclear network, irregular strands, and masses of basophilic staining material permeating the protoplasm of the cell. See also ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum.
dental a. masticatory system
digestive a. the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus with all its associated glands and organs.a. digestorius [NA];
a. digesto´rius [NA] digestive a
genitourinary a. urogenital system
Golgi a. a membranous system of cisternae and vesicles located between the nucleus and the secretory pole or surface of a cell; concerned with the investment and intracellular transport of membrane-bounded secretory proteins.dictyosome, Golgi body, Golgi complex, Golgi internal reticulum, Holmgrén-Golgi canals;
Haldane's a. a device used for the analysis of respiratory gases.
Heyns' abdominal decompression a. a vacuum chamber enclosing the abdomen of the pregnant woman, creating pressure during the first stage of labor.
hyoid a. veterinary anatomy term for hyoid bones, a modified portion of the ancestral branchial skeleton consisting of an articulated chain of bones extending from the mastoid region of the skull on each side to the base of the tongue; in humans, it is reduced to a single bone, os hyoideum; in a typical mammal (the dog), it consists of a tympanohyoid cartilage attached to the skull, followed by the stylohyoid, epihyoid, keratohyoid, basihyoid, and thyrohyoid bones.a. hyoideus;
a. hyoi´deus hyoid a
juxtaglomerular a. juxtaglomerular complex
Kirschner's a. Kirschner's wire
Kjeldahl a. an a. for distilling ammonia arising from acid decomposition of an organic compound; used in nitrogen analysis.
lacrimal a. consisting of the lacrimal gland, the lacrimal lake, the lacrimal canaliculi, the lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct.a. lacrimalis [NA];
a. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal a
a. ligamento´sus col´li ligamentum nuchae
a. ligamento´sus weitbrecht´i tectorial membrane
masticatory a. 1. masticatory system 2. stomatognathic system
mental a. mental structure consisting of thoughts, feelings, cognitions, and memories; in psychoanalysis, the topographic structure of the mind.
pyriform a. a pear-shaped structure within the eggshell of certain tapeworms (family Anoplocephalidae), of uncertain function.
a. respirato´rius [NA] respiratory system
respiratory a. respiratory system
Roughton-Scholander a. a syringe-like device for analyzing the respiratory gases in a small sample of blood.Roughton-Scholander syringe;
Sayre's suspension a. archaic term for Sayre's suspension traction.
Scholander a. a device used for determining the oxygen and carbon dioxide percentage in 0.5 ml of a respiratory gas.
subneural a. modified sarcoplasm in a motor end-plate.
a. suspenso´rius len´tis ciliary zonule
Taylor's a. Taylor's back brace
Tiselius a. an a. for separating proteins in solution by electrophoresis and thus for determining the isoelectric point, molecular weight, and related physical properties; the direction and rate of migration of the protein and the characteristics of the boundary phase between the protein solution and the supernatant salt solution are recorded by photography of the changes in refractive index at the boundary.
urinary a. urogenital system
urogenital a. urogenital system
a. urogenita´lis [NA] urogenital system
Van Slyke a. an a. for determining the amounts of respiratory gases in the blood.
vestibular a. the receptor organ of the vestibular portion of the 8th cranial nerve, consisting of the three semicircular canals and the otolith, located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone of the skull.
Warburg's a. an a. for measuring the oxygen consumption of incubated tissue slices by manometric measurement of changes in gas pressure produced by oxygen absorption in an enclosed flask.Barcroft-Warburg a;

apparent apparent (a-par´ent)

1. Manifest; obvious; evident; e.g., a clinically a. infection. 2. Frequently used (confusingly) to mean "seeming to be," ostensible, pseudo-. [L. apparens, visible, fr. appareo, to come in sight]

appendage appendage (a-pen´dij)

Any part, subordinate in function or size, attached to a main structure. See also adnexa.appendix (1); [L. appendix]
atrial a. the small projection from each atrium hanging over like a small ear, more marked on the left, with a small cavity of its own.
auricular a. 1. auricle of atrium 2. a small congenital skin tag usually located anterior to the tragus of the ear, often called a skin tag; more often unilateral than bilateral.
drumstick a. an a. of the nucleus that represents the inactive heterochromatic X chromosome seen in 3% of the neutrophil leukocytes of human females. See sex chromatin, lyonization.
epiploic a. appendix epiploica
a.'s of eye accessory organs of the eye, under organ
a.'s of the fetus amnion, yolk sac, and the fetal (chorionic) part of the placenta together with the umbilical cord.
left auricular a. auricle of left atrium
right auricular a. auricle of right atrium
a.'s of skin the hairs, nails, and sweat, sebaceous, and mammary glands.
testicular a. a vesicular nonpedunculated structure attached to the cephalic pole of the testis; a vestige of the cephalic end of the paramesonephric (müllerian) duct.appendix testis [NA] , appendix of the testis, nonpedunculated hydatid, ovarium masculinum, sessile hydatid;
uterine a.'s the ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, and associated ligaments.adnexa uteri;
vermiform a. vermiform appendix
vesicular a. vesicular appendices of uterine tube, under appendix

appendalgia appendalgia (ap-pen-dal´je-a)

Obsolete term for pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen in the region of the vermiform appendix. [appendix + G. algos, pain]

appendectomy appendectomy (ap-pen-dek´to-me)

Surgical removal of the vermiform appendix.appendicectomy; [appendix + G. ektome, excision]
auricular a. excision of the auricular appendix of an atrium, usually the left.

appendical appendical (a-pen´di-kal)

appendiceal

appendiceal appendiceal (a-pen-dis´e-al)

Relating to an appendix.appendical;

appendicectasis appendicectasis (ap-pen-di-sek´ta-sis)

Ectasia of the appendix.

appendicectomy appendicectomy (ap-pen-di-sek´to-me)

appendectomy

appendicism appendicism (a-pen´di-sizm)

Rarely used term for any chronic disease of the vermiform appendix, or a symptomatic uneasiness in that area.

appendicitis appendicitis (a-pen-di-sI´tis)

Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. [appendix + G. -itis, inflammation]
actinomycotic a. chronic suppurative a. due to infection by Actinomyces israelii, sometimes resulting in a fecal fistula following appendectomy.
acute a. acute inflammation of the appendix, usually due to bacterial infection, which may be precipitated by obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith; symptoms of periumbilical colicky pain and vomiting are followed by fever, leukocytosis, persistent pain, and signs of peritoneal inflammation in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen; perforation or abscess formation is a frequent complication.
bilharzial a. a. caused by the deposition of the eggs of the blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni, in the vermiform appendix.
chronic a. fibrous adhesions, scarring, or deformity of the appendix following subsidence of acute a.; fibrous obliteration of the distal lumen is not abnormal in older persons; term frequently used to refer to repeated mild attacks of acute a.
focal a. acute a. involving only part of the appendix, sometimes at the site of, or distal to, an obstruction of the lumen.
foreign-body a. a. caused by obstruction of the lumen of the appendix by a foreign substance, such as a particulate foreign body.
gangrenous a. acute a. with necrosis of the wall of the appendix, most commonly developing in obstructive a. and frequently causing perforation and acute peritonitis.
left-sided a. a. occurring on the left side of the abdomen, usually the left-lower quadrant, due to abnormal rotation of the gut (such as situs inversus).
lumbar a. a retrodisplaced appendix in the lumbar region.
obstructive a. acute a. due to infection of retained secretion behind an obstruction of the lumen by a fecalith or some other cause, including carcinoma of the cecum.
perforating a. inflammation of the appendix leading to perforation of the wall of the appendix into the peritoneal cavity, resulting in peritonitis.
recurrent a. repeated episodes of right lower quadrant abdominal pain attributed to recurrence of inflammation of the appendix in an individual who did not have an appendectomy for prior episodes.relapsing a;
relapsing a. recurrent a
stercoral a. a. following a lodgment of fecal material in the appendix.
subperitoneal a. a. of a subperitoneally displaced appendix.
suppurative a. acute a. with purulent exudate in the lumen and wall of the appendix.
verminous a. a. caused by obstruction or response to the presence of parasitic worms such as Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, or the pinworm Enterobius vermicularis.

appendiclausis appendiclausis (a-pen-di-klaw´sis)

Obsolete term for atrophy or obstruction of the appendix. [appendix + L. clausus, closed]

appendico- appendico-

An appendix, usually the vermiform appendix. [L. appendix, appendicis an appendage, fr. appendo, to hang something onto something, fr. ad-, ap-, to, onto, + pendo, to hang, + -o-]

appendicocele appendicocele (a-pen´di-ko-sel)

The vermiform appendix in a hernial sac. [appendico- + G. kele, hernia]

appendicoenterostomy appendicoenterostomy (a-pen´di-ko-en-ter-os´to-me)

1. Formerly used term for the establishment of an artificial opening between the appendix and the small intestine. [appendico- + G. enteron, intestine, + stoma, mouth]

appendicolith appendicolith (a-pen´dI-ko-lith)

A calcified concretion in the appendix visible on an abdominal radiograph. [appendico- + G. lithos, stone]

appendicolithiasis appendicolithiasis (a-pen´di-ko-li-thI´a-sis)

The presence of concretions in the vermiform appendix. [appendico- + G. lithos, stone]

appendicolysis appendicolysis (a-pen-di-kol´i-sis)

An operation for freeing the appendix from adhesions. [appendico- + G. lysis, a loosening]

appendicostomy appendicostomy (a-pen-di-kos´to-me)

An operation for opening into the intestine through the tip of the vermiform appendix, previously attached to the anterior abdominal wall. [appendico- + G. stoma, mouth]

appendicovesicostomy appendicovesicostomy (a-pen-di-ko´ves´I-kos-to-me)

Use of an isolated appendix on a vascularized pedicle as a catheterizable route of access to the bladder from the skin.Mitrofanoff principle; [eppendico- + L. vesica, bladder, + G. stoma, mouth]

appendicular appendicular (ap´en-dik´yu-lar)

1. Relating to an appendix or appendage. 2. Relating to the limbs, as opposed to axial, which refers to the trunk and head.

appendix appendix , gen. appendicis , pl. appendices (a-pen´diks, -di-sis, -di-ses)

1. [NA] appendage 2. Specifically, the vermiform appendix. [L. appendage, fr. ap- pendo, to hang something on]
auricular a. auricle of atrium
a. ce´ci vermiform a
a. epididym´idis [NA] a. of epididymidis
a. of epididymidis a small pedunculated body often attached to the head of the epididymis which is a vestige of the embryonic mesonephric duct.a. epididymidis [NA] , pedunculated hydatid;
epiploic a. a. epiploica
a. epiplo´ica , pl. appen´dices epiplo´icae [NA] one of a number of little processes or sacs of peritoneum filled with adipose tissue and projecting from the serous coat of the large intestine, except the rectum; they are most evident on the transverse and sigmoid colon, being most numerous along the free tenia.epiploic appendage, epiploic a., epiploic tags;
a. fibro´sa hep´atis [NA] fibrous a. of liver
fibrous a. of liver a fibrous process, into which the tip of the left lobe of the liver may taper out, that passes with the left triangular ligament to be attached to the diaphragm.a. fibrosa hepatis [NA];
Morgagni's a. pyramidal lobe of thyroid gland
a. tes´tis [NA] testicular appendage
a. of the testis testicular appendage
a. ventric´uli laryn´gis saccule of larynx
vermiform a. a wormlike intestinal diverticulum extending from the blind end of the cecum; it varies in length and ends in a blind extremity.a. vermiformis [NA] , a. ceci, processus vermiformis, vermiform appendage, vermiform process, vermix;
a. vermifor´mis [NA] vermiform a
vesicular appendices of uterine tube a small fluid-filled cyst attached by a slender stalk to the fimbriated end of the uterine tube; a vestigial remnant of the embryonic mesonephric duct.a. vesiculosa [NA] , Morgagni's hydatid, morgagnian cyst, stalked hydatid, vesicular appendage;
a. vesiculo´sa , pl. appen´dices vesiculo´sae [NA] vesicular appendices of uterine tube

apperception apperception (ap-er-sep´shun)

1. The final stage of attentive perception in which something is clearly apprehended and thus is relatively prominent in awareness; the full apprehension of any psychic content. 2. The process of referring the perception of ideas to one's own personality. [L. ad, to, + per- cipio, pp. -ceptus, to take wholly, perceive]

apperceptive apperceptive (ap-er-sep´tiv)

Relating to, involved in, or capable of apperception.

appersonation appersonation , appersonification (a-per´so-na´shun, ap-er-son´i-fi-ka´shun)

A delusion in which one assumes the character of another person.

appestat appestat (ap´e-stat)

The mechanism in the brain (possibly in the hypothalamus) concerned with the appetite and control of food intake. [appetite + G. statos, standing]

appetite appetite (ap´e-tIt)

A desire or motive derived from a biologic or psychological need for food, water, sex, or affection; a desire or longing to satisfy any conscious physical or mental need.orexia (2); [L. ad-peto, pp. -petitus, to seek after, desire]

appetition appetition (ap-e-tish´un)

Desire directed toward a definite goal or object. [L. appetitio, strong desire]

applanation applanation (ap´lan-a´shun)

In tonometry, the flattening of the cornea by pressure. Intraocular pressure is directly proportional to external pressure, and inversely proportional to the area flattened. See also applanation tonometer. [L. ad, toward, + planum, plane]

applanometry applanometry (ap-lan-om´e-tre)

Use of an applanation tonometer.

apple oil apple oil

amyl valerate

appliance appliance (a-plI´ans)

A device used to provide function to a part, or for therapeutic purposes. [fr, O. Fr. aplier, to apply, fr. L. applico, to fold together]
craniofacial a. a device used to immobilize and/or reduce mandibular or midfacial fractures. See also fixation.
edgewise a. a fixed, multibanded orthodontic a. using an attachment bracket the slot of which receives a rectangular archwire horizontally, which gives precise control of tooth movement in all three planes of space.
extraoral fracture a. a device used for extraoral reduction and fixation of maxillary or mandibular fractures, in which pins, clamps, or screws interjoined with metal or acrylic connectors are used to align the fractured segments. See also external pin fixation.
Hawley a. Hawley retainer
intraoral fracture a. a metal or acrylic device attached to the teeth with wire or cement; used to immobilize fractures of the maxilla and mandible.
labiolingual a. an orthodontic a. that consists of a maxillary labial arch wire and a mandibular lingual arch wire.
light wire a. an orthodontic a. utilizing small gauge labial wires with expansion and contraction loops formed into it and attached to bands fitted to individual teeth; sometimes called Begg light wire differential force technique.
obturator a. an a. used to obliterate congenital or acquired defects of the jaws and surrounding structures, usually made of acrylic or rubber.
orthodontic a. a mechanism for the application of pressure to the teeth and their supporting tissues to produce changes in the relationship of the teeth and/or the related osseous structures.
ribbon arch a. an a. consisting of a rectangular wire inserted into a specially designed bracket attached to the labial and buccal surfaces of the teeth.
Roger-Anderson pin fixation a. an a. used in extraoral fixation of mandibular fractures and prognathic corrections in which pins placed in the bone segments are joined by metal connecting rods. See also external pin fixation.
surgical a. a metal or plastic a. constructed prior to surgery and used to immobilize or support mucosal, skin, bone, or bone marrow grafts during the postoperative phase.
universal a. a combination of the edgewise and ribbon arch a. techniques, affording precise control of individual teeth in all planes of space.

applicand. applicand.

Abbreviation for applicandus, to be applied. [L.]

applicator applicator (ap´li-ka-tor)

A slender rod of wood, flexible metal, or synthetic material, at one end of which is attached a pledget of cotton or other substance for making local applications to any accessible surface. [L. ap-plico, to attach to]

apposition apposition (ap-o-zish´un)

1. The placing in contact of two substances. 2. The condition of being placed or fitted together. 3. The relationship of fracture fragments to one another. 4. The process of thickening of the cell wall. [L. ap-pono, pp. -positus, to place at or to]

approach approach (a-proch´)

In psychiatry, a term used to describe how interpersonal relationships are negotiated. [M.E., fr. O. Fr., fr L.L. appropio, to come nearer, fr. ad, to + propius, nearer]
idiographic a. the comprehensive study of an individual as a basis for understanding human behavior in general.
nomothetic a. a frame of psychologic reference that attempts to provide norms and general principles of behavior by the study of groups.
regressive-reconstructive a. a form of psychotherapy in which regression, in order to resurrect some original psychic trauma, is an integral part of the treatment.

approximate approximate (a-prok´si-mat)

To bring close together. In dentistry: 1. Proximate, denoting the contact surfaces, either mesial or distal, of two adjacent teeth. 2. Close together; denoting the teeth in the human jaw, as distinguished from the separated teeth in certain of the lower animals. [L. ad, to, + proximus, nearest]

approximation approximation (a-prok-si-ma´shun)

In surgery, bringing tissue edges into desired apposition for suturing.
steady state a. An assumption in the derivation of an enzyme rate expression in which the rate of change of the concentration of any enzyme species is zero or much smaller than d[P]/dt.

apractagnosia apractagnosia (a-prak-tag-no´se-a)

constructional apraxia [G. a- priv. + praktea, things to be done, + gnosis, recognition]

apractic apractic (a-prak´tik)

apraxic

apragmatism apragmatism (a-prag´ma-tizm)

An interest in theory or dogmatism rather than in practical results. [G. a- priv. + pragmatism]

apraxia apraxia (a-prak´se-a)

1. A disorder of voluntary movement, consisting of impairment in the performance of skilled or purposeful movements, notwithstanding the preservation of comprehension, muscular power, sensibility, and coordination in general; due to acquired cerebral disease. 2. A psychomotor defect in which the proper use of an object can not be carried out although the object can be named and its uses described.parectropia; [G. a- priv. + pratto, to do]
a. al´gera a hysterical condition in which speaking, reading, writing, or consecutive thinking is impossible owing to the severe headache it causes.
constructional a. a. manifested as an impairment in activity such as building, assembling, and drawings; caused by parietal lobe lesions.apractagnosia;
cortical a. motor a
gait a. a. for walking, accompanied by inability to make walking movements with the legs.
ideational a. , ideatory a. obsolete term for the misuse of objects due to a disturbance of identification (agnosia).
ideokinetic a. , ideomotor a. a form of a. in which simple acts are incapable of being performed, presumably because the connections between the cortical centers that control volition and the motor cortex are interrupted.transcortical a;
innervation a. motor a
limb-kinetic a. motor a
motor a. an inability to make movements or to use objects for the purpose intended.cortical a., innervation a., limb-kinetic a;
ocular motor a. a congenital inability to initiate horizontal saccades. Children with this condition often use head thrusts to move their eyes to the left and right.
transcortical a. ideokinetic a
verbal a. a speech disorder in which phonemic substitutions are constantly used for the desired syllable or word.

apraxic apraxic (a-prak´sik)

Marked by or pertaining to apraxia.apractic;

apricot kernel oil apricot kernel oil (a´pri-kot)

See persic oil.

aprobarbital aprobarbital (ap-ro-bar´bi-tawl)

5-Allyl-5-isopropylbarbituric acid; allylisopropylmalonylurea;a hypnotic and sedative with intermediate action; available as a. sodium, with the same uses.

aproctia aproctia (a-prok´she-a)

Congenital absence or imperforation of the anus. [G. a- priv. + proktos, anus]

aprofen aprofen , aprofene , aprophen (ap´ro-fen, ap´ro-fen, ap´ro-fen)

2-Diethylaminoethyl 2,2-diphenylpropionate;analgesic and antispasmodic.

aprophoria aprophoria (ap´ro-for´e-a)

Aphasia, including agraphia. [G. a- priv. + prophora, utterance]

aprosexia aprosexia (ap-ro-sek´se-a)

Inattention, due to a sensorineural or mental defect. [G. a- priv. + prosexis, attention, fr. pros-echo, to hold to]

aprosody aprosody (a-pros´o-de)

Absence, in speech, of the normal pitch, rhythm, and variations in stress. [G. a- priv. + prosodia, voice modulation]

aprosopia aprosopia (ap-ro-so´pe-a)

Congenital absence of the greater part or all of the face, usually associated with other malformations. [G. a- priv. + prosopon, face]

aprotinin aprotinin (a-pro´ti-nin)

A protease and kallikrein inhibitor obtained from animal organs; a polypeptide with a molecular weight of about 6000. May be useful in the treatment of pancreatitis and in preventing bleeding after surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass.

APS APS

Abbreviation for adenosine 5´-phosphosulfate.

6-APS 6-APS

Abbreviation for 6-aminopenicillanic acid.

apthovirus apthovirus

A genus in the family Picornaviridae associated with foot and mouth disease of cattle.

aPTT aPTT

Abbreviation for activated partial thromboplastin time.

APUD APUD

Proposed designation for a group of cells in different organs secreting polypeptide hormones. Cells in this group have certain biochemical characteristics in common, the first letters of which form the name: they contain amines, such as catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, take up precursors of these amines in vivo, and contain amino-acid decarboxylase. [amine precursor uptake, decarboxylase]

apurinic acid apurinic acid (a-pyu-rin´ik)

DNA from which the purine bases have been removed by mild acid treatment.

apyknomorphous apyknomorphous (a-pik-no-mor´fus)

Denoting a cell or other structure that does not stain deeply because the stainable or chromophil material is not closely aggregated. [G. a- priv. + pyknos, thick, + morphe, shape, form]

apyrase apyrase (a-pI´ras)

An enzyme catalyzing hydrolytic removal of two orthophosphate residues from adenosine 5´-triphosphate to yield adenosine 5´-monophosphate; i.e., ATP + 2H₂O -> AMP + 2P_i.ADPase, ATP-diphosphatase;

apyretic apyretic (a-pI-ret´ik)

Without fever, denoting apyrexia; having a normal body temperature.afebrile, apyrexial;

apyrexia apyrexia (a-pI-rek´se-a)

Absence of fever. [G. a- priv. + pyrexis, fever]

apyrexial apyrexial (a-pI-rek´se-al)

apyretic

apyrimidinic acid apyrimidinic acid (a-pI´rim-i-din´ik)

DNA from which the pyrimidine bases have been removed by chemical treatment (e.g., exposure to hydrazine).

aq. aq.

Abbreviation for L. aqua, water.

aq. bull. aq. bull.

Abbreviation for L. aqua bulliens, boiling water.

aq. dest. aq. dest.

Abbreviation for L. aqua destillata, distilled water.

aq. ferv. aq. ferv.

Abbreviation for L. aqua fervens, hot water.

aq. frig. aq. frig.

Abbreviation for L. aqua frigida, cold water.

aqua aqua , gen and pl. aquae (ak´wa, ah´kwah)

H₂O. Pharmaceutical waters, aquae, are aqueous solutions of volatile substances. Pharmaceutical solutions, liquors, are aqueous solutions of nonvolatile substances. See water (3) , solution (3). [L.]
a. re´gia , a. rega´lis nitrohydrochloric acid [L. royal water, so called from its power to dissolve gold]

aquacobalamin aquacobalamin (ak´wa-ko-bal´a-min)

vitamin B_12a (tautomeric with B_12b);a cobalamin derivative in which the sixth coordinate bond of the cobaltic ion is attached to a water molecule. See also vitamin B₁₂.aquocobalamin;

aquaphobia aquaphobia (ak-wa-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of water. [L. aqua, water, + G. phobos, fear]

aquapuncture aquapuncture (ak-wa-punk´chyur)

Rarely used term for a hypodermic injection of water. [L. aqua, water, + punctura, puncture]

Aquaspirillum Aquaspirillum (ah-kwah-spI-ril´um)

A genus of motile, nonsporeforming, aerobic bacteria (family Spirillaceae) containing Gram-negative, rigid, helical or helically curved cells which are 0.2 to 1.5 mum in diameter. Motile cells contain fascicles of flagella at one or both poles. Some species can grow anaerobically with nitrate instead of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. These organisms are chemoorganotrophic, possessing a strictly respiratory metabolism. They do not ferment carbohydrates; a few species can oxidize a limited variety of carbohydrates. The habitat of these organisms is fresh water. The type species is A. serpens. [L. aqua, water, + spirillum, coil]

aquatic aquatic (a-kwat´ik)

1. Of or pertaining to water. 2. Denoting an organism that lives in water.

aqueduct aqueduct (ak´we-dukt)

A conduit or canal.aqueductus [NA]; [L. aquaeductus]
cerebral a. an ependymal-lined canal in the mesencephalon about 20 mm long, connecting the third to the fourth ventricle.aqueductus cerebri [NA] , a. of cerebrum, aqueductus sylvii, iter a tertio ad quartum ventriculum, sylvian a;
a. of cerebrum cerebral a
cochlear a. perilymphatic duct
Cotunnius' a. a. of vestibule
fallopian a. facial canal
sylvian a. cerebral a
a. of vestibule a bony canal running from the vestibule and opening on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, giving passage to the endolymphatic duct and a small vein.aqueductus cotunnii, aqueductus vestibuli, Cotunnius' a., Cotunnius' canal;

aqueductus aqueductus , pl. aqueductus (ak-we-duk´tus) [NA]

aqueduct [L. fr. aqua, water, + ductus, a leading, fr. duco, pp. ductus, to lead]
a. cer´ebri [NA] cerebral aqueduct
a. coch´leae perilymphatic duct
a. cotun´nii aqueduct of vestibule
a. fallo´pii facial canal
a. syl´vii cerebral aqueduct
a. vestib´uli [NA] aqueduct of vestibule

aqueous aqueous (ak´we-us, a´kwe-us)

Watery; of, like, or containing water.

aquiparous aquiparous (a-kwip´er-us)

Secreting or excreting a watery fluid. [L. aqua, water, + pario, to bring forth]

aquocobalamin aquocobalamin (ak´wo-ko-bal´a-min)

aquacobalamin

aquo-ion aquo-ion (ak´wo-I´on)

A hydrated ion; an ion containing one or more water molecules; e.g., Cu(H₂O)₄²⁺.

aquosity aquosity (a-kwos´i-te)

1. The state of being watery. 2. Moisture.

Ar Ar

Symbol for argon.

Ara Ara

Symbol for arabinose, or its mono- or diradical.

ara- ara-

Prefix for arabinose or arabinosyl.

arab- arab-

Gum arabic; similar gummy substances. [G. Araps, Arabos, an Arab]

araban araban (a´ra-ban)

A polysaccharide that yields arabinose on hydrolysis; a constituent of some pectins.

arabic arabic (a´ra-bik)

Relating to or derived from various species of Acacia having a gummy or resinous exudate.

arabic acid arabic acid

arabin

arabin arabin (a´ra-bin)

A carbohydrate gum, hydrolyzing to d-arabinose and hexoses, found naturally in union with calcium, potassium, and magnesium ions, when it is called gum arabic.arabic acid;

arabinoadenosine arabinoadenosine (a´ra-bin-o-ah-den´o-sen)

arabinosyladenine

arabinocytidine arabinocytidine (a´ra-bin-o-sI´ti-den)

arabinosylcytosine

arabinofuranosyladenine arabinofuranosyladenine (a´ra-bin-o-fur´a-no-sil-ad´e-nen)

An arabinoside that has antiviral activity.

arabinofuranosylcytosine arabinofuranosylcytosine (a´ra-bin-o-fur´a-no-sil-sI´to-sen)

arabinosylcytosine

arabinose (Ara) arabinose (Ara) (a-rab´i-nos, a´ra-bin-os)

A pentose whose d-isomer is widely distributed in plants, usually in complex polysaccharides; used in culture media. d-a. is an epimer of d-ribose. [arabin + -ose (1)]
a. 5-phosphate a phosphorylated a. that is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
a. 5-phosphate 2-epimerase an enzyme in the pentose phosphate pathway that reversibly interconverts a. and ribose 5-phosphate.

arabinosides arabinosides (a-rab´i-no-sIdz)

A ribonucleoside in which the sugar moeity is arabinose. It often has antibiotic activity.

arabinosis arabinosis (a-rab-i-no´sis)

Disordered metabolism of arabinose.

arabinosuria arabinosuria (a-rab´i-no-su´re-a)

Excretion of arabinose in the urine.

arabinosyladenine arabinosyladenine (a´ra-bin-o-sil-a´den-en)

9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine;used for herpes simplex corneae and vaccinial keratitis.arabinoadenosine;

arabinosylcytosine (aC, araC) arabinosylcytosine (aC, araC) (a´ra-bin-o-sil-sI´to-sen)

A compound of arabinose and cytosine, analogous to ribosylcytosine (cytidine), that inhibits the biosynthesis of DNA; used as a chemotherapeutic agent because of antiviral and tumor-growth inhibiting properties.arabinocytidine, arabinofuranosylcytosine, cytarabine;

arabitol arabitol (a-rab´i-tol)

C₅H₁₂O₅; 1,2,3,4,5-pentanepentol;a sugar alcohol obtained from the reduction of arabinose.

AraC AraC

Abbreviation for cytosine arabinoside.

araC araC

Symbol for arabinosylcytosine.

arachic acid arachic acid (a-rak´ik)

arachidic acid

arachidic acid arachidic acid (a-ra-kid´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₁₈COOH;a fatty acid contained in peanut oil, butter, and other fats.arachic acid, n-eicosanoic acid, n-icosanoic acid; [Arachis, fr. G. arakis, leguminous weed]

arachidonic acid arachidonic acid (a-rak-i-don´ik)

CH₃(CH₂)₃(CH₂CH=CH)₄(CH₂)₃COOH; 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic (icosatetraenoic) acid;an unsaturated fatty acid, usually essential in nutrition; the biological precursor of the prostaglandins, the thromboxanes, and the leukotrienes collectively known as eicosanoids.

arachidonic acid cascade arachidonic acid cascade

Eicosanoid synthetic pathway.

arachis oil arachis oil (ar´a-kis)

peanut oil

arachnephobia arachnephobia (a-rak-ne-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of spiders.arachnophobia; [G. arachne, spider, + phobos, fear]

Arachnia Arachnia (a-rak´ne-a)

A genus of nonmotile, nonsporeforming, facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Actinomycetaceae) containing Gram-positive, non-acid-fast, branched, diphtheroid rods (0.2 to 0.3 by 3.0 to 5.0 mum and longer). These organisms produce filamentous microcolonies. Their metabolism is fermentative. Primarily propionic and acetic acids are produced from glucose. Catalase is not produced. The cell wall contains diaminopimelic acid but not arabinose. These organisms are pathogenic for man, causing lacrimal canaliculitis and typical actinomycosis. The type species is A. propionica.
A. propio´nica a species causing lacrimal canaliculitis and typical actinomycosis; it is the type species of the genus A.Propionibacterium propionicus;

Arachnida Arachnida (a-rak´ni-da)

A class of arthropods in the subphylum Chelicerata, consisting of spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, mites, ticks, and allies. [G. arachne, spider]

arachnidism arachnidism (a-rak´ni-dizm)

Systemic poisoning following the bite of a spider (especially of the black widow spider).

arachnodactyly arachnodactyly (a-rak-no-dak´ti-le)

A condition in which the hands and fingers, and often the feet and toes, are abnormally long and slender; a characteristic of Marfan's syndrome [MIM*154700], Achard syndrome [MIM*100700], the MASS syndrome [MIM*157700], and kindred hereditary disorders of connective tissue.spider finger; [G. arachne, spider, + daktylos, finger]

arachnoid arachnoid (a-rak´noyd)

A delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle of the three coverings of the central nervous system. In life, its smooth external surface is closely applied (but not attached) to the internal surface of the dura mater, with only a potential space (subdural space) intervening. It is held against the dura by the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) which occupies the subarachnoid space which lies immediately deep to the a., intervening between it and the pia mater. Thus, in a spinal puncture, dura mater and a. are penetrated simultaneously as if a single layer. In the absence of CSF pressure in the cadaver, the a. falls away from the dura, the subdural space becoming an artifactual true space. The a. is named for the delicate, spider-web-like filaments that extend from its deep surface, through the CSF of the subarachnoid space, to the pia mater. See also leptomeninges.arachnoidea, arachnoides [NA] , arachnoid a., arachnoid membrane, parietal layer of leptomeninges; [G. arachne, spider, cobweb, + eidos, resemblance]
a. of brain that portion of the a. which lies within the cranial cavity and surrounds the brain and the cranial portion of the subarachnoid space. In several sites it is relatively widely-separated from the pia mater, creating the cranial subarachnoid cisterns.a. mater cranialis [NA] , a. mater encephali, cerebral part of arachnoid;
arachnoid a. arachnoid
a. mater cranialis [NA] a. of brain
a. mater encephali * official alternate term for a. of brain
a.'s mater spinalis [NA] a. of spinal cord
a. of spinal cord that portion of the a. which lies within the vertebral canal and surrounds the spinal cord and the vertebral portion of the subarachnoid space. It extends from the foramen magnum above to the S-2 vertebral level. Since the spinal cord ends at the L-2 vertebral level, a wide separation occurs between the a. and pia mater, the lumbar cistern, filled with cerebrospinal fluid in which the cauda equina is suspended.a.'s mater spinalis [NA] , spinal part of arachnoid;

arachnoidal arachnoidal (a-rak-noy´dal)

Relating to the arachnoid membrane, or arachnoidea.

arachnoidea arachnoidea , arachnoides (a-rak-noyd´e-a, -dez) [NA]

arachnoid [Mod. L. arachnoideus fr. G. arachne, spider, + eidos, resemblance]

arachnoiditis arachnoiditis (a-rak-noy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of the arachnoid membrane often with involvement of the subjacent subarachnoid space. See also leptomeningitis. [arachnoidea + -itis, inflammation]
adhesive a. thickening of the leptomeninges, sometimes with obliteration of the subarachnoid space; commonly related to acute or chronic leptomeningitis of bacterial or chemical origin. See also leptomeningeal fibrosis.obliterative a;
neoplastic a. neoplastic meningitis
obliterative a. adhesive a

arachnolysin arachnolysin (a-rak-nol´i-sin)

A hemolytic substance in the venom of certain spiders.

arachnophobia arachnophobia (a-rak-no-fo´be-a)

arachnephobia

aralkyl aralkyl (a-ral´kil)

A radical in which an aryl group is substituted for a hydrogen atom of an alkyl group; e.g., C₆H₅CH₂-.arylated alkyl;

Aran Aran

François, French physician, 1817-1861. See A.-Duchenne disease; Duchenne-A. disease.

araneism araneism

Rarely used term for arachnidism.

Arantius Arantius

(Aranzio), Giulio C., Italian anatomist and physician, 1530-1589. See A.'s ligament, nodule, ventricle; corpus arantii; ductus venosus arantii.

araphia araphia (a-ra´fe-a)

holorachischisis [G. a- priv. + rhaphe, a seam]

arbor arbor , pl. arbores (ar´bor, ar-bo´rez)

In anatomy, a treelike structure with branchings. [L. tree]
a. vi´tae [NA] the arborescent appearance of gray and white matter in sagittal sections of the cerebellum.
a. vi´tae u´teri palmate folds, under fold

arborescent arborescent (ar-bo-res´ent)

dendriform

arborization arborization (ar´bor-i-za´shun)

1. The terminal branching of nerve fibers or blood vessels in a branching treelike pattern. 2. The branched pattern formed under certain conditions by a dried smear of cervical mucus.

arborize arborize (ar´bor-Iz)

To spread in a treelike branching pattern.

arboroid arboroid (ar´bor-oyd)

Denoting a colony of protozoa, each of which remains attached to another cell or to the main stem at one point, forming a branching or dendritic figure. [L. arbor, tree, + G. eidos, resemblance]

arborvirus arborvirus (ar´bor-vI´rus)

arbovirus

arbovirus arbovirus (ar´bo-vI´rus)

A large, heterogenous group of RNA viruses, most ranging from 40 to 100 nm or more in diameter, and divisible into groups on the basis of characteristics of the virions. There are over 500 species, which are distributed among several families (Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Bunyaviridae, Arenaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Reoviridae) have been recovered from arthropods, bats, and rodents, and most, but not all, are arthropod-borne. These taxonomically diverse animal viruses are unified by an epidemiological concept, i.e., transmission between vertebrate hosts by blood-feeding (hematophagous) arthropod vectors, such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and midges.. Although about 100 species can infect man, in most instances diseases produced by these viruses are of a very mild nature and difficult to distinguish from illnesses caused by viruses of other taxonomic groups. Apparent infections may be separated into several clinical syndromes: undifferentiated type fevers (systemic febrile disease), hepatitis, hemorrhagic fevers, and encephalitides.arborvirus; [ar, arthropod, + bo, borne, + virus]

ARC ARC

Abbreviation for AIDS-related complex.

arc arc (ark)

1. A curved line or segment of a circle. 2. Continuous luminous passage of an electric current in a gas or vacuum between two or more separated carbon or other electrodes. [L. arcus, a bow]
auricular a. , binauricular a. a line carried over the cranium from the center of one external auditory meatus to that of the other.interauricular a;
bregmatolambdoid a. the line running along the sagittal suture from the bregma to the apex of the lambdoid suture.
crater a. an a. of a direct current that forms a pitlike excavation at the positive pole.
flame a. an a. between two impregnated electrodes that causes volatilization of the core with resultant flame.
interauricular a. auricular a
longitudinal a. of skull the line carried over the skull in the midline from the nasion to the opisthion.
mercury a. an electric discharge through mercury vapor between electrodes, one of which is usually mercury; provides a rich source of therapeutic ultraviolet rays; the containing tube is usually quartz; may also be glass with a fluorite window.
nasobregmatic a. a line running through the midline of the forehead from the nasion to the bregma.
naso-occipital a. the a. in the midline from the root of the nose to the inferior limit of the external occipital protuberance.
pulmonary a. obsolete term for pulmonary salient.
reflex a. the route followed by nerve impulses in the production of a reflex act, from the peripheral receptor organ through the afferent nerve to the central nervous system synapse and then through the efferent nerve to the effector organ.
Riolan's a. 1. intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade 2. marginal artery of colon 3. Riolan's anastomosis

arcade arcade (ar-kad)

An anatomical structure or structures (especially a blood vessel) taking the form of a series of arches. [L. arcus, arc, bow]
anomalous mitral a. short chordae tendineae extending from both papillary muscles to the central portion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and resulting in stenosis or incompetence of the valve.
arterial a.'s a series of anastomosing arterial arches, as the intestinal arterial a.'s between the branches of the jejunal and ileal arteries in the mesentery and the pancreaticoduodenal arteries on the head of the pancreas.
Flint's a. a series of vascular arches at the bases of the pyramids of the kidney.
intestinal arterial a.'s the series of arterial arches formed in the mesentery by anastomoses between adjacent jejunal and ileal arteries and from which vasa recta arise. The arterial a.'s of the ileum are shorter and more complex than those of the jejunum. See also arterial arches of ileum, under arch, arterial arches of jejunum, under arch.intermesenteric arterial anastomosis, Riolan's arc (1) , Riolan's a.'s;
pancreaticoduodenal arterial a.'s anastomoses between the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from the gastroduodenal artery) and the anterior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from the superior mesenteric artery) on the anterior and posterior aspects of the head of the pancreas and the duodenum, supplying both structures.
Riolan's a.'s intestinal arterial a.'s See also Riolan's anastomosis.

Arcanobacterium Arcanobacterium (ar-ka´no-bac-ter´e-oom)

A genus of nonmotile, facultatively anaerobic bacteria containing Gram-positive slender irregular rods, sometimes showing clubbed ends that may be in V formation with no filaments. These organisms are obligate parasites of the pharynx in farm animals and humans, occasionally causing lesions on the pharynx or skin. The type species is A. haemolyticum.
A. haemolyticum a species that causes pharyngitis and chronic skin ulcers in humans as well as farm animals.

arcate arcate (ar´kat)

arcuate

arch arch

Any structure resembling a bent bow or an arch; an arc. In anatomy, any vaulted or archlike structure. See arcus.arcus [NA]; [thru O. Fr. fr. L. arcus, bow]
abdominothoracic a. a bell-shaped line defined by the lower end of the sternum and the costal a.'s on each side, constituting a boundary line between the anterolateral portions of the thoracic and abdominal walls.
alveolar a. of mandible the free margin of the alveolar process of the mandible.arcus alveolaris mandibulae [NA] , limbus alveolaris (1);
alveolar a. of maxilla the free border of the alveolar process of the maxilla.arcus alveolaris maxillae [NA] , limbus alveolaris (2);
anterior a. of atlas an arch that connects the lateral masses of the atlas anteriorly and articulates with the anterior articular facet of the dens of the axis.arcus anterior atlantis [NA];
anterior palatine a. palatoglossal a
a. of the aorta aortic a. (1)
aortic a. 1. the curved portion between the ascending and descending parts of the aorta; it begins as a continuation of the ascending aorta posterior to the sternal angle, runs posteriorly and slightly to the left as it passes over the root of the left lung, and becomes the descending aorta as it reaches and begins to course along the vertebral column; it gives rise to the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries;a. of the aorta; 2. any member of the several pairs of arterial channels encircling the embryonic pharynx in the mesenchyme of the brachial a.'s; there are potentially six pairs, but in mammals the fifth pair is poorly developed or absent. The first and second pairs are functional only in very young embryos; the third pair is involved in the formation of the carotids; the fourth a. on the left is incorporated in the a. of the aorta; the sixth pair forms the proximal part of the pulmonary arteries.arcus aortae [NA];
aortic a.'s a series of arterial channels encircling the embryonic pharynx in the mesenchyme of the branchial a.'s. There are potentially six pairs, but in mammals the fifth pair is poorly developed or absent. The first and second pairs are functional only in very young embryos; the third pair is involved in the formation of the carotids; the fourth a. on the left is incorporated in the a. of the aorta; the sixth pair forms the proximal part of the pulmonary arteries.
arterial a.'s of colon anastomosing branches of the colic arteries that form a.'s in the mesocolon from which the walls of the colon are supplied. See marginal artery of colon.
arterial a.'s of ileum a.'s formed in the mesentery by branches of the superior mesenteric artery from which vessels (vasa recta, under vas) arise to supply the wall of the ileum. See also intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade.
arterial a.'s of jejunum a.'s formed in the mesentery by branches of the superior mesenteric artery from which vessels (vasa recta, under vas) arise to supply the walls of the jejunum. See also intestinal arterial arcades, under arcade.
arterial a. of lower eyelid formed by the medial palpebral artery which communicates with a branch of the lacrimal artery along the tarsal margin.arcus palpebralis inferior [NA];
arterial a. of upper eyelid formed by communicating branches of the medial and lateral palpebral arteries. Often two arches are present, one located near the free border of the tarsal plate, the other along the upper border of the tarsus.arcus palpebralis superior [NA];
axillary a. pectorodorsalis muscle
branchial a.'s typically, 6 a.'s in vertebrates; in the lower vertebrates, they bear gills; in the higher vertebrates, they appear transiently and give rise to specialized structures in the head and neck.pharyngeal a.'s, visceral a.'s;
carpal a.'s two anastomotic arterial twigs running transversely across the wrist: the palmar or anterior lies in front of the carpus, being formed by palmar carpal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries; the dorsal or posterior lies on the dorsal surface of the carpus, being formed by the dorsal carpal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries.
coracoacromial a. a protective a. formed by the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula with the coracoacromial ligament spanning between them. This osseoligamentous structure overlies the head of the humerus, preventing its upward displacement from the glenoid fossa.
cortical a.'s of kidney the portions of renal substance (cortex) intervening between the bases of the pyramids and the capsule of the kidney.
Corti's a. the a. formed by the junction of the heads of Corti's inner and outer pillar cells.
costal a. that portion of the inferior aperture of the thorax formed by the articulated cartilages of the seventh to tenth (false) ribs.arcus costalis [NA] , arcus costarum;
a. of cricoid cartilage the narrow part of the cartilage that encircles the air passage anterior to the lamina.arcus cartilaginis cricoideae [NA];
crural a. inguinal ligament
deep crural a. iliopubic tract
deep palmar (arterial) a. the arterial arch located deep to the long flexor tendons in the hand. It is formed by the terminal part of the radial artery in conjunction with the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery. The a. gives rise to palmar metacarpal and princeps pollicis arteries.arcus palmaris profundus [NA] , arcus volaris profundus;
deep palmar venous a. the venous arch that accompanies the deep palmar arterial arch; it usually consists of paired venae comitantes.arcus venosus palmaris profundus [NA];
dental a. the curved composite structure of the natural dentition and the residual ridge, or the remains thereof after the loss of some or all of the natural teeth.
dorsal venous a. of foot the arch in the subcutaneous tissue of the dorsum of the foot formed by the dorsal and digital veins; it unites medially with the dorsal vein of the great toe to form the great saphenous vein, and laterally with the dorsal vein of the little toe to form the small saphenous.arcus venosus dorsalis pedis [NA];
double aortic a. congenital malformation of the aorta that splits and has a right and a left a. instead of a single a.
expansion a. an orthodontic appliance that moves the dental structures distally, bucally, or labially, creating increased molar to molar width and arch length.
fallen a.'s a breaking down of the a.'s of the foot, either longitudinal, transverse, or both; the resulting deformity is flat or splay foot, or both.
fallopian a. inguinal ligament
femoral a. inguinal ligament
a.'s of the foot See longitudinal a. of foot, plantar a.
glossopalatine a. palatoglossal a
Gothic a. needle point tracing
Haller's a.'s See lateral arcuate ligament, medial arcuate ligament.
hemal a.'s three or four V-shaped bones located ventral to the bodies of the third to sixth coccygeal vertebrae; they represent intercentra and usually enclose the ventral caudal artery and vein.
hyoid a. the second visceral, or branchial, a; the second postoral a. in the branchial a. series.
iliopectineal a. a thickened band of fused iliac and psoas fascia passing from the posterior aspect of the inguinal ligament anteriorly across the front of the femoral nerve to attach to the iliopectineal eminence of the hip bone posteriorly. The iliopectinal a. thus forms a septum which subdivides the space deep to the inguinal ligament into a lateral muscular lacunae and a medial vascular lacunae. When a psoas minor muscle is present, its tendon of insertion blends with the iliopectineal a.arcus iliopectineus [NA] , iliopectineal ligament, ligamentum iliopectineale;
inferior dental a. the teeth supported by the alveolar part of the mandible, whether the 10 deciduous teeth or the 16 permanent teeth.arcus dentalis inferior [NA] , mandibular dentition;
jugular venous a. a connecting vein between the two anterior jugular veins in the suprasternal space.arcus venosus juguli [NA];
labial a. an orthodontic a. wire that approximates the labial surfaces of the teeth.
Langer's a. axillary arch muscle
lateral longitudinal a. of foot formed by calcaneus, cuboid and two lateral metatarsals; the combined a. is supported normally by ligaments, intrinsic muscles, and the tendons of extrinsic muscles of the foot.arcus pedis longitudinalis pars lateralis;
lateral lumbocostal a. lateral arcuate ligament
lingual a. an orthodontic a. wire that approximates the lingual surfaces of the teeth.
longitudinal a. of foot See medial longitudinal a. of foot, lateral longitudinal a. of foot.arcus pedis longitudinalis, lateral part of longitudinal arch of foot;
malar a. zygomatic a
mandibular a. the first postoral a. in the branchial a. series.mandibular process;
medial longitudinal a. of foot formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, three cuneiform bones, and the three medial metatarsals.arcus pedis longitudinalis pars medialis;
medial lumbocostal a. medial arcuate ligament
nasal a. bridge of the nose, the upward arching roof of the piriform aperture formed by the nasal processes of the maxilla of each side and the nasal bones between them. Eyeglasses rest centrally on various portions of this a.
nasal venous a. an a. formed at the root of the nose by the two supratrochlear veins connected by a transverse vein.
neural a. vertebral a
a. of the palate the vaulted roof of the mouth.
palatoglossal a. one of a pair of ridges or folds of mucous membrane passing from the soft palate to the side of the tongue; it encloses the palatoglossus muscle and forms anterior margin of the tonsillar fossa. Also demarcates oral cavity from isthmus of fauces.arcus palatoglossus [NA] , anterior palatine a., anterior pillar of fauces, arcus glossopalatinus, glossopalatine a., glossopalatine fold;
palatopharyngeal a. one of a pair of ridges or folds of mucous membrane which passes downward from the posterior margin of the soft palate to the lateral wall of the pharynx. It encloses the palatopharyngeus muscle and forms the posterior margin of the tonsillar fossa. It also demarcates the isthmus of fauces from oropharynx.arcus palatopharyngeus [NA] , pharyngopalatine a., posterior palatine a., posterior pillar of fauces;
pharyngeal a.'s branchial a.'s
pharyngopalatine a. palatopharyngeal a
plantar a. 1. the arterial arch formed by the lateral plantar artery running across the bases of the metatarsal bones and anastomosing with the dorsal pedis artery; 2. either of two bony a.'s of the foot, longitudinal a. or transverse a. See also medial longitudinal a. of foot, lateral longitudinal a. of foot, transverse a. of foot.arcus plantaris [NA] , plantar arterial a;
plantar arterial a. plantar a
plantar venous a. the arch formed by the plantar digital veins from the toes which accompanies the plantar arterial arch.arcus venosus plantaris [NA];
popliteal a. arcuate popliteal ligament
posterior a. of atlas the posterior arch of the atlas that connects the lateral masses of the atlas posteriorly, forming the posterior wall of the vertebral canal at this level.arcus posterior atlantis [NA];
posterior palatine a. palatopharyngeal a
postoral a.'s the series of branchial a.'s caudal to the mouth; the first is the mandibular, the second is the hyoid; caudal to the hyoid, the a.'s are unnamed, and designated only by their postoral number.
primitive costal a.'s a.'s formed in the thoracic region of the vertebral column in the embryo from the costal processes or costal elements which give rise to the ribs.
pubic a. the arch formed by the symphysis, bodies and inferior rami of the pubic bones. See also subpubic angle.arcus pubis [NA];
ribbon a. a thin, ribbon-shaped, rectangular orthodontic a. wire applied to the dental a.'s so that its widest dimension is parallel to the labial or buccal surfaces of the teeth.
superciliary a. a fullness extending laterally from the glabella on either side, above the orbital margin of the frontal bone.arcus superciliaris [NA] , superciliary ridge;
superficial palmar (arterial) a. the arterial arch in the hand located superficial to the long flexor tendons approximately at the level of a line extrapolated across the palm from the distal side of the outstretched thumb. It is formed principally by the termination of the superficial ulnar artery and is usually completed by a communication with the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. The a. gives rise to the common palmar digital arteries.arcus palmaris superficialis [NA] , arcus volaris superficialis;
superficial palmar venous a. the venous arch accompanying the superficial palmar arterial arch; it consists usually of paired venae comitantes and is drained by the superficial ulnar and radial veins.arcus venosus palmaris superficialis [NA];
superior dental a. the teeth supported by the alveolar process of the two maxillae, whether the 10 deciduous teeth or the 16 permanent teeth.arcus dentalis superior [NA] , maxillary dentition;
supraorbital a. supraorbital margin
tarsal a. See arterial a. of lower eyelid, arterial a. of upper eyelid.
tendinous a. 1. a white, fibrous band attached to bone and/or muscle, arching over and thus protecting neurovascular elements passing beneath it from injurious compression; 2. a linear thickening of the deep fascia of a muscle which provides attachment for ligaments and/or muscle fibers.arcus tendineus [NA];
tendinous a. of levator ani muscle a thickened portion of the obturator fascia that extends in an arching line from the pubis posteriorly to the ischial spine and gives origin to part of the levator ani muscle.arcus tendineus musculi levatoris ani [NA] , arcus tendineus of obturator fascia;
tendinous a. of pelvic fascia a linear thickening of the superior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm extending posteriorly from the body of the pubis alongside the bladder (and vagina in the female) and giving attachment to the supporting ligaments of the pelvic viscera.arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis [NA];
tendinous a. of soleus muscle a tendinous arch stretching over the popliteal vessels between the tibia and fibula, that gives origin to the central portion of the soleus muscle.arcus tendineus musculi solei [NA];
a. of thoracic duct See thoracic duct.
transverse a. of foot the arch formed by the proximal parts of the metatarsal bones, the three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid.arcus pedis transversalis;
Treitz's a. paraduodenal fold
vertebral a. the posterior projection from the body of a vertebra that encloses the vertebral foramen; it consists of paired pedicles and laminae; the spinous, transverse, and articular processes arise from the arch. In aggregate, the venous a.'s-and the ligamenta flava that unite them-form the posterior wall of the vertebral (spinal) canal.arcus vertebrae [NA] , neural a;
visceral a.'s branchial a.'s
W-a. a fixed maxillary expansion device attached to the lingual part of the molars, with either bilateral or unilateral extension arms.
wire a. a wire conforming to the dental a.; used to restore the normal curve to the denture.
zygomatic a. the arch formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone that joins the zygomatic process of the temporal bone.arcus zygomaticus [NA] , cheek bone (2) , malar a., zygoma (2);

arch- arch- , arche- , archi- , archo-

Combining forms meaning primitive, or ancestral; also first, or chief. primitive, ancestral; first, chief, extreme. [G. arche, origin, beginning, + -o-]

archaeocerebellum archaeocerebellum (ar´ke-o-ser´e-bel´lum)

archicerebellum [G. archaios, ancient, + cerebellum]

archaeus archaeus (ar-ke´us)

Term first used by Valentine and later by Paracelsus and van Helmont to denote a spirit that presided over and governed bodily processes.archeus; [L. fr. G. archaios, chief, leader]

archaic archaic (ar-ka´ik)

Ancient; old; in jungian psychology, denoting the ancestral past of mental processes. [G. archaikos, ancient]

Archambault Archambault

LaSalle, U.S. neurologist, 1879-1940. See Meyer-A. loop.

arche- arche-

See arch-.

archenteron archenteron (ark-en´ter-on)

primitive gut [G. arche, beginning, + enteron, intestine]

archeocerebellum archeocerebellum

vestibulocerebellum

archeokinetic archeokinetic (ar-ke-o-ki-net´ik)

Denoting a low and primitive type of motor nerve mechanism, such as is found in the peripheral and the ganglionic nervous systems. Cf. neokinetic, paleokinetic. [G. archaios, ancient, + kinetikos, relating to movement]

archetype archetype (ar´ke-tIp)

1. A primitive structural plan from which various modifications have evolved. 2. In jungian psychology, structural manifestation of the collective unconscious.imago (2); [G. archetypos, pattern, model, fr. arche, beginning, + typto, to stamp out]

archeus archeus (ar-ke´us)

archaeus

archi- archi-

See arch-.

archicerebellum archicerebellum (ar´ki-ser-e-bel´um) [NA]

The small, phylogenetically oldest portion of the cerebellum, also called vestibulocerebellum because its afferents arise from the vestibular ganglion and nuclei; in mammals, it is represented by four subdivisions of the cerebellum: nodulus, uvula vermis, flocculus, and lingula of cerebellum.archaeocerebellum; [archi- + L. cerebellum]

archicortex archicortex (ar´ki-kor´teks)

1. Typically, the phylogenetically older parts of the cerebral cortex. 2. More specifically, the cortex forming the hippocampus. See also allocortex, cerebral cortex.archipallium; [archi- + L. cortex]

archil archil (ar´kil) [old C.I. 1242]

A violet dye from the lichens Rocella tinctoria and R. fuciformis.orchella, orchil, roccellin;

archin archin (ar´kin)

emodin

archipallium archipallium (ar-ki-pal´e-um)

archicortex [archi- + L. pallium]

architectonics architectonics (ar-ki-tek-ton´iks)

cytoarchitecture

archo- archo-

1. Variant of arch-. [G. arche, origin, beginning] 2. OBSOLETE the rectum See procto-, recto-. [G. archos, rectum]

archwire archwire (arch´wIr)

A device consisting of a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch, used as an anchorage in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth.arch wire;

arciform arciform (ar´ki-form)

arcuate

arctation arctation (ark-ta´shun)

A narrowing, contraction, stricture, or coarctation. [L. arto (improp. arcto), pp. -atus, to tighten]

arcual arcual (ar´kyu-al)

Relating to an arch.

arcuate arcuate (ar´kyu-at)

Denoting a form that is arched or has the shape of a bow.arcate, arciform; [L. arcuatus, bowed]

arcuation arcuation (ar-kyu-a´shun)

A bending or curvature.

arcus arcus (ar´kus) [NA]

arch [L. a bow]
a. adipo´sus a. cornealis
a. alveola´ris mandib´ulae [NA] alveolar arch of mandible
a. alveola´ris maxil´lae [NA] alveolar arch of maxilla
a. ante´rior atlan´tis [NA] anterior arch of atlas
a. aor´tae [NA] aortic arch (2)
a. cartila´ginis cricoi´deae [NA] arch of cricoid cartilage
a. cornea´lis an opaque, grayish ring at the periphery of the cornea just within the sclerocorneal junction, of frequent occurrence in the aged; it results from a deposit of fatty granules in, or hyaline degeneration of, the lamellae and cells of the cornea.anterior embryotoxon, a. adiposus, a. juvenilis, a. lipoides, a. senilis, gerontoxon, linea corneae senilis, lipoidosis corneae;
a. costa´lis [NA] costal arch
a. costa´rum costal arch
a. denta´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior dental arch
a. denta´lis supe´rior [NA] superior dental arch
a. duc´tus thorac´ici [NA] See thoracic duct.
a. glossopalati´nus palatoglossal arch
a. iliopectin´eus [NA] iliopectineal arch
a. inguina´lis [NA] * official alternate term for inguinal ligament
a. juveni´lis a. cornealis
a. lipoi´des a. cornealis
a. lumbocosta´lis latera´lis lateral arcuate ligament
a. lumbocosta´lis media´lis medial arcuate ligament
a. palati´ni See palatoglossal arch, palatopharyngeal arch.
a. palatoglos´sus [NA] palatoglossal arch
a. palatopharyn´geus [NA] palatopharyngeal arch
a. palma´ris profun´dus [NA] deep palmar (arterial) arch
a. palma´ris superficia´lis [NA] superficial palmar (arterial) arch
a. palpebra´lis infe´rior [NA] arterial arch of lower eyelid
a. palpebra´lis supe´rior [NA] arterial arch of upper eyelid
a. pe´dis longitudina´lis longitudinal arch of foot
a. pe´dis longitudina´lis pars lateralis lateral longitudinal arch of foot
a. pe´dis longitudina´lis pars medialis medial longitudinal arch of foot
a. pe´dis transversa´lis transverse arch of foot
a. planta´ris [NA] plantar arch
a. poste´rior atlan´tis [NA] posterior arch of atlas
a. pu´bis [NA] pubic arch
a. rani´nus Béclard's anastomosis
a. seni´lis a. cornealis
a. supercilia´ris [NA] superciliary arch
a. tar´seus See arterial arch of lower eyelid, arterial arch of upper eyelid.
a. tendin´eus [NA] tendinous arch
a. tendin´eus fas´ciae pel´vis [NA] tendinous arch of pelvic fascia
a. tendin´eus mus´culi levato´ris ani [NA] tendinous arch of levator ani muscle
a. tendin´eus mus´culi so´lei [NA] tendinous arch of soleus muscle
a. tendineus of obturator fascia tendinous arch of levator ani muscle
a. un´guium lunula (1)
a. veno´sus dorsa´lis pe´dis [NA] dorsal venous arch of foot
a. veno´sus jug´uli [NA] jugular venous arch
a. veno´sus palma´ris profun´dus [NA] deep palmar venous arch
a. veno´sus palma´ris superficia´lis [NA] superficial palmar venous arch
a. veno´sus planta´ris [NA] plantar venous arch
a. ver´tebrae [NA] vertebral arch See also hemal arches, under arch.
a. vola´ris profun´dus deep palmar (arterial) arch
a. vola´ris superficia´lis superficial palmar (arterial) arch
a. zygomat´icus [NA] zygomatic arch

ardanesthesia ardanesthesia (ard´an-es-the´ze-a)

thermoanesthesia [L. ardor, heat, + G. an- priv. + aisthesis, sensation]

ardor ardor (ar´dor)

Old term for a hot or burning sensation. [L. fire, heat]

ARDS ARDS

Abbreviation for adult respiratory distress syndrome.

area (a) area (a) , pl. areae (ar´e-a, -e)

1. [NA] Any circumscribed surface or space. 2. All of the part supplied by a given artery or nerve. 3. A part of an organ having a special function, as the motor a. of the brain. See also regio, region, space, spatium, zone. [L. a courtyard]
acoustic a. the floor of the lateral recess of the fourth ventricle, extending medially to the limiting sulcus and overlying the cochlear and vestibular nuclei of the rhombencephalon.a. acustica;
a. acu´stica acoustic a
anterior intercondylar a. of tibia the broad depressed a. between the tibial condyles anteriorly to which attach the anterior ends of the menisci and the anterior cruciate ligament.a. intercondylaris anterior tibiae [NA];
aortic a. the region of the chest wall over the second right costal cartilage, where sounds produced at the aortic orifice are often best heard.
apical a. the a. about the root end of a tooth.
association areas association cortex
auditory a. auditory cortex
bare a. of liver the a. on the posterior surface of the liver which is fused with the diaphragm and therefore not covered by peritoneum.a. nuda hepatis [NA];
bare a. of stomach the part of posterior surface of the fundus of the stomach between the two diverging layers of the gastrophrenic ligament, that is not covered by peritoneum.
basal seat a. that portion of the oral structures which is available to support a denture.
Broca's a. Broca's center
Broca's parolfactory a. parolfactory a
Brodmann's areas a.'s of the cerebral cortex mapped out on the basis of the cortical cytoarchitectural patterns. See cerebral cortex.
a. of cardiac dullness a triangular a. determined by percussion of the front of the chest; it corresponds to the part of the heart that is not covered by lung tissue.
catchment a. a term relating to community mental health center which delimits the geographic area surrounding each center, and thus the population of individuals who qualify for mental health services provided by each center.
Celsus' a. obsolete term for alopecia areata.
a. centra´lis macula retinae
a. coch´leae [NA] cochlear a
cochlear a. the a. inferior to the transverse crest of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus through which the filaments of the cochlear nerve pass to enter the cochlea; forms the base of the cone-shaped modiolus about which the cochlear canal spirals. See base of modiolus.a. cochleae [NA];
Cohnheim's a. a polygonal mosaic-like figure formed by a group of myofibrils, as seen in the cross-section of a skeletal muscle fiber examined under the microscope; a shrinkage artifact of fixation.Cohnheim's field;
contact a. that part of the proximal surface of a tooth which touches the adjacent tooth mesially or distally.contact point, point of proximal contact;
cribriform a. of the renal papilla the apex of a renal papilla pierced by 10 to 22 openings of the papillary ducts, the foramina papillaria.a. cribrosa papillae renalis [NA];
a. cribro´sa papillae renalis [NA] cribriform a. of the renal papilla
denture-bearing a. denture foundation a
denture foundation a. that portion of the basal seat which supports the complete or partial denture base under occlusal load.basal seat, denture-bearing a., denture-supporting a., stress-bearing a. (1) , supporting a. (2) , tissue-bearing a;
denture-supporting a. denture foundation a
dermatomic a. dermatome (3)
embryonal a. , embryonic a. the a. of the blastoderm on either side of, and immediately cephalic to, the primitive streak where the component cell layers have become thickened.
entorhinal a. Brodmann's a. 28, a cytoarchitecturally well-defined a. of multilaminate cerebral cortex on the medial aspect of the parahippocampal gyrus, immediately caudal to the olfactory cortex of the uncus; the a. is the origin of the major fiber system afferent to the hippocampus, the so-called perforant pathway.
excitable a. motor cortex
a. of facial nerve the a. in the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus superior to the transverse crest through which the facial nerve passes to enter the facial canal.a. nervi facialis [NA];
Flechsig's areas three divisions (anterior, lateral, posterior) of each lateral half of the medulla as seen on transverse section, marked off by the root fibers of the hypoglossal and vagus nerves.
frontal a. frontal cortex
fronto-orbital a. orbitofrontal cortex
fusion a. Panum's a
gastric a. one of a number of small polygonal a.'s, 1-6 mm in diameter, separated by linear depressions on the surface of the mucous membrane of the stomach; they contain the gastric pits, with several gastric glands opening into each pit.a. gastrica [NA];
a. gas´trica [NA] gastric a
germinal a. , a. germinati´va the place in the blastoderm where the embryo begins to be formed.germinal disk
Head's areas a.'s of skin exhibiting reflex hyperesthesia and hyperalgesia due to visceral disease.
impression a. in dentistry, that surface which is recorded in an impression.
inferior vestibular a. the a. of the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus inferior to the transverse crest through which the interior portion of the vestibular (saccular) nerve passes.a. vestibularis inferior [NA];
insular a. insula (1)
a. intercondyla´ris ante´rior tibiae [NA] anterior intercondylar a. of tibia
a. intercondyla´ris poste´rior tibiae [NA] posterior intercondylar a. of tibia
Jonston's a. obsolete term for alopecia areata.
Kiesselbach's a. an a. on the anterior portion of the nasal septum rich in capillaries (Kiesselbach's plexus) and often the seat of epistaxis.Little's a;
lateral hypothalamic a. lateral hypothalamic region
Little's a. Kiesselbach's a
macular a. macula retinae
Martegiani's a. Martegiani's funnel
mitral a. the region of the chest over the apex of the heart, where the sounds, normal or pathologic, produced at the mitral valves are usually heard most distinctly.
motor a. motor cortex
a. ner´vi facia´lis [NA] a. of facial nerve
a. nu´da hep´atis [NA] bare a. of liver
olfactory a. anterior perforated substance
a. opa´ca the peripheral a. of the blastoderm of birds and reptiles which is opaque because of adherent yolk.
oval a. of Flechsig See semilunar fasciculus.
Panum's a. the a. in and about the macula retinae in which stimulation of noncorresponding retinal points nevertheless results in stereoscopic vision.fusion a;
parastriate a. See visual cortex.
a. parolfacto´ria [NA] parolfactory a
parolfactory a. a small region of cerebral cortex on the medial surface of the frontal lobe, formed by the junction of the straight gyrus with the cingulate gyrus, demarcated from the subcallosal gyrus by the posterior parolfactory sulcus.a. parolfactoria [NA] , Broca's parolfactory a;
pear-shaped a. retromolar pad
a. pellu´cida the translucent central part of the blastoderm of birds and reptiles.
peristriate a. See visual cortex.
piriform a. piriform cortex
Pitres' a. prefrontal cortex of the cerebral hemisphere. See frontal cortex.
postcentral a. the cortex of the postcentral gyrus.
post dam a. posterior palatal seal a
posterior hypothalamic a. posterior hypothalamic region
posterior intercondylar a. of tibia the deep notch between the tibial condyles posteriorly to which attaches the posterior cruciate ligament.a. intercondylaris posterior tibiae [NA];
posterior palatal seal a. the soft tissues along the junction of the hard and soft palates on which pressure within the physiologic limits of the tissues can be applied by a denture to aid in the retention of the denture.post dam a., postpalatal seal a;
postpalatal seal a. posterior palatal seal a
a. postre´ma (AP) a small, elevated a. in the lateral wall of the inferior recess of the fourth ventricle; one of the few loci in the brain where the blood-brain barrier is lacking; a chemoreceptor area associated with vomiting.
precentral a. the cortex of the precentral gyrus.
precommissural septal a. subcallosal gyrus
prefrontal a. See frontal cortex.
premotor a. premotor cortex
preoptic a. preoptic region
prestriate a. See visual cortex.
pretectal a. a narrow, transversally oriented rostral zone of the mesencephalic tectum, bounded caudally by the superior colliculus, rostrally by the habenular trigone, and laterally by the pulvinar thalami; the a. contains several nuclei that receive fibers from the optic tract; it has bilateral efferent connections with the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nuclear complex by way of which it mediates the pupillary light reflex.pretectal region, pretectum;
primary visual a. See visual cortex.
pulmonary a. the region of the chest at the second left intercostal space, where sounds produced at the pulmonary valve of the right ventricle are heard most distinctly.
relief a. in dentistry, the portion of the denture-bearing a. over which the denture base is altered to reduce functional pressure.
rest a. the portion of a tooth structure or of a restoration in a tooth that is prepared to receive the positive seating of the metallic occlusal, incisal, lingual, or cingulum rest of a removable prosthesis.rest seat;
retention a. an a. of a tooth provided during its preparation for restoration that will aid in holding the restoration in place. See also retention groove, retention point.
Rolando's a. motor cortex
secondary aortic a. region of the chest at the mid-left sternal bases where aortic diastolic murmurs are often best heard.
secondary visual a. See visual cortex.
sensorial areas , sensory areas See cerebral cortex.
sensorimotor a. the precentral and postcentral gyri of the cerebral cortex.
septal a. the region of the cerebral hemisphere that stretches as a thin sheet of brain tissue between the fornix bundle and the ventral surface of the corpus callosum, forming the medial wall of the lateral ventricle's frontal horn; it extends ventrally through the narrow interval between the anterior commissure and the rostrum of corpus collosum as the precommissural septum or subcallosal gyrus, which is continuous caudally with the preoptic a. and hypothalamus, as well as more laterally with the innominate substance; its major functional connections are with the hippocampus and hypothalamus.
silent a. any a. of the cerebrum or cerebellum in which lesions cause no definite sensory or motor symptoms.
skip areas subsidiary segments of diseased intestine or colon in regional enteritis or Crohn's colitis, separated from the region of major involvement.
somesthetic a. somatic sensory cortex
stress-bearing a. 1. denture foundation a 2. surfaces of oral structures that resist forces, strains, or pressures brought upon them during function.
striate a. See visual cortex.
Stroud's pectinated a. obsolete term for the a. of the anal canal lying just below the rectal columns.
a. subcallo´sa [NA] subcallosal gyrus
subcallosal a. subcallosal gyrus
superior vestibular a. the a. in the fundus of the internal acoustic meatus superior to the transverse crest through which the superior part of the vestibular nerve passes to reach the macula utriculus and the ampullae of the anterior and lateral semicircular ducts.a. vestibularis superior [NA];
supporting a. 1. those areas of the maxillary and mandibular edentulous ridges which are considered best suited to carry the forces of mastication when the dentures are in function; 2. denture foundation a
tissue-bearing a. denture foundation a
tricuspid a. the region of the chest wall over the lower part of the body of the sternum, where the sounds produced at the tricuspid valve are heard most distinctly.
trigger a. trigger point
vagus a. a portion of the floor of the fourth ventricle overlying the vagoglossopharyngeal nuclei.
a. vasculo´sa the part of the a. opaca of the embryonic blastoderm of the chick, where the first blood vessels appear.
vestibular a. See inferior vestibular a., superior vestibular a.
a. vestibula´ris infe´rior [NA] inferior vestibular a
a. vestibula´ris supe´rior [NA] superior vestibular a
visual a. visual cortex
Wernicke's a. Wernicke's center

areatus areatus , areata (a-re-a´tus, -ta)

Occurring in patches or circumscribed areas. [L.]

Areca Areca (ar´e-ka)

A genus of palms of India and the Malay Archipelago. A species, A. catechu, furnishes a. nuts, or betel nuts, which contain arecoline and 15% red tannin, are chewed in the East Indies, and have an anthelmintic action. See also betel nut. [Malay]

arecaidine arecaidine (a-rek´a-den)

1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1-methylnicotinic acid;a crystalline alkaloid resembling betaine, derived from the betel nut.arecaine;

arecaine arecaine (ar´e-kan)

arecaidine

arecoline arecoline (a-rek´o-len)

C₈H₁₃NO₂;a colorless oily alkaloid from the betel nut.

areflexia areflexia (a-re-flek´se-a)

Absence of reflexes.
detrusor a. a failure of the detrusor muscle to have a reflex contraction even though the bladder has reached or exceeded its capacity.

arenaceous arenaceous (ar-e-na´shus)

Sandy; of sand-like consistency. [L. arena, sand]

Arenaviridae Arenaviridae (a-re-na-vir´i-de)

A family of at least 13 RNA viruses, many of which are natural parasites of rodents, that includes lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, Lassa virus, and the Tacaribe virus complex. The virions are 50 to 300 nm (average 100 nm) in diameter, enveloped, ether-sensitive, and contain single-stranded, segmented RNA (molecular weight 3 to 5 x 10⁶); they also contain electron-dense, RNA-containing granules (20 to 30 nm in diameter) that resemble ribosomes, with an electron-microscopic appearance of sandiness. [L. arena (harena), sand]

Arenavirus Arenavirus (a-re´na-vI´rus)

A genus in the family Arenaviridae that is associated with lymphocytic choriomeningitis and a number of hemorrhagic fevers.

areola areola , pl. areolae (a-re´o-la, -le)

1. [NA] Any small area. 2. One of the spaces or interstices in areolar tissue. 3. a. of nipple 4. A pigmented, depigmented, or erythematous zone surrounding a papule, pustule, wheal, or cutaneous neoplasm.halo (3); [L. dim. of area]
Chaussier's a. a ring of indurated tissue surrounding the lesion of cutaneous anthrax.
a. mam´mae [NA] a. of nipple
a. of nipple a circular pigmented area surrounding the nipple or papilla mammae; its surface is dotted with little projections due to the presence of Montgomery's glands beneath.a. mammae [NA] , a. papillaris, areola (3);
a. papilla´ris a. of nipple
a. umbilicus a pigmented ring around the umbilicus in the pregnant woman.

areolar areolar (a-re´o-lar)

Relating to an areola.

areometer areometer (ar-e-om´e-ter)

hydrometer [G. araios, thin, + G. metron, measure]

ARF ARF

Abbreviation for acute respiratory failure.

Arg Arg

Symbol for arginine or its mono- or diradical.

Argas Argas

A genus of soft ticks of the family Argasidae, some species of which usually infest birds but may attack man.
A. per´sicus the abode, fowl, or Persian tick, a species that is a bloodsucking parasite of poultry; it transmits fowl spirochetosis.
A. reflex´us the pigeon tick, a species that may cause a cutaneous inflammatory lesion in man.

argasid argasid (ar-gas´id)

Common name for members of the family Argasidae.

Argasidae Argasidae (ar-gas´i-de)

Family of ticks (superfamily Ixodoidea, order Acarina), the soft ticks, so called because of their wrinkled, leathery, tuberculated appearance that fills out when the tick is engorged with blood. A dorsal shield (scutum) is not present; the mouthparts (capitulum) are subterminal or ventral in a depression (camerostome) that extends above the capitulum to form the anterior margin of the cephalothorax (hood). A. contains 4 genera: Argas, Ornithodoros, Otobius, and Antricola; argasid ticks, chiefly species of Ornithodoros, harbor and transmit spirochetes of the genus Borrelia that cause relapsing fever in birds and mammals.

argentaffin argentaffin , argentaffine (ar-jen´ta-fin, -fen)

Pertaining to cells or tissue elements that reduce silver ions in solution, thereby becoming stained brown or black. [L. argentum, silver, + affinitas, affinity]

argentaffinoma argentaffinoma (ar´jen-ta-fi-no´ma, -taf-i-no´ma)

carcinoid tumor

argentation argentation (ar-jen-ta´shun)

Impregnation with a silver salt. See also argyria. [L. argentum, silver]

argentic argentic (ar-jen´tik)

1. Relating to silver.argyric (1); 2. Denoting a chemical compound containing silver as the rare dication (Ag²⁺).

argentine argentine (ar´jen-ten)

Relating to, resembling, or containing silver.

argentophil argentophil , argentophile (ar-jen´to-fil, -fIl)

argyrophil

argentous argentous (ar-jen´tus)

Denoting a chemical compound containing silver as a singly charged (Ag⁺) ion. The vast majority of silver compounds contain the a. ion; where the ionic state of silver is not specifically stated, as in silver nitrate, the a. state is assumed.

argentum argentum , gen. argenti (ar-jen´tum, -jen´tI)

silver [L.]

arginase arginase (ar´ji-nas)

An enzyme of the liver that catalyzes the hydrolysis of l-arginine to l-ornithine and urea; a key enzyme of the urea cycle. A deficiency of a. leads to arginemia.arginine amidase, canavanase;

arginine (Arg) arginine (Arg) (ar´ji-nen)

2-Amino-5-guanidinopentanoic acid;one of the amino acids occurring among the hydrolysis products of proteins, particularly abundant in the basic proteins such as histones and protamines. A dibasic amino acid.
a. amidase arginase
a. deiminase an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolytic deamination of l-a. to l-citrulline and ammonia. Cf. nitric oxide synthase. a. dihydrolase, a. iminohydrolase;
a. dihydrolase a. deiminase
a. glutamate a compound composed of arginine and glutamic acid, given intravenously to detoxify ammonia; used in the treatment of ammoniemia resulting from liver dysfunction.
a. hydrochloride a form of a. used for intravenous administration as an adjunct in the treatment of encephalopathies associated with liver diseases and ammoniacal azotemia.
a. iminohydrolase a. deiminase
a. phosphate phosphoarginine

argininosuccinase argininosuccinase (ar´ji-ni-no-suk´si-nas)

argininosuccinate lyase

argininosuccinate lyase argininosuccinate lyase (ar´ji-ni-no-suk´si-nat)

An enzyme cleaving l-argininosuccinate nonhydrolytically to l-arginine and fumarate; a deficiency of this enzyme leads to argininosuccinoaciduria; a key step in the urea cycle.argininosuccinase;

argininosuccinic acid argininosuccinic acid (ar´ji-ni-no-suk-sin´ik)

HOOC-CH₂CH(COOH)-NH-C(NH)-NH(CH₂)₃CHNH₂-COOH;formed as an intermediate in the conversion of l-citrulline to l-arginine in the urea cycle.

argininosuccinicaciduria argininosuccinicaciduria (ar-ji-nin´o-suk-sin´ik-as-i-du´re-a) [MIM*207900]

An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessive urinary excretion of argininosuccinic acid, epilepsy, ataxia, mental retardation, liver disease, and friable, tufted hair; presumed to be the consequence of a deficiency of an enzyme responsible for splitting argininosuccinic acid to arginine and fumaric acid.

arginyl arginyl (ar´jin-il)

The aminoacyl radical of arginine.

argipressin argipressin (ar-ji-pres´in)

arginine vasopressin

argon (Ar) argon (Ar) (ar´gon)

A gaseous element, atomic no. 18, atomic wt. 39.948, present in the dry atmosphere in the proportion of about 0.94%; one of the noble gases. [G. ntr. of argos, lazy, inactive, fr. a- priv. + ergon, work]

Argonz Argonz

J., Argentinian physician. See A.-Del Castillo syndrome.

Argyll Robertson Argyll Robertson

See Robertson.

argyria argyria (ar-jir´e-a, -jI´re-a)

A slate-gray or bluish discoloration of the skin and deep tissues, due to the deposit of insoluble albuminate of silver, occurring after the medicinal administration for a long period of a soluble silver salt; formerly fairly common from use of proprietary preparations of silver-containing materials in the nose and sinuses.argyriasis, argyrism, argyrosis, silver poisoning; [G. argyros, silver]

argyriasis argyriasis (ar-ji-rI´a-sis)

argyria

argyric argyric (ar-jir´ik)

1. argentic (1) 2. Relating to argyria.

argyrism argyrism (ar´ji-rizm)

argyria

argyrol argyrol

mild silver protein

argyrophil argyrophil , argyrophile (ar-jI´ro-fil, -fIl)

Pertaining to tissue elements that are capable of impregnation with silver ions and being made visible after an external reducing agent is used.argentophil, argentophile; [G. argyros, silver, + philos, fond]

argyrosis argyrosis (ar-ji-ro´sis)

argyria

arhigosis arhigosis (a-ri-go´sis)

Lack of perception of cold. [G. a- priv. + rhigoo, to shiver]

arhinia arhinia (a-rin´e-a)

Congenital absence of the nose.arrhinia;

Arias-Stella Arias-Stella

Javier, Peruvian pathologist, *1924. See Arias-Stella effect; Arias-Stella phenomenon; Arias-Stella reaction.

ariboflavinosis ariboflavinosis (a-rI´bo-fla-vi-no´sis)

Properly hyporiboflavinosis: a nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of riboflavin in the diet, characterized by cheilosis and magenta tongue and usually associated with other manifestations of B vitamin deficiency.

Arie-Pitanguy mammaplasty Arie-Pitanguy mammaplasty

See under mammaplasty.

Arie-Pitanguy operation Arie-Pitanguy operation

See under operation.

aristolochic acid aristolochic acid (a-ris-to-lo´kik)

8-Methoxy-6-nitrophenanthro[3,4-d]-1,3-dioxole-5-carboxylic acid;an aromatic bitter derived from plants of the genus Aristolochia.

aristotelian aristotelian (ar´is-to-te´le-an, ar´i-sto-tel´yan)

Attributed to or described by Aristotle.

Aristotle Aristotle

Of Stagira, Greek philosopher and scientist, 384-322 B.C. See Aristotle's anomaly, aristotelian method.

arithmomania arithmomania (a-rith-mo-ma´ne-a)

A morbid impulse to count. [G. arithmeo, to count, fr. arithmos, number, + mania, madness]

Arizona Arizona (ar´i-zo´na)

A genus of motile, peritrichous, nonsporeforming, aerobic to facultatively anaerobic bacteria (family Enterobacteriaceae) containing Gram-negative rods. These organisms do not produce urease and do not grow in media containing potassium cyanide. They decarboxylate lysine, arginine, and ornithine. Lactose is generally fermented. These organisms have been isolated from a wide variety of animals, including man; they may cause gastroenteritis in man and frequently are involved in localized lesions in man and lower animals. There is a single species, A. hinshawii, the type species.
A. hinshawii former name for Salmonella subsp. arizonae.

Arlt Arlt

Carl Ferdinand von, Austrian ophthalmologist, 1812-1887. See A.'s operation, sinus.

arm arm

1. Arm, specifically the segment of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow; commonly used to mean the whole superior limb.brachium (1) [NA] , brachio- (1); 2. An anatomical extension resembling an arm. 3. A specifically shaped and positioned extension of a removable partial denture framework. [L. armus, forequarter of an animal; G. harmos, a shoulder joint]
bar clasp a. a clasp a. which has its origin in the denture base or major connector; it consists of the a. which traverses but does not contact the gingival structures, and a terminal end which approaches its contact with the tooth in a gingivo-occlusal direction.
brawny a. a swollen arm caused by lymphedema, particularly after homolateral radical mastectomy.
circumferential clasp a. a clasp a. which has its origin in a minor connector and which follows the contour of the tooth approximately in a plane perpendicular to the path of insertion of the partial denture.
clasp a. a portion of a clasp of a removable partial denture which projects from the clasp body and helps retain the partial denture in position in the mouth. See clasp (2).
dynein a. a structure extending clockwise from one tubule of each of the 9 doublet microtubules toward the adjacent doublet seen in the axoneme of cilia or flagella (including human sperm tails); congenital absence of dynein, reflected structurally by absence of dynein a.'s, can account for symptoms seen in Kartagener's syndrome and in immotile cilia syndromes.
reciprocal a. a clasp a. or other extension used on a removable partial denture to oppose the action of some other part or parts of the appliance.
retentive a. , retention a. a flexible segment of a removable partial denture that engages an undercut on an abutment and is designed to retain the denture.
retentive circumferential clasp a. an a. that is flexible and engages the infrabulge at the terminal end of the a.
stabilizing circumferential clasp a. an a. that is relatively rigid and embraces the height of contour of the tooth.

armamentarium armamentarium (ar´ma-men-tar´e-um)

All the therapeutic means available to the health practitioner for the practice of his profession. [L. an arsenal, fr. armamenta, implements, tackle, fr. arma, armor, arms]

Armanni Armanni

Luciano, Italian pathologist, 1839-1903. See A.-Ebstein kidney, change.

armarium armarium (ar-mar´e-um)

Rarely used term for the physician's library, as part of his armamentarium. [L. a closet, chest, fr. arma, armor]

Armillifer Armillifer (ar-mil´i-fer)

A genus of Pentastomida (order Porocephalida, family Porocephalidae); adults are found in the lungs of reptiles and the young in many mammals, including man. [O. Fr. armille, fr. L. armilla, a bracelet]
A. armilla´tus species occurring in the python, the larva or nymph being occasionally found in man.Porocephalus armillatus;

armpit armpit

axilla

Armstrong Armstrong

Henry E., British physician.

Armstrong Armstrong

Arthur Riley, Canadian physician, *1904. See King-A. unit.

Arndt Arndt

Rudolph, German psychiatrist, 1835-1900. See A.'s law.

Arndt Arndt

G., German physician, 1874--1929. See A.-Gottron syndrome.

Arneth Arneth

Joseph, German physician, 1873-1955. See A. classification, count, formula, index, stages, under stage.

arnica arnica (ar´ni-ka)

The dried flower heads of Arnica montana (family Compositae); Obsolete cardiac sedative seldom given internally; used externally for sprains and bruises; formerly widely used as a counterirritant liniment.leopard's bane; [Mod. L.]

Arnold Arnold

Julius, German pathologist, 1835-1915. See A.'s bodies, under body; A.-Chiari deformity, malformation, syndrome.

Arnold Arnold

Friedrich, German anatomist, 1803-1890. See A.'s bundle, canal, ganglion, nerve, tract; foramen of A.

aromatic aromatic (ar-o-mat´ik)

1. Having an agreeable, somewhat pungent, spicy odor. 2. One of a group of vegetable drugs having a fragrant odor and slightly stimulant properties. 3. See aromatic compound. [G. aromatikos, fr. aroma, spice, sweet herb]

aromatic d-amino-acid decarboxylase aromatic d-amino-acid decarboxylase

An enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of l-dopa to dopamine, of l-tryptophan to tryptamine, and of l-hydroxytryptophan to serotonin; important in the biosynthetic pathway of catecholamines and melanin.dopa decarboxylase, hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase;

aroyl aroyl (a´ro-il)

The radical of an aromatic acid (e.g., benzoyl); analogous to acyl, the more general term.

arrack arrack (a-rak´)

A strong alcoholic liquor distilled from dates, rice, sap of the coconut palm, and other substances. [Ar. sweet juice]

arrector arrector , pl. arrectores (a-rek´tor, a-rek-to´rez)

erector [L. that which raises, fr. ar-rigo, pp. -rectus, to raise up]
arrecto´res pilo´rum arrector pili muscles, under muscle

arrest arrest (a-rest´)

1. To stop, check, or restrain. 2. A stoppage; interference with, or checking of, the regular course of a disease, a symptom, or the performance of a function. 3. Inhibition of a developmental process, usually at the ultimate stage of development; premature a. may lead to a congenital abnormality. [O. Fr. arester, fr. LL. adresto, to stop behind]
cardiac a. (CA) complete cessation of cardiac activity either electric, mechanical, or both; may be purposely induced for therapeutic reasons.heart a;
cardioplegic a. stoppage of electrical and mechanical cardiac activity, used by surgeons when operating upon the heart.
cardiopulmonary a. an a. resulting in absence of cardiac and pulmonary activity.
circulatory a. cessation of the circulation of blood as a result of ventricular standstill or fibrillation.
deep hypothermic a. stoppage of electrical and mechanical cardiac activity that occurs when the heart is cooled.
epiphysial a. early and premature fusion between epiphysis and diaphysis.
heart a. cardiac a
maturation a. cessation of complete differentiation of cells at an immature stage; in spermatogenic maturation a., the seminiferous tubules contain spermatocytes, but no spermatozoa develop.
sinus a. cessation of sinus activity; the ventricles may continue to beat under ectopic atrial, A-V junctional, or idioventricular control. See also sinus standstill, atrial standstill.

arrhaphia arrhaphia

status dysraphicus

arrhenic arrhenic (a-ren´ik)

Relating to arsenic. [G. arrhenikon (var.), arsenic]

Arrhenius Arrhenius

Svante, Swedish chemist and Nobel laureate, 1859-1927. See A. doctrine, equation, law; A.-Madsen theory.

arrhenoblastoma arrhenoblastoma (a-re´no-blas-to´ma)

A rare ovarian tumor that produces masculinization and often contains tubules and luteinized cells.androblastoma (2) , gynandroblastoma (1) , ovarian tubular adenoma; [G. arrhen, male, + blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]

arrhinencephaly arrhinencephaly , arrhinencephalia , arhinencephaly (a-rin-en-sef´a-le, -se-fa´le-a)

Congenital absence or rudimentary state of the rhinencephalon, or olfactory lobe of the brain, on one or both sides, with a corresponding lack of development of the external olfactory organs. [G. a- priv. + rhis (rhin-), nose, + enkephalos, brain]

arrhinia arrhinia (a-rin´e-a)

arhinia [G. a- priv. + rhis (rhin-), nose]

arrhythmia arrhythmia (a-ridh´me-a)

Loss of rhythm; denoting especially an irregularity of the heartbeat. See also entries underrhythm Cf. dysrhythmia. [G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm]
cardiac a. See cardiac dysrhythmia.
continuous a. obsolete term for atrial fibrillation.
juvenile a. sinus a
nonphasic sinus a. sinus a. in which variations in rhythm are not related to the phases of respiration.
perpetual a. an obsolete term for atrial fibrillation.
phasic sinus a. sinus a. in which the irregularity is related to the phases of respiration, the rate being faster in inspiration and slower in expiration.
respiratory a. phasic sinus a. or any other rhythm fluctuation induced by respiratory fluctuation.
sinus a. rhythmic, repetitive irregularity of the heartbeat, the heart being under the control of its normal pacemaker, the sinoatrial node.juvenile a;

arrhythmic arrhythmic (a-ridh´mik, a-)

Marked by loss of rhythm; pertaining to arrhythmia.

arrhythmogenic arrhythmogenic (a-ridh-mo-jen´ik)

Capable of inducing cardiac arrhythmias. [G. a- priv. + rhythmos, rhythm, + -gen, production]

arrowroot arrowroot (ar´o-rut)

The rhizome of Maranta arundinacea, a plant of tropical America, which is the source of a form of starch formerly used as a dietary supplement.

Arruga Arruga

Count Hermenegildo, Spanish ophthalmologist, 1886-1972. See A.'s forceps.

arsacetin arsacetin (ar-sa-se´tin)

p-Acetamidobenzenearsonic acid;formerly used as an antisyphilitic agent.

arsenamide arsenamide (ar-sen´a-mId)

H₂NCO-C₆H₄-As(SCH₂COOH)₂; {[(p-Carbamoylphenyl)arsylene]dithio}diacetic acid;used in the treatment of filariasis.

arsenate arsenate (ar´se-nat)

A salt of arsenic acid.

arseniasis arseniasis (ar-sen-I´a-sis)

Chronic arsenical poisoning.arsenicalism;

arsenic (As) arsenic (As) (ar´se-nik)

A metallic element, atomic no. 33, atomic wt. 74.92159; forms a number of poisonous compounds, some of which are used in medicine.arsenium, ratsbane; [L. arsenicum, G. arsenikon, fr. Pers. zarnik]
a. trihydride arsine
a. trioxide As₂O₃;dissolves in water to give arsenous acid, H₃AsO₃; used in the treatment of skin diseases and malaria, and as a tonic; also used externally as a caustic.arsenous oxide, white a;
white a. a. trioxide

arsenic arsenic (ar-sen´ik)

Denoting the element arsenic or one of its compounds, especially arsenic acid.

arsenic acid arsenic acid

H₃AsO₄. 1 / 2H₂O;the hydrate of arsenic oxide or arsenic pentoxide which forms arsenates with certain bases.

arsenical arsenical (ar-sen´i-kal)

1. A drug or agent, the effect of which depends on its arsenic content. 2. Denoting or containing arsenic.

arsenicalism arsenicalism (ar-sen´i-kal-izm)

arseniasis

arsenic-fast arsenic-fast

Resistant to the poisonous action of arsenic; denoting especially spirochetes and other protozoan parasites, which acquire resistance after repeated administration of the drug.

arsenide arsenide (ar´se-nId)

A compound of arsenic with a metal or other positively charged atoms or groups in which the arsenic is not bound to any atoms of oxygen.arseniuret;

arsenious arsenious (ar-sen´e-us)

Arsenic (adj.).

arsenium arsenium (ar-se´ne-um)

arsenic

arseniuret arseniuret (ar-se´nyu-ret)

arsenide

arseniureted arseniureted (ar-se´nyu-ret-ed)

Combined with arsenic so as to form an arsenide.

arsenotherapy arsenotherapy (ar´sen-o-thar´a-pe)

Therapeutic treatment with arsenic.

arsenous arsenous (ar´-sen-us)

1. Denoting a compound of arsenic with a valence of +3. 2. Arsenic (adj.).

arsenous acid arsenous acid

See arsenic trioxide.

arsenous hydride arsenous hydride

arsine

arsenous oxide arsenous oxide

arsenic trioxide

arsenoxides arsenoxides (ar-se-nok´i-des)

Oxidation products in the body of arsphenamines; believed to be the agents active against spirochetes.

arsine arsine (ar´sen)

AsH₃;a cell and blood poison, many organic derivatives of which have been used in chemical warfare.arsenic trihydride, arseniureted hydrogen, arsenous hydride;

arsonic acid arsonic acid (ar-son´ik)

A derivative of arsenic acid by replacement of a hydroxyl group by an organic radical.

arsonium arsonium (ar-son´e-um)

The positively charged ion, AsH₄⁺; analogous to the ammonium ion, NH₄⁺.

arsphenamine arsphenamine (ars-fen´a-min)

3,3´-diamino-4,4´-dihydroxyarsenobenzene dihydrochloride;formerly used in the treatment of syphilis, yaws, and some other diseases of protozoan origin, after neutralization with NaOH. The synthesis of a. in 1907 and the demonstration of its usefulness as a therapeutic agent by Paul Ehrlich and co-workers (1909) marked the beginning of chemotherapy.phenarsenamine;

arsthinol arsthinol (ars´thI-nol)

Cyclic (hydroxymethyl)ethylene ester of 3-acetamido-4-hydroxydithiobenzenearsonous acid;an amebicide.

artefact artefact (ar´te-fakt)

artifact

arterenol arterenol (ar´ter-e-nol)

The hydrochloride salt of norepinephrine. See norepinephrine.

arteri- arteri-

See arterio-.

arteria (a) arteria (a) , gen and pl. arteriae (aa) (ar-ter´e-a, ar-ter´I-e) [NA]

artery See also branch. [L. from G. arteria, the windpipe, later an artery as distinct from a vein]
a. acetab´uli acetabular branch
a. alveola´ris infe´rior [NA] inferior alveolar artery
arteriae alveola´ris inferio´ris mylohyoid artery
arteriae alveola´res supe´riores ante´riores [NA] anterior superior alveolar arteries, under artery
a. alveola´ris supe´rior poste´rior [NA] posterior superior alveolar artery
a. anastomot´ica auricula´ris mag´na Kugel's anastomotic artery
a. anastomot´ica mag´na 1. inferior ulnar collateral artery 2. descending genicular artery
a. angula´ris [NA] angular artery
a. aorta aorta
a. appendicula´ris [NA] appendicular artery
a. arcua´ta [NA] arcuate artery
arte´riae arcua´tae renis [NA] arcuate arteries of kidney, under arteryarciform arteries;
a. articula´ris az´ygos middle genicular artery
a. ascen´dens 1. [NA] ascending artery 2. ascending branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
arteriae atria´les atrial arteries, under artery
a. auditi´va inter´na labyrinthine artery
a. auricula´ris poste´rior [NA] posterior auricular artery
a. auricula´ris profun´da [NA] deep auricular artery
a. axilla´ris [NA] axillary artery
a. basila´ris [NA] basilar artery
a. brachia´lis [NA] brachial artery
a. brachia´lis superficia´lis [NA] superficial brachial artery
a. bucca´lis [NA] buccal artery
a. bul´bi pe´nis [NA] artery of bulb of penis
a. bul´bi ure´thrae artery of bulb of penis
a. bulbi vaginae * official alternate term for artery of bulb of vestibule
a. bul´bi vestib´uli [NA] artery of bulb of vestibule
a. calcari´na calcarine branch of medial occipital artery
a. callo´somargina´lis [NA] callosomarginal artery
a. cana´lis pterygoid´ei [NA] artery of pterygoid canal
arte´riae carot´icotympan´icae arteriae carotidis internae [NA] caroticotympanic arteries, under artery
a. carot´is commu´nis [NA] common carotid artery
a. carot´is exter´na [NA] external carotid artery
a. carot´is inter´na [NA] internal carotid artery See pars.
a. cau´dae pancrea´tis [NA] artery of the pancreatic tail
a. ceca´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior cecal artery
a. ceca´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior cecal artery
a. celi´aca celiac trunk
arte´riae centra´les anterolatera´les [NA] lateral striate arteries, under artery
arte´riae centra´les anteromedia´les [NA] anteromedial central arteries, under artery
arte´riae centra´les posterolatera´les [NA] posterolateral central arteries, under artery
arte´riae centra´les posteromedia´les [NA] posteromedial central arteries, under artery
a. centra´lis brev´is [NA] short central artery
a. centra´lis long´a [NA] medial striate artery
a. centra´lis ret´inae [NA] central artery of retina
a. cerebel´li infe´rior ante´rior [NA] anterior inferior cerebellar artery
a. cerebel´li infe´rior poste´rior [NA] posterior inferior cerebellar artery
a. cerebel´li supe´rior [NA] superior cerebellar artery
a. cer´ebri ante´rior [NA] anterior cerebral artery
a. cer´ebri me´dia [NA] middle cerebral artery
a. cer´ebri poste´rior [NA] posterior cerebral artery
a. cervica´lis ascen´dens [NA] ascending cervical artery
a. cervica´lis profun´da [NA] deep cervical artery
a. cervica´lis superficia´lis superficial cervical artery See also superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery.
a. cervicovagina´lis cervicovaginal artery
a. choroi´dea ante´rior [NA] anterior choroidal artery
a. choroi´dea poste´rior posterior choroidal artery
a. cilia´ris ante´rior [NA] anterior ciliary artery
a. cilia´ris poste´rior bre´vis [NA] short posterior ciliary artery
a. cilia´ris poste´rior lon´ga [NA] long posterior ciliary artery
a. circumflex´a fem´oris latera´lis [NA] lateral circumflex femoral artery
a. circumflex´a fem´oris media´lis [NA] medial circumflex femoral artery
a. circumflex´a hu´meri ante´rior [NA] anterior circumflex humeral artery
a. circumflex´a hu´meri poste´rior [NA] posterior circumflex humeral artery
a. circumflex´a ili´aca profun´da [NA] deep circumflex iliac artery
a. circumflex´a ili´aca superficia´lis [NA] superficial circumflex iliac artery
a. circumflex´a scap´ulae [NA] circumflex scapular artery
a. col´ica dex´tra [NA] right colic artery
a. col´ica me´dia [NA] middle colic artery
a. col´ica sinis´tra [NA] left colic artery
a. collatera´lis me´dia [NA] middle collateral artery
a. collatera´lis radia´lis [NA] radial collateral artery
a. collatera´lis ulna´ris infe´rior [NA] inferior ulnar collateral artery
a. collatera´lis ulna´ris supe´rior [NA] superior ulnar collateral artery
a. co´mes ner´vi phren´ici pericardiacophrenic artery
a. com´itans ner´vi ischiad´ici [NA] artery to sciatic nerve
a. co´mitans ner´vi media´ni [NA] median artery
a. commu´nicans ante´rior [NA] anterior communicating artery
a. commu´nicans poste´rior [NA] posterior communicating artery
a. conjunctiva´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior conjunctival artery
a. conjunctiva´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior conjunctival artery
a. corona´ria dex´tra [NA] right coronary artery
a. corona´ria sinis´tra [NA] left coronary artery
a. cremaster´ica [NA] cremasteric artery
a. cys´tica [NA] cystic artery
a. deferentia´lis artery of ductus deferens
a. digita´lis dorsa´lis [NA] dorsal digital artery
a. digita´lis palma´ris commu´nis [NA] common palmar digital artery
a. digita´lis palma´ris pro´pria [NA] proper palmar digital artery
a. digita´lis planta´ris commu´nis [NA] common plantar digital artery
a. digita´lis planta´ris pro´pria [NA] proper plantar digital artery
a. dorsa´lis clitor´idis [NA] dorsal artery of clitoris
a. dorsa´lis na´si [NA] dorsal nasal artery
a. dorsa´lis pe´dis [NA] dorsalis pedis artery
a. dorsa´lis pe´nis [NA] dorsal artery of penis
a. dorsa´lis scap´ulae [NA] dorsal scapular artery
a. duc´tus deferen´tis [NA] artery of ductus deferens
a. epigas´trica infe´rior [NA] inferior epigastric artery
a. epigas´trica superficia´lis [NA] superficial epigastric artery
a. epigas´trica supe´rior [NA] superior epigastric artery
a. episclera´lis [NA] episcleral artery
a. ethmoida´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior ethmoidal artery
a. ethmoida´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior ethmoidal artery
a. facia´lis [NA] facial artery
a. femora´lis [NA] femoral artery
a. fibula´ris [NA] * official alternate term for peroneal artery
a. fronta´lis supratrochlear artery
a. frontobasa´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral frontobasal artery
a. frontobasa´lis media´lis [NA] medial frontobasal artery
a. gas´trica dex´tra [NA] right gastric artery
arte´riae gas´tricae bre´ves [NA] short gastric arteries, under artery
a. gas´trica sinis´tra [NA] left gastric artery
a. gastroduodena´lis [NA] * official alternate term for gastroduodenal artery
a. gastroepiplo´ica dex´tra * official alternate term for right gastroepiploic artery
a. gastroepiplo´ica sinis´tra * official alternate term for left gastroepiploic artery
a. gastro-omenta´lis dex´tra [NA] right gastroepiploic artery
a. gastro-omenta´lis sinis´tra [NA] left gastroepiploic artery
a. ge´nus descen´dens [NA] descending genicular artery
a. ge´nus infe´rior latera´lis [NA] inferior lateral genicular artery
a. ge´nus infe´rior media´lis [NA] inferior medial genicular artery
a. ge´nus me´dia [NA] middle genicular artery
a. ge´nus supe´rior latera´lis [NA] superior lateral genicular artery
a. ge´nus supe´rior media´lis [NA] superior medial genicular artery
a. glu´tea infe´rior [NA] inferior gluteal artery
a. glu´tea supe´rior [NA] superior gluteal artery
a. gy´ri angula´ris [NA] artery of angular gyrus
arteriae helici´nae penis [NA] helicine arteries of the penis, under artery
a. hepat´ica commu´nis [NA] common hepatic artery
a. hepat´ica pro´pria [NA] proper hepatic artery
a. hyaloi´dea [NA] hyaloid artery
a. hypogas´trica internal iliac artery
a. hypophysia´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior hypophysial artery
a. hypophysia´lis supe´rior [NA] superior hypophysial artery
arte´riae ilea´les [NA] ileal arteries, under artery
a. ileocol´ica [NA] ileocolic artery
a. ili´aca commu´nis [NA] common iliac artery
a. ili´aca exter´na [NA] external iliac artery
a. ili´aca inter´na [NA] internal iliac artery
a. iliolumba´lis [NA] iliolumbar artery
a. infraorbita´lis [NA] infraorbital artery
arte´riae insula´res [NA] insular arteries, under artery
arte´riae intercosta´les posterio´res I et II [NA] posterior intercostal arteries 1-2, under artery
arteriae intercosta´les poste´riores III-XI [NA] posterior intercostal arteries 3-11, under artery
a. intercosta´lis supre´ma [NA] superior intercostal artery
arte´riae interloba´res re´nis [NA] interlobar arteries of kidney, under artery
arteriae interlobula´res [NA] interlobular arteries, under artery
a. interlobula´res (hepatis) [NA] interlobular arteries of liver, under artery
a. interlobula´res (renis) [NA] interlobular arteries of kidney, under artery
a. intermesenter´ica ascending branch of the inferior mesenteric artery
a. interos´sea ante´rior [NA] anterior interosseous artery
a. interos´sea commu´nis [NA] common interosseous artery
a. interos´sea poste´rior [NA] posterior interosseous artery
a. interos´sea recur´rens [NA] recurrent interosseous artery
a. interos´sea vola´ris anterior interosseous artery
arte´riae intestina´les See ileal arteries, under artery, jejunal arteries, under artery.
a. ischiad´ica , a. ischiat´ica inferior gluteal artery
arteriae jejuna´les [NA] jejunal arteries, under artery
arte´riae labia´les anterio´res anterior labial arteries, under artery
a. labia´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior labial artery
a. labia´lis supe´rior [NA] superior labial artery
a. labyrin´thi [NA] labyrinthine artery
a. lacrima´lis [NA] lacrimal artery
a. laryn´gea infe´rior [NA] inferior laryngeal artery
a. laryn´gea supe´rior [NA] superior laryngeal artery
a. liena´lis * official alternate term for splenic artery
a. ligamen´ti tere´tis u´teri [NA] artery of round ligament of uterus
a. lingua´lis [NA] lingual artery
a. lo´bi cauda´ti [NA] artery of caudate lobe
a. lumba´lis [NA] lumbar artery
arteriae lumba´les i´mae [NA] lowest lumbar arteries, under artery
a. luso´ria an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the descending aorta; it passes posterior to the esophagus, often producing dysphagia.
arte´riae malleola´res posterio´res latera´les lateral malleolar arteries, under artery
arte´riae malleola´res posterio´res media´les medial malleolar arteries, under artery
a. malleola´ris ante´rior latera´lis [NA] anterior lateral malleolar artery
a. malleola´ris ante´rior media´lis [NA] anterior medial malleolar artery
a. mamma´ria inter´na internal thoracic artery
a. masseter´ica [NA] masseteric artery
a. maxilla´ris [NA] maxillary artery
a. maxilla´ris exter´na facial artery
a. media´na median artery
arte´riae mediastina´les ante´riores mediastinal branches, under branch
a. menin´gea ante´rior [NA] anterior meningeal artery
a. menin´gea me´dia [NA] middle meningeal artery
a. menin´gea poste´rior [NA] posterior meningeal artery
a. menta´lis [NA] mental artery
a. mesenter´ica infe´rior [NA] inferior mesenteric artery
a. mesenter´ica supe´rior [NA] superior mesenteric artery
a. metacar´pea dorsa´lis [NA] dorsal metacarpal artery
a. metacar´pea palma´ris [NA] palmar metacarpal artery
a. metatar´sae [NA] metatarsal artery
a. metatar´sea dorsa´lis [NA] dorsal metatarsal artery
a. metatar´sea planta´ris [NA] plantar metatarsal artery
a. musculophren´ica [NA] musculophrenic artery
arte´riae nasa´les posterio´res latera´les [NA] posterior lateral nasal arteries, under artery
a. nasa´lis poste´rior sep´ti [NA] posterior septal artery of nose
a. na´si exter´na [NA] * official alternate term for dorsal nasal artery
a. nervo´rum arteries to nerves.
a. nutri´cia [NA] nutrient artery
arte´riae nutri´ciae hu´meri [NA] nutrient arteries of humerus, under artery
a. nu´triens fib´ulae [NA] nutrient artery of fibula
a. nu´triens tibia´lis [NA] nutrient artery of the tibia
a. obturato´ria [NA] obturator artery
a. obturato´ria accesso´ria [NA] accessory obturator artery
a. occipita´lis [NA] occipital artery
arte´riae occipita´lis [NA] mastoid artery
a. occipita´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral occipital artery
a. occipita´lis media´lis [NA] medial occipital artery
a. ophthal´mica [NA] ophthalmic artery
a. ova´rica [NA] ovarian artery
a. palati´na ascen´dens [NA] ascending palatine artery
a. palati´na descen´dens [NA] descending palatine artery
a. palati´na ma´jor [NA] greater palatine artery
a. palati´na mi´nor [NA] lesser palatine artery
arte´riae palpebra´les [NA] palpebral arteries, under artery
a. pancreat´ica dorsa´lis [NA] dorsal pancreatic artery
a. pancreat´ica infe´rior [NA] inferior pancreatic artery
a. pancreat´ica mag´na [NA] great pancreatic artery
a. pancreat´icoduodena´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
a. pancreat´icoduodena´lis supe´rior [NA] superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
a. paracentra´lis [NA] paracentral artery
arte´riae parieta´les [NA] parietal arteries, under artery
a. parieta´les anterior anterior parietal artery
a. parieta´les posterior [NA] posterior parietal artery
a. pari´eto-occipita´lis [NA] parieto-occipital artery
arte´riae perforan´tes [NA] perforating arteries, under artery
a. pericallo´sa * official alternate term for pericallosal artery
a. pericardiacophren´ica [NA] pericardiacophrenic artery
a. perinea´lis [NA] perineal artery
a. peron´ea [NA] peroneal artery
a. pharyn´gea ascen´dens [NA] ascending pharyngeal artery
a. phren´ica infe´rior [NA] inferior phrenic artery
a. phren´ica supe´rior [NA] superior phrenic artery
a. planta´ris latera´lis [NA] lateral plantar artery
a. planta´ris media´lis [NA] medial plantar artery
arte´riae pon´tis [NA] pontine arteries, under artery
a. poplit´ea [NA] popliteal artery
a. precunea´lis [NA] precuneal artery
a. prin´ceps pol´licis [NA] princeps pollicis artery
a. profun´da bra´chii [NA] profunda brachii artery
a. profun´da clitor´idis [NA] deep artery of clitoris
a. profun´da fem´oris [NA] profunda femoris artery
a. profun´da lin´guae [NA] deep lingual artery
a. profun´da pe´nis [NA] deep artery of penis
arte´riae puden´dae exter´nae [NA] external pudendal arteries, under artery
a. puden´da inter´na [NA] internal pudendal artery
a. pulmona´lis pulmonary trunk
a. pulmona´lis dex´tra [NA] right pulmonary artery
a. pulmona´lis sinis´tra [NA] left pulmonary artery
a. radia´lis [NA] radial artery
a. radia´lis in´dicis [NA] radialis indicis artery
a. radicula´ris mag´na largest of the medullary arteries which supply the spinal cord by anastomosing with the anterior (longitudinal) spinal artery; it arises from a lower intercostal or upper lumbar artery (on the left side about 65% of the time) supplying most of the blood to the lower two-thirds of the anterior spinal artery. See medullary arteries of brain, under artery.artery of Adamkiewicz, great anastomotic artery (3) , great radicular artery;
a. rani´na deep lingual artery
a. recta´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior rectal artery
a. recta´lis me´dia [NA] middle rectal artery
a. recta´lis supe´rior [NA] superior rectal artery
a. recur´rens [NA] medial striate artery
a. recur´rens radia´lis [NA] radial recurrent artery
a. recur´rens tibia´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior tibial recurrent artery
a. recur´rens tibia´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior tibial recurrent artery
a. recur´rens ulna´ris [NA] recurrent ulnar artery
a. rena´lis [NA] renal artery
arte´riae re´nis [NA] segmental arteries of kidney, under artery
a. ret´inae centra´lis central artery of retina
a. retroduodena´lis [NA] retroduodenal artery
a. sacra´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral sacral artery
a. sacra´lis media´na [NA] median sacral artery
a. scapula´ris descen´dens dorsal scapular artery
a. scapula´ris dorsa´lis [NA] * official alternate term for dorsal scapular artery
a. segmen´ti anterio´ris inferio´ris re´nis [NA] anterior inferior segmental artery of kidney See also segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmen´ti anterio´ris superio´ris re´nis [NA] anterior superior segmental artery of kidney See also segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmen´ti inferio´ris re´nis [NA] inferior segmental artery of kidney See also segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmen´ti posterio´ris re´nis [NA] posterior segmental artery of kidney See also segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
a. segmen´ti superio´ris re´nis [NA] superior segmental artery of kidney See also segmental arteries of kidney, under artery.
arte´riae sigmoi´deae [NA] sigmoid arteries, under artery
a. spermat´ica inter´na testicular artery
a. sphe´nopalati´na [NA] sphenopalatine artery
a. spina´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior spinal artery
a. spina´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior spinal artery
a. sple´nica [NA] splenic artery
a. stylomastoi´dea [NA] stylomastoid artery
a. subcla´via [NA] subclavian artery
a. subcosta´lis [NA] subcostal artery
a. sublingua´lis [NA] sublingual artery
a. submenta´lis [NA] submental artery
a. subscapula´ris [NA] subscapular artery
a. sul´ci centra´lis [NA] central sulcal artery
a. sul´ci postcentra´lis [NA] postcentral sulcal artery
a. sul´ci precentra´lis [NA] precentral sulcal artery
a. supraduodena´lis [NA] supraduodenal artery
a. supraorbita´lis [NA] supraorbital artery
arteriae suprarena´les supe´riores [NA] superior suprarenal arteries, under artery
a. suprarena´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior suprarenal artery
a. suprarena´lis me´dia [NA] middle suprarenal artery
a. suprascapula´ris [NA] suprascapular artery
a. supratrochlea´ris [NA] supratrochlear artery
a. sura´lis [NA] sural artery
a. tar´sea latera´lis [NA] lateral tarsal artery
a. tar´sea media´lis [NA] medial tarsal artery
a. tempora´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior temporal artery
a. tempora´lis interme´dia [NA] intermediate temporal artery
a. tempora´lis media [NA] middle temporal artery
a. tempora´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior temporal artery
a. tempora´lis profun´da [NA] deep temporal artery
a. tempora´lis superficia´lis [NA] superficial temporal artery
a. testicula´ris [NA] testicular artery
arte´riae thalamostria´tae anterolatera´les * official alternate term for lateral striate arteries, under artery
arte´riae thalamostria´tae anteromedia´les [NA] * official alternate term for anteromedial central arteries, under artery
a. thora´cica inter´na [NA] internal thoracic artery
a. thora´cica latera´lis [NA] lateral thoracic artery
a. thora´cica supe´rior [NA] superior thoracic artery
a. thoracoacromia´lis [NA] thoracoacromial artery
a. thoracodorsa´lis [NA] thoracodorsal artery
arte´riae thy´micae mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
a. thyroi´dea i´ma [NA] thyroid ima artery
a. thyroi´dea infe´rior [NA] inferior thyroid artery
a. thyroi´dea supe´rior [NA] superior thyroid artery
a. tibia´lis ante´rior [NA] anterior tibial artery
a. tibia´lis poste´rior [NA] posterior tibial artery
a. transver´sa cer´vicis [NA] transverse cervical artery
a. transver´sa col´li [NA] * official alternate term for transverse cervical artery
a. transver´sa facie´i [NA] transverse facial artery
a. tympan´ica ante´rior [NA] anterior tympanic artery
a. tympan´ica infe´rior [NA] inferior tympanic artery
a. tympan´ica poste´rior [NA] posterior tympanic artery
a. tympan´ica supe´rior [NA] superior tympanic artery
a. ulna´ris [NA] ulnar artery
a. umbilica´lis [NA] umbilical artery
a. urethra´lis [NA] urethral artery
a. uteri´na [NA] uterine artery
a. vagina´lis [NA] vaginal artery
arte´riae ventricula´res [NA] ventricular arteries, under artery
a. vertebra´lis [NA] vertebral artery
a. vesica´lis infe´rior [NA] inferior vesical artery
a. vesica´lis supe´rior [NA] superior vesical artery
a. vitelli´na vitelline artery
a. vola´ris ind´icis radia´lis radialis indicis artery
a. zygomat´ico-orbita´lis [NA] zygomatico-orbital artery

arterial arterial (ar-te´re-al)

Relating to one or more arteries or to the entire system of arteries.

arterialization arterialization (ar-te´re-al-I-za´shun)

1. Making or becoming arterial. 2. Aeration or oxygenation of the blood whereby it is changed in character from venous to arterial. 3. vascularization 4. Conversion of a venous structure to function as an artery.

arteriarctia arteriarctia (ar-ter-e-ark´she-a)

Obsolete term for vasoconstriction of the arteries. [L. arteria, artery, + arcto, to constrict]

arteriectasis arteriectasis , arteriectasia (ar-ter-e-ek´ta-sis, -ek-ta´ze-a)

Obsolete term for vasodilation of the arteries. [L. arteria, artery, + G. ektasis, distention]

arteriectomy arteriectomy (ar-ter-e-ek´to-me)

Excision of part of an artery. [L. arteria, artery, + G. ektome, excision]

arterio- arterio- , arteri-

Artery. [L. arteria, fr. G. arteria, a windpipe, an artery]

arterioatony arterioatony (ar-ter´e-o-at´o-ne)

An abnormally relaxed state of the arterial walls. [arterio- + G. atonia, atony]

arteriocapillary arteriocapillary (ar-ter´e-o-cap´i-lar-e)

Relating to both arteries and capillaries.

arteriogram arteriogram (ar-ter´e-o-gram)

Radiographic demonstration of an artery after injection of contrast medium into it. [arterio- + G. gramma, something written]

arteriographic arteriographic (ar-ter´e-o-graf´ik)

Relating to or utilizing arteriography.

arteriography arteriography (ar-ter-e-og´ra-fe)

Visualization of an artery or arteries by x-ray imaging after injection of a radiopaque contrast medium. [arterio- + G. grapho, to write]
bronchial a. radiography of bronchial arteries by selective injection of the intercostal arteries from which they arise.
cerebral a. cerebral angiography

arteriola arteriola , pl. arteriolae (ar-ter-e-o´la, -o´le) [NA]

arteriole [Mod. L. dim. of arteria, artery]
a. glomerula´ris af´ferens [NA] afferent glomerular arteriole
a. glomerula´ris ef´ferens [NA] efferent glomerular arteriole
a. macula´ris infe´rior [NA] inferior macular arteriole
a. macula´ris supe´rior [NA] superior macular arteriole
a. media´lis ret´inae [NA] medial arteriole of retina
a. nasa´lis ret´inae infe´rior [NA] inferior nasal arteriole of retina
a. nasa´lis ret´inae supe´rior [NA] superior nasal arteriole of retina
arterio´lae rec´tae [NA] vasa recta, under vas
a. tempora´lis ret´inae infe´rior [NA] inferior temporal arteriole of retina
a. tempora´lis ret´inae supe´rior [NA] superior temporal arteriole of retina

arteriolar arteriolar (ar-ter-e-o´lar)

Of or pertaining to an arteriole or the arterioles collectively.

arteriole arteriole (ar-ter´e-ol)

A minute artery with a tunica media comprising only one or two layers of smooth muscle cells; a terminal artery continuous with the capillary network.arteriola [NA];
afferent glomerular a. a branch of an interlobular artery of the kidney that conveys blood to the glomerulus.arteriola glomerularis afferens [NA] , vas afferens [NA] , afferent vessel (2);
capillary a. a minute artery that terminates in a capillary.
efferent glomerular a. the vessel that carries blood from the glomerular capillary network to the capillary bed of the proximal convoluted tubule; collectively, these vessels constitute the renal portal system.arteriola glomerularis efferens [NA] , vas efferens (2) [NA] , efferent vessel;
inferior macular a. origin, central artery of retina; distribution, inferior part of macula.arteriola macularis inferior [NA];
inferior nasal a. of retina the branch of the central artery of the retina that supplies the lower medial, or nasal, part of the retina.arteriola nasalis retinae inferior [NA];
inferior temporal a. of retina the branch of the central artery of the retina that passes laterally below the macula to supply the lower lateral or temporal part of the retina.arteriola temporalis retinae inferior [NA];
medial a. of retina an arteriole supplying the part of the retina between the optic disk and the macula.arteriola medialis retinae [NA];
superior macular a. origin, central artery of retina; distribution, upper part of macula.arteriola macularis superior [NA];
superior nasal a. of retina the branch of the central artery of the retina that passes to the upper medial, or nasal, part of the retina.arteriola nasalis retinae superior [NA];
superior temporal a. of retina the branch of the central artery of the retina that passes laterally above the macula to supply the upper lateral or temporal part of the retina.arteriola temporalis retinae superior [NA];

arteriolith arteriolith (ar-ter´e-o-lith)

A calcareous deposit in an arterial wall or thrombus. [L. arteria, artery, + G. lithos, a stone]

arteriolitis arteriolitis (ar-ter´e-o-lI´tis)

Inflammation of the wall of the arterioles. [L. arteriola, arteriole, + G. -itis, inflammation]
necrotizing a. necrosis in the media of arterioles, characteristic of malignant hypertension.arteriolonecrosis;

arteriolo- arteriolo-

The arterioles. [Modern L. arteriola, arteriole]

arteriology arteriology (ar-ter´e-ol´o-je)

The anatomy of the arteries: usually associated with the study of the other vessels under the name angiology. [L. arteria, artery, + G. logos, study]

arteriolonecrosis arteriolonecrosis (ar-ter-e-o´lo-ne-kro´sis)

necrotizing arteriolitis [L. arteriola, arteriole, + G. nekrosis, a killing]

arteriolonephrosclerosis arteriolonephrosclerosis (ar-ter-e-o´lo-nef´ro-skler-o´sis)

arteriolar nephrosclerosis

arteriolosclerosis arteriolosclerosis (ar-ter-e-o´lo-skler-o´sis)

Arteriosclerosis affecting mainly the arterioles, seen especially in chronic hypertension.arteriolar sclerosis;

arteriolovenous arteriolovenous (ar-ter-e-o´lo-ve´nus)

Involving both the arterioles and veins.arteriolovenular;

arteriolovenular arteriolovenular (ar-ter-e-o´lo-ve´nyu-lar)

arteriolovenous

arteriomalacia arteriomalacia (ar-ter´e-o-ma-la´she-a)

Softening of the arteries. [arterio- + G. malakia, softness]

arteriometer arteriometer (ar-ter-e-om´e-ter)

An instrument for measuring the diameter of an artery, or its change in size during pulsation. [arterio- + G. metron, measure]

arteriomotor arteriomotor (ar-ter´e-o-mo´ter)

Causing changes in the caliber of an artery; vasomotor with special reference to the arteries.

arteriomyomatosis arteriomyomatosis (ar-ter´e-o-mI´o-ma-to´sis)

Thickening of the walls of an artery by an overgrowth of muscular fibers arranged irregularly, intersecting each other without any definite relation to the axis of the vessel. [arterio- + G. mys, muscle, + -oma, tumor, + -osis, condition]

arterionephrosclerosis arterionephrosclerosis (ar-ter´e-o-nef´ro-skler-o´sis)

arterial nephrosclerosis

arteriopalmus arteriopalmus (ar-ter´e-o-pal´mus)

Subjective sensation of throbbing of an artery. [arterio- + G. palmos, throbbing]

arteriopathy arteriopathy (ar-ter-e-op´a-the)

Any disease of the arteries. [arterio- + G. pathos, suffering]
hypertensive a. arterial degeneration resulting from hypertension.
plexogenic pulmonary a. Ayerza's syndrome

arterioplania arterioplania (ar-ter´e-o-pla´ne-a)

Presence of an anomaly in the course of an artery. [arterio- + G. plane, a straying]

arterioplasty arterioplasty (ar-ter´e-o-plas-te)

Any operation for the reconstruction of the wall of an artery. [arterio- + G. plastos, formed]

arteriopressor arteriopressor (ar-ter´e-o-pres´ser)

Causing increased arterial blood pressure.

arteriorrhaphy arteriorrhaphy (ar-ter-e-or´a-fe)

Suture of an artery. [arterio- + G. rhaphe, seam]

arteriorrhexis arteriorrhexis (ar-ter´e-o-rek´sis)

Rupture of an artery. [arterio- + G. rhexis, rupture]

arteriosclerosis arteriosclerosis (ar-ter´e-o-skler-o´sis)

Hardening of the arteries; types generally recognized are: atherosclerosis, Mönckeberg's a., and arteriolosclerosis.arterial sclerosis, vascular sclerosis; [arterio- + G. sklerosis, hardness]
coronary a. degenerative and metabolic changes of the walls of the coronary arteries usually beginning with atheroma of the intima and preceding to involve the media; also, calcified lesions known as Monckeberg's a.
hyperplastic a. hyperplasia of the intima and internal elastic layer and hypertrophy of the media independent of atheromatous lesions.
hypertensive a. progressive increase in muscle and elastic tissue of arterial walls, resulting from hypertension; in longstanding hypertension, elastic tissue forms numerous concentric layers in the intima and there is replacement of muscle by collagen fibers and hyaline thickening of the intima of arterioles; such changes can develop with increasing age in the absence of hypertension and may then be referred to as senile a.
medial a. Mönckeberg's a
Mönckeberg's a. arterial sclerosis involving the peripheral arteries, especially of the legs of older people, with deposition of calcium in the medial coat (pipestem arteries) but with little or no encroachment on the lumen.medial a., Mönckeberg's calcification, Mönckeberg's degeneration, Mönckeberg's medial calcification, Mönckeberg's sclerosis;
nodular a. atheromas occurring in the arterial intima as discrete tumors.
a. oblit´erans a. producing narrowing and occlusion of the arterial lumen.
peripheral a. a. in any of the vessels beyond the aorta; most often refers to the lower extremities.
senile a. a. similar to hypertensive a., but as a result of advanced age rather than hypertension.

arteriosclerotic arteriosclerotic (ar-ter´e-o-skler-ot´ik)

Relating to or affected by arteriosclerosis.

arteriospasm arteriospasm (ar-ter´e-o-spazm)

Spasm of an artery or arteries.

arteriostenosis arteriostenosis (ar-ter´e-o-ste-no´sis)

Narrowing of the caliber of an artery, either temporary, through vasoconstriction, or permanent, through arteriosclerosis. [arterio- + G. stenosis, a narrowing]

arteriotomy arteriotomy (ar-ter-e-ot´o-me)

Any surgical incision into the lumen of an artery, e.g., to remove an embolus. [arterio- + G. tome, incision]

arteriotony arteriotony (ar-ter-e-ot´o-ne)

blood pressure [arterio- + G. tonos, tension]

arteriovenous (A-V) arteriovenous (A-V) (ar-ter´e-o-ve´nus)

Relating to both an artery and a vein or to both arteries and veins in general; both arterial and venous, as an "arteriovenous (A-V) anastomosis."

arteritis arteritis (ar-ter-I´tis)

Inflammation involving an artery or arteries. [L. arteria, artery, + G. -itis, inflammation]
brachiocephalic a. giant-cell a. seen in older adults; characterized by inflammatory lesions in medium sized arteries, most commonly in the head, neck and/or shoulder girdle area; lesions include fragmented elastin, macrophages, and giant cells. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually markedly elevated. Visual loss can occur.
coronary a. inflammation of any or all of the layers of coronary artery walls.
cranial a. temporal a
equine viral a. a highly contagious viral disease caused by equine arteritis virus, member of the family Togaviridae, and characterized by a high fever and respiratory and digestive tract signs; the essential lesions involve smaller arteries, with necrosis which may be followed by thrombosis, infarction, hemorrhages, and edema; abortion is a common result.epizootic cellulitis, equine typhoid;
extracranial a. temporal a
giant cell a. temporal a
granulomatous a. temporal a
Heubner's a. inflammation of arteries within the circle of Willis secondary to chronic basal meningitis from tubercle bacillus or particular fungi such as Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, or Coccidiodes.
Horton's a. temporal a
intracranial granulomatous a. a small vessel, giant cell a. that affects only intracranial blood vessels, of unknown etiology, and with diverse clinical manifestations, including those seen with an involving cerebral tumor, and with a low grade meningitis, leading to infarction of one portion of the cerebrum or cerebellum.
neurocranial granulomatous a. a small vessel giant cell a. which affects only intracranial blood vessels, of unknown etiology, and with diverse clinical manifestations, including those seen with an involving cerebral tumor, and with a lower grade meningitis, leading to infarction of one portion of the cerebrum or cerebellum.
a. nodo´sa polyarteritis nodosa
a. oblit´erans , obliterating a. endarteritis obliterans
rheumatic a. a. due to rheumatic fever; Aschoff bodies are frequently found in the adventitia of small arteries, especially in the myocardium, and may lead to fibrosis and constriction of the lumens.
rheumatoid a. coronary a. associated with rheumatoid arthritis; aortitis with aortic valve incompetence accompanying ankylosing spondylitis may be related.
Takayasu's a. a progressive obliterative arteritis of unknown origin involving chronic inflammation of the aortic arch with fibrosis and marked luminal narrowing that affects the aorta and its branches, often with complete or near complete occlusion of segments of the aorta; most common in females. See also aortic arch syndrome.pulseless disease, Takayasu's disease, Takayasu's syndrome;
temporal a. a subacute, granulomatous a. involving the external carotid arteries, especially the temporal artery; occurs in elderly persons and may be manifested by constitutional symptoms, particularly severe headache, and sometimes sudden unilateral blindness. Shares many of the symptoms of polymyalgia rheumatica.cranial a., extracranial a., giant cell a., granulomatous a., Horton's a;

Arterivirus Arterivirus (ar-ter´e-vI´rus)

A genus in the family Togaviridae which is associated with equine arteritis virus.

artery (a) artery (a) (ar´ter-e)

A relatively thick-walled, muscular, pulsating blood vessel conveying blood in a direction away from the heart. With the exception of the pulmonary and umbilical arteries, the arteries convey red or aerated blood. At the major arteries, the arterial branches are listed separately following the designation branches.arteria [NA]; [L. arteria, fr. G. arteria]
Abbott's a. an anomalous a. arising from the posteromedial proximal descending aorta, important during coarctation repair.
aberrant a. a. having an unusual origin or course.
aberrant obturator a. See pubic branch of inferior epigastric artery.
accessory obturator a. term applied to the anastomosis of pubic branch of the inferior epigastric a. with the pubic branch of the obturator a. when it contributes a significant supply through the obturator canal.arteria obturatoria accessoria [NA] , ramus obturatorius arteriae epigastricae inferioris [NA];
acetabular a. acetabular branch
acromial a. acromial branch of thoracoacromial artery
acromiothoracic a. thoracoacromial a
a. of Adamkiewicz arteria radicularis magna
alar a. of nose a branch of the angular a. that supplies the ala of the nose.
angular a. 1. the terminal branch of the facial artery; distribution, muscles and skin of side of nose; anastomoses, lateral nasal, and dorsal artery of nose and palpebrals from the ophthalmic a., thereby providing an external-internal carotid arterial anastomosis; 2. a. of angular gyrusarteria angularis [NA];
a. of angular gyrus the last branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to parts of the temporal parietal and occipital lobes.arteria gyri angularis [NA] , angular a. (2);
anterior cecal a. origin, ileocolic artery; distribution, anterior region of cecum.arteria cecalis anterior [NA];
anterior cerebral a. one of the two terminal branches (with middle cerebral a.) of the internal carotid; it passes anterior, loops around the genu of the corpus callosum then posteriorly in the interhemispheric fissure along with its fellow of the opposite side, the two being joined by the anterior communicating artery; for descriptive purposes it is divided into two parts: the precommunical part (A₂ segment of clinical terminology), supplying branches to the thalamus and corpus striatum, and the postcommunical part, (A₂) or pericallosal a., supplying branches to the cortex of the medial parts of the frontal and parietal lobes.arteria cerebri anterior [NA];
anterior choroidal a. origin, internal carotid or (rarely) middle cerebral artery; distribution, optic tract, crus cerebri, uncus, hippocampus, globus pallidus, posterior part of internal capsule, geniculate bodies of the thalamus, and choroid plexus in the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.arteria choroidea anterior [NA];
anterior ciliary a. one of several arteries derived from muscular branches of the ophthalmic which perforate the anterior part of the sclera and anastomose with posterior ciliary arteries.arteria ciliaris anterior [NA];
anterior circumflex humeral a. origin, axillary; distribution, shoulder joint and biceps muscle; anastomoses, posterior circumflex humeral a.arteria circumflexa humeri anterior [NA] , anterior humeral circumflex a;
anterior communicating a. a short vessel joining the two anterior cerebral arteries and completing the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) anteriorly.arteria communicans anterior [NA];
anterior conjunctival a. one of a number of small branches of the anterior ciliary arteries that supplies the conjunctiva.arteria conjunctivalis anterior [NA] , conjunctival a.'s;
anterior descending a. anterior interventricular a
anterior ethmoidal a. origin, ophthalmic; distribution, cerebral membranes in anterior cranial fossa, anterior ethmoidal cells, frontal sinus, anterior upper part of nasal mucous membrane, skin of dorsum of nose.arteria ethmoidalis anterior [NA];
anterior humeral circumflex a. anterior circumflex humeral a
anterior inferior cerebellar a. origin, basilar; distribution, lower surface of lateral lobes of cerebellum, choroid plexus in cerebellopontine angle; anastomoses, posterior inferior cerebellar; usual source of labyrinthine artery.arteria cerebelli inferior anterior [NA];
anterior inferior segmental a. of kidney origin, anterior branch of renal. See also segmental a.'s of kidney.arteria segmenti anterioris inferioris renis [NA] , a. of anterior inferior segment of kidney;
a. of anterior inferior segment of kidney anterior inferior segmental a. of kidney
anterior intercostal a.'s one of the a.'s supplying the anterior portions of the intercostal spaces of the thoracic wall. Anterior intercostal a.'s 1-6 arise as branches of the internal thoracic a.; 7-11 arise as branches of the musculophrenic a.rami intercostales anteriores [NA] , rami intercostalis anteriores arteria thoracica interna;
anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery See anterior intercostal a.'s.
anterior interosseous a. origin, common interosseous; distribution, deep parts of the forearm anteriorly; anastomoses, posterior interosseous.arteria interossea anterior [NA] , arteria interossea volaris, volar interosseous a;
anterior interventricular a. anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery. Terminal branch (with circumflex coronary a.) of left coronary a.; descends in anterior interventricular groove to apex, anastomosing with posterior interventricular a. Supplies most of sternal aspect of ventricles and anterior two-thirds of interventricular septum, including atrioventricular bundle of conducting tissue.ramus interventricularis anterior arteriae coronariae sinistrae [NA] , anterior descending a;
anterior labial a.'s the anterior labial branches, branches of the external pudendal artery to the labium majus.rami labiales anteriores arteriae pudendae externae [NA] , arteriae labiales anteriores;
anterior lateral malleolar a. origin, anterior tibial; distribution, ankle joint; anastomoses, peroneal, lateral tarsal.arteria malleolaris anterior lateralis [NA];
anterior medial malleolar a. origin, anterior tibial; distribution, ankle joint and neighboring integument; anastomoses, branches of posterior tibial.arteria malleolaris anterior medialis [NA];
anterior mediastinal a.'s mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
anterior meningeal a. origin, anterior ethmoidal; distribution, meninges in anterior cranial fossa; anastomoses, branches of middle meningeal and meningeal branches of internal carotid and lacrimal.arteria meningea anterior [NA];
anterior parietal a. the branch distributed to the anterior part of the parietal lobe.arteria parietales anterior;
anterior peroneal a. See perforating branches, under branch.
anterior spinal a. origin, intracranial part of vertebral; distribution, spinal cord and pia mater; anastomoses, spinal of intercostal and lumbar arteries.arteria spinalis anterior [NA];
anterior superior alveolar a.'s origin, infraorbital artery within intraorbital canal; distribution, via anterior alveolar canals to upper incisors and canine teeth, mucus membrane of maxillary sinus.arteriae alveolares superiores anteriores [NA] , anterior superior dental a.'s;
anterior superior dental a.'s anterior superior alveolar a.'s
anterior superior segmental a. of kidney origin, anterior branch of renal. See also segmental a.'s of kidney.arteria segmenti anterioris superioris renis [NA] , a. of anterior superior segment of kidney;
a. of anterior superior segment of kidney anterior superior segmental a. of kidney
anterior temporal a. a branch of the insular part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex of the anterior part of the temporal lobe.arteria temporalis anterior [NA];
anterior tibial a. origin, popliteal; branches, posterior and anterior tibial recurrent, lateral and medial anterior malleolar, dorsalis pedis, lateral tarsal, medial tarsal, arcuate, dorsal metatarsal, and dorsal digital.arteria tibialis anterior [NA];
anterior tibial recurrent a. a branch of the anterior tibial artery which ascends to supply the front and sides of the knee joint, thus contributing to the articular network of the knee.arteria recurrens tibialis anterior [NA];
anterior tympanic a. origin, maxillary; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, tympanic branches of internal carotid and ascending pharyngeal and stylomastoid.arteria tympanica anterior [NA] , glaserian a;
anterolateral central a.'s lateral striate a.'s
anterolateral striate a.'s lateral striate a.'s
anterolateral thalamostriate a.'s lateral striate a.'s
anteromedial central a.'s several small branches of the precommunical part of the anterior cerebral artery; they are distributed to the anteromedial part of the corpus striatum part of the thalamus.arteriae centrales anteromediales [NA] , arteriae thalamostriatae anteromediales [NA] , anteromedial thalamostriate a.'s;
anteromedial thalamostriate a.'s anteromedial central a.'s
apicoposterior a. a pulmonary a. branch to the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe.
appendicular a. the branch of the ileocolic artery that descends posterior to the terminal ileum in the mesoappendix to supply the vermiform appendix.arteria appendicularis [NA];
arciform a.'s arteriae arcuatae renis, under arteria
arcuate a. origin, dorsalis pedis; branches, passes laterally dorsal to the bases of the metatarsals, giving rise to the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th dorsal metatarsal a.'s at the level of the medial cuneiform bone.arteria arcuata [NA];
arcuate a.'s of kidney curved a.'s at the corticomedullary border, arising from interlobar a.'s and giving rise to interlobular a.'s.arteriae arcuatae renis [NA];
ascending a. the branch of the inferior branch of the ileocolic artery that passes superiorly up the ascending colon to communicate with a branch of the right colic artery and supplying the ascending colon.arteria ascendens (1);
ascending cervical a. origin, usually a terminal branch of the thyrocervical trunk (along with interior thyroid a.); distribution, muscles of neck and spinal cord; anastomoses, branches of vertebral, occipital, ascending pharyngeal, and deep cervical.arteria cervicalis ascendens [NA] , cervicalis ascendens (2);
ascending palatine a. origin, facial; distribution, lateral walls of pharynx, tonsils, auditory tubes, and soft palate; anastomoses, tonsillar branch of facial, dorsal lingual, and descending palatine.arteria palatina ascendens [NA];
ascending pharyngeal a. origin, external carotid; distribution, wall of pharynx and soft palate, posterior cranial fossa.arteria pharyngea ascendens [NA];
atrial a.'s branches of the right and left coronary arteries distributed to the muscle of the atria.arteriae atriales;
a. to atrioventricular node the atrioventricular branches or the nodal branches, the small arteries supplying the atrioventricular node; they usually arise from the right coronary artery where it starts to descend the posterior interventricular sulcus.ramus nodi atrioventricularis [NA] , atrioventricular nodal branch, branch to atrioventricular node;
axillary a. the continuation of the subclavian a. after crossing the first rib to enter the axilla; becomes the brachial a. upon passing the inferior border of the teres major muscle. It is accompanied by the cords of the brachial plexus, and is enclosed with them and the axillary vein in the axillary sheath as it traverses the axilla. The parts of the axillary a. are described: proximal, posterior and distal to the pectoralis minor muscle. Branches: 1st part-superior thoracic a.; 2nd part-thoracoacromial arterial trunk, lateral thoracic a.; 3rd part-subscapular a., anterior and posterior humeral circumflex a.'s.arteria axillaris [NA];
azygos a. of vagina one of two a.'s that run longitudinally in the midline on the anterior and posterior aspects of the vagina; they take origin from the uterine a.
basilar a. formed by union of the intracranial portions of the two vertebral arteries; runs along the clivus in the pontine cistern of subarachnoid space from the lower to the upper border of the pons, where it bifurcates into the two posterior cerebral arteries; branches, anterior, inferior, cerebellar, labyrinthine, pontine, mesencephalic, and superior cerebellar.arteria basilaris [NA];
brachial a. origin, is a continuation of the axillary beginning at the inferior border of the teres major muscle; branches, deep brachial, superior ulnar collateral, inferior ulnar collateral, muscular, and nutrient; terminates in the cubital fossa (elbow level) by bifurcating into radial and ulnar a.'s.arteria brachialis [NA] , humeral a;
bronchial a.'s the bronchial branches or arteries, vessels or nerves distributed to the bronchi; the following have branches so named: 1) thoracic aorta; 2) internal thoracic artery; 3) vagus nerves.rami bronchiales [NA];
buccal a. , buccinator a. origin, maxillary; distribution, buccinator muscle, skin, and mucous membrane of cheek; anastomoses, buccal branch of facial.arteria buccalis [NA];
a. of bulb of penis a branch of the internal pudendal artery which supplies the bulb of the penis including the bulbar urethra.arteria bulbi penis [NA] , arteria bulbi urethrae;
a. of bulb of vestibule the branch of the internal pudendal artery in the female that supplies the bulb of the vestibule.arteria bulbi vestibuli [NA] , arteria bulbi vaginae;
calcaneal a.'s the calcaneal branches or arteries, branches to the structures in the calcaneal region from 1) the posterior tibial artery and 2) the peroneal artery.rami calcanei [NA];
calcarine a. calcarine branch of medial occipital artery
a. of calf sural a
callosomarginal a. the second branch of the pericallosal artery running in the cingulate sulcus and sending branches to supply part of the medial and superolateral surfaces of the cerebral hemisphere.arteria callosomarginalis [NA];
caroticotympanic a.'s small branches from the petrous part of the internal carotid artery supplying the tympanic cavity; anastomose with the anterior tympanic and maxillary arteries.arteriae caroticotympanicae arteriae carotidis internae [NA] , rami caroticotympanici;
carotid a.'s See common carotid a., external carotid a., internal carotid a.
carpal a. a.'s related to and supplying the wrist joint. See dorsal carpal branch of radial artery, dorsal carpal branch of ulnar artery, palmar carpal branch of radial artery, palmar carpal branch of ulnar artery.
caudal pancreatic a. a. of the pancreatic tail
a. of caudate lobe origin, left branch of proper hepatic; distribution, caudate lobe of the liver.arteria lobi caudati [NA];
cavernous a.'s cavernous sinus branch of internal carotid artery
cecal a.'s See anterior cecal a., posterior cecal a.
celiac a. celiac trunk
central a. central sulcal a
central a. of retina a branch of the ophthalmic artery which penetrates the optic nerve 1 cm behind the eye to enter the eye at the optic papilla in the retina; it divides into superior and inferior temporal and nasal branches.arteria centralis retinae [NA] , arteria retinae centralis, Zinn's a;
central sulcal a. a branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex on either side of the central sulcus.arteria sulci centralis [NA] , a. of central sulcus, central a., Rolandic a;
a. of central sulcus central sulcal a
cerebellar a.'s an artery related to and supplying the cerebellum. See anterior inferior cerebellar a., posterior inferior cerebellar a., superior cerebellar a.
cerebral a.'s an artery related to and supplying the cerebral cortex. See anterior cerebral a., middle cerebral a., posterior cerebral a.
a.'s of cerebral hemorrhage lateral striate a.'s
cervicovaginal a. an anastomotic communication between the uterine a. and the vaginal a.; it courses along the lateral aspect of the cervix and vagina.arteria cervicovaginalis;
Charcot's a. lenticulostriate a.'s (2)
chief a. of thumb princeps pollicis a
circumflex femoral a.'s See lateral circumflex femoral a., medial circumflex femoral a.
circumflex fibular a. the circumflex fibular branch, a branch of the posterior tibial artery which winds around the neck of the fibula and joins the anastomoses around the knee joint.ramus circumflexus fibularis arteriae tibialis posterioris [NA];
circumflex humeral a.'s See anterior circumflex humeral a., posterior circumflex humeral a.
circumflex iliac a.'s See deep circumflex iliac a., superficial circumflex iliac a.
circumflex scapular a. origin, subscapular; distribution, muscles of shoulder and scapular region; anastomoses, branches of suprascapular and transverse cervical.arteria circumflexa scapulae [NA];
coiled a. of the uterus spiral a
colic a.'s a.'s supplying the colon. See left colic a., middle colic a., right colic a.
collateral a. 1. one that runs parallel with a nerve or other structure; 2. one through which a collateral circulation is established. See articular vascular network.
collateral digital a. proper palmar digital a
common carotid a. origin, right from brachiocephalic, left from arch of aorta; runs upward in the neck and divides opposite upper border of thyroid cartilage (C-4 vertebral level) into terminal branches, external and internal carotid.arteria carotis communis [NA];
common hepatic a. origin, celiac; branches, right gastric, gastroduodenal, and proper hepatic.arteria hepatica communis [NA];
common iliac a. one of the two terminal branches of the abdominal aorta; opposite the lumbosacral joint, it bifurcates to form the internal iliac and the external iliac.arteria iliaca communis [NA];
common interosseous a. origin, ulnar; branches, anterior and posterior interosseous.arteria interossea communis [NA];
common palmar digital a. one of three arteries arising from the superficial palmar arch and running to the interdigital clefts where each divides into two proper palmar digital arteries.arteria digitalis palmaris communis [NA];
common plantar digital a. one of four arteries arising from a superficial plantar arch, when present as a variation. They unite with the plantar metatarsal arteries.arteria digitalis plantaris communis [NA];
communicating a. an a. that connects two larger a.'s. See anterior communicating a., posterior communicating a.
companion a. to sciatic nerve a. to sciatic nerve
conjunctival a.'s anterior conjunctival a., posterior conjunctival a
coronary a. 1. See right coronary a., left coronary a. 2. left gastric a
cortical a.'s branches of the anterior, middle, and posterior cerebral a.'s that supply the cerebral cortex.
costocervical a. costocervical trunk
cremasteric a. origin, inferior epigastric; distribution, coverings of spermatic cord; anastomoses, external pudendal, spermatic, and perineal a.arteria cremasterica [NA] , external spermatic a;
cricothyroid a. a small branch of the superior thyroid artery that supplies the cricothyroid muscle.ramus cricothyroideus [NA];
cystic a. origin, right branch of hepatic; distribution, gall bladder and visceral surface of the liver.arteria cystica [NA];
deep auricular a. origin, first part of maxillary; distribution, articulation of jaw, parotid gland, and external acoustic meatus and external tympanic membrane; anastomoses, auricular branches of superficial temporal and posterior auricular.arteria auricularis profunda [NA];
deep brachial a. profunda brachii a
deep cervical a. origin, terminal branch of costocervical trunk (along with superior intercostal artery); distribution, posterior deep muscles of neck; anastomoses, branches of occipital, ascending cervical, and vertebral.arteria cervicalis profunda [NA];
deep circumflex iliac a. origin, external iliac; distribution, muscles and skin of lower abdomen, sartorius and tensor fasciae latae; anastomoses, lumbar, inferior epigastric, superior gluteal, iliolumbar, and superficial circumflex iliac.arteria circumflexa iliaca profunda [NA];
deep a. of clitoris the deep terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery in the female; it supplies the crus of the clitoris.arteria profunda clitoridis [NA];
deep epigastric a. inferior epigastric a
deep lingual a. termination of lingual artery, distribution, muscles and mucous membrane of under surface of tongue.arteria profunda linguae [NA] , arteria ranina, deep a. of tongue, ranine a;
deep a. of penis origin, terminal branch (with dorsal a. of penis) of the internal pudendal artery; distribution, corpus cavernosum of the penis via capillary beds and via helcine arteries and arteriovenous anastomoses to produce erection.arteria profunda penis [NA];
deep temporal a. deep temporal artery, two in number, anterior and posterior; origin, maxillary; distribution, temporal muscle and periosteum, bone and diploe of temporal fossa; anastomoses, branches of superficial temporal, lacrimal, and middle meningeal.arteria temporalis profunda [NA];
deep a. of thigh profunda femoris a
deep a. of tongue deep lingual a
deferential a. a. of ductus deferens
descending genicular a. origin, femoral, in adductor canal; distribution, penetrates vastoadductor fascia to supply knee joint and adjacent parts; anastomoses, medial superior genicular, medial inferior genicular, lateral superior genicular, lateral inferior genicular and anterior tibial recurrent a.'s, i.e., articular network of knee.arteria genus descendens [NA] , arteria anastomotica magna (2) , descending a. of knee, great anastomotic a. (2);
descending a. of knee descending genicular a
descending palatine a. origin, maxillary; distribution, soft palate, gums, and bones and mucous membrane of hard palate; anastomoses, sphenopalatine, ascending palatine, ascending pharyngeal, and tonsillar branches of facial.arteria palatina descendens [NA];
descending scapular a. dorsal scapular a
digital collateral a. proper palmar digital a
distributing a. muscular a
dolichoectatic a. a distorted, dilated, and elongated artery commonly compressing a neural structure.
dorsal a. of clitoris one of the two terminal branches of the internal pudendal artery in the female, the other being the deep a. of the clitoris.arteria dorsalis clitoridis [NA];
dorsal digital a. one of the collateral digital branches of the dorsal metatarsal arteries in the foot, and/or of the dorsal metacarpal arteries in the hand.arteria digitalis dorsalis [NA];
dorsal a. of foot dorsalis pedis a
dorsal interosseous a. 1. posterior interosseous a 2. dorsal metacarpal a
dorsalis pedis a. continuation of anterior tibial artery after crossing ankle; branches, lateral tarsal, arcuate, dorsal metatarsal; a continuation of the anterior tibial; anastomoses, with the lateral plantar to form the plantar arch.arteria dorsalis pedis [NA] , dorsal a. of foot;
dorsal metacarpal a. one of four arteries taking origin from the dorsal carpal arch and running on the posterior aspect of the interosseous muscles of the hand.arteria metacarpea dorsalis [NA] , dorsal interosseous a. (2);
dorsal metatarsal a. one of four arteries arising from the dorsalis pedis (I) and arcuate (II-IV) arteries and running on the dorsum of the interosseous muscles of the foot.arteria metatarsea dorsalis [NA];
dorsal nasal a. origin, ophthalmic; external artery of the nose; distribution, skin of side of root of nose; anastomoses, angular a.arteria dorsalis nasi [NA] , arteria nasi externa [NA] , dorsal a. of nose, external a. of nose;
dorsal a. of nose dorsal nasal a
dorsal pancreatic a. origin, splenic; distribution, head and body of pancreas; anastomoses, superior pancreaticoduodenal.arteria pancreatica dorsalis [NA] , great superior pancreatic a;
dorsal a. of penis the dorsal terminal branch of the internal pudendal artery in the male.arteria dorsalis penis [NA];
dorsal scapular a. origin, subclavian or as the deep branch of the transverse cervical; distribution, passes deep to the rhomboid muscles, supplying them and other muscles and skin along the vertebral border of the scapula; anastomoses, suprascapular and scapular circumflex.arteria dorsalis scapulae [NA] , rami profundi arteriae transversae cervicis [NA] , ramus profundus arteriae transversae colli [NA] , arteria scapularis dorsalis [NA] , arteria scapularis descendens, deep branch of the transverse cervical artery, descending scapular a., ramus profundus arteria scapularis descendens;
dorsal thoracic a. thoracodorsal a
a. of Drummond marginal a. of colon
a. of ductus deferens origin, anterior division of internal iliac, or sometimes superior vesical; distribution, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, testicle, ureter; anastomoses, testicular, cremasteric a.'s.arteria ductus deferentis [NA] , arteria deferentialis, deferential a;
elastic a. a large a., such as the aorta or pulmonary a., which has many elastic lamella in its tunica media.
end a. an a. with insufficient anastomoses to maintain viability of the tissue supplied if occlusion of the a. occurs.terminal a;
episcleral a. one of many small branches of the anterior ciliary a.'s that arise as they perforate the sclera near the corneoscleral junction, and course on the sclera.arteria episcleralis [NA];
esophageal a.'s esophageal branches of the following: 1) inferior thyroid artery; 2) left gastric artery; 3) thoracic aorta.
external carotid a. origin, common carotid at C-4 vertebral level; branches, superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, and terminal branches, maxillary and superficial temporal at level of neck of mandible.arteria carotis externa [NA];
external iliac a. origin, common iliac; branches, inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac; becomes the femoral at the inguinal ligament.arteria iliaca externa [NA];
external mammary a. lateral thoracic a
external maxillary a. facial a
external a. of nose dorsal nasal a
external pudendal a.'s origin, femoral; distribution, skin over pubis, skin over penis and skin of scrotum or labium majus via anterior scrotal (labial) arteries; anastomoses, dorsal artery of penis or clitoris, posterior scrotal or labial arteries.arteriae pudendae externae [NA];
external spermatic a. cremasteric a
facial a. origin, external carotid; branches, ascending palatine, tonsillar and glandular branches, submental, inferior labial, superior labial, masseteric, buccal, lateral nasal branches, and angular.arteria facialis [NA] , arteria maxillaris externa, external maxillary a;
femoral a. origin, continuation of external iliac, beginning at inguinal ligament; branches, external pudendal, superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, profunda femoris, descending genicular, terminating as the popliteal a. as it passes through the adductor hiatus to enter the popliteal space.arteria femoralis [NA];
fibular a. peroneal a
frontal a. supratrochlear a
gastric a.'s a.'s supplying the stomach along the lesser curvature. See left gastric a., right gastric a.
gastroduodenal a. origin, hepatic; terminal branches, right gastroepiploic, superior pancreaticoduodenal.arteria gastroduodenalis [NA];
gastroepiploic a.'s a.'s which supply the stomach and greater omentum as the course along the greater curvature of the stomach. See left gastroepiploic a., right gastroepiploic a.gastro-omental a.'s;
gastro-omental a.'s gastroepiploic a.'s
genicular a.'s a.'s contributing to the articular network of the knee. See descending genicular a., inferior lateral genicular a., inferior medial genicular a., middle genicular a., superior lateral genicular a., superior medial genicular a.
glaserian a. anterior tympanic a
great anastomotic a. 1. inferior ulnar collateral a 2. descending genicular a 3. arteria radicularis magna
greater palatine a. anterior branch of descending palatine artery, supplying the gums and mucous membrane of the hard palate.arteria palatina major [NA];
great pancreatic a. origin, splenic; distribution, tail of pancreas; anastomoses, inferior pancreatic a. and a.'s of pancreatic tail.arteria pancreatica magna [NA];
great radicular a. arteria radicularis magna
great superior pancreatic a. dorsal pancreatic a
helicine a.'s of the penis the coiled terminal branches of the deep and dorsal a.'s of the penis. Parasympathetic stimulation causes them to uncoil, allowing blood at arterial pressure to fill the cavernous tissue causing erection.arteriae helicinae penis [NA];
hepatic a.'s a.'s involved in supplying blood to the liver. See common hepatic a., proper hepatic a., left hepatic a., right hepatic a.
a. of Heubner medial striate a
highest intercostal a. superior intercostal a
highest thoracic a. superior thoracic a
humeral a. brachial a
hyaloid a. the terminal branch of the primitive ophthalmic artery, which forms in the embryo an extensive ramification in the primary vitreous and a vascular tunic around the lens; by 81 / 2 months, these vessels have atrophied almost completely, but a few persistent remnants are evident entoptically as muscae volitantes.arteria hyaloidea [NA];
hypogastric a. internal iliac a
ileal a.'s origin, superior mesenteric; distribution, ileum; anastomoses, other branches of superior mesenteric.arteriae ileales [NA];
ileocolic a. origin, superior mesenteric, often by a common trunk with the right colic; distribution, terminal part of ileum, cecum, vermiform appendix, and ascending colon; anastomoses, right colic and ileal.arteria ileocolica [NA];
iliac a.'s a.'s related to the ilium. See common iliac a., deep circumflex iliac a., external iliac a., internal iliac a., superficial circumflex iliac a.
iliolumbar a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, pelvic muscles and bones; anastomoses, deep circumflex iliac, lumbar.arteria iliolumbalis [NA];
inferior alveolar a. origin, 1st part of maxillary artery; distribution, through mandibular foramen/canal to lower teeth and chin; branches, a. to mylohyoid, mental a., dental a.'s.arteria alveolaris inferior [NA] , inferior dental a;
inferior dental a. inferior alveolar a
inferior epigastric a. origin, external iliac; branches, cremasteric, muscular and pubic; anastomoses, superior epigastric, obturator. With overlying peritoneum, forms lateral umbilical ligament and forms a basis for distinguishing types of inguinal herniae: direct hernias pass medial to the a.; indirect hernias pass laterally.arteria epigastrica inferior [NA] , deep epigastric a;
inferior gluteal a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, hip joint and gluteal region; anastomoses, branches of internal pudendal, lateral sacral, superior gluteal, obturator, medial and lateral circumflex femoral.arteria glutea inferior [NA] , arteria ischiadica, arteria ischiatica;
inferior hemorrhoidal a. inferior rectal a
inferior hypophysial a. a small branch of the cavernous part of the internal carotid to the hypophysis.arteria hypophysialis inferior [NA];
inferior internal parietal a. precuneal a
inferior labial a. origin, facial; distribution, structures of lower lip; anastomoses, the artery from the opposite side, mental and sublabial.arteria labialis inferior [NA];
inferior laryngeal a. origin, inferior thyroid; distribution, muscles and mucous membrane of larynx; anastomoses, superior laryngeal.arteria laryngea inferior [NA];
inferior lateral genicular a. origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, lateral superior genicular and anterior tibial recurrent (and posterior); i.e., articular vascular network of knee.arteria genus inferior lateralis [NA] , lateral inferior genicular a;
inferior medial genicular a. origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, anterior and posterior tibial recurrent and medial superior genicular, i.e., articular vascular network of knee.arteria genus inferior medialis [NA] , medial inferior genicular a;
inferior mesenteric a. origin, abdominal aorta; branches, left colic, sigmoid, superior rectal; anastomoses, middle colic and middle rectal.arteria mesenterica inferior [NA];
inferior pancreatic a. origin, dorsal pancreatic; distribution, body and tail of pancreas; anastomoses, great pancreatic a.arteria pancreatica inferior [NA] , transverse pancreatic a;
inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. origin, superior mesenteric; one of two arteries, anterior and posterior; distribution, head of pancreas, duodenum; anastomoses, superior pancreaticoduodenal.arteria pancreaticoduodenalis inferior [NA];
inferior phrenic a. origin, the first paired branch from the abdominal aorta inferior to the diaphragm; distribution, diaphragm; anastomoses, superior phrenic, internal thoracic, and musculophrenic.arteria phrenica inferior [NA];
inferior rectal a. origin, internal pudendal; distribution, anal canal, muscles and skin of the anal region, and skin of the buttock; anastomoses, middle rectal, perineal, and gluteal.arteria rectalis inferior [NA] , inferior hemorrhoidal a;
inferior segmental a. of kidney origin, anterior branch of renal. See also segmental a.'s of kidney.arteria segmenti inferioris renis [NA] , a. of inferior segment of kidney;
a. of inferior segment of kidney inferior segmental a. of kidney
inferior suprarenal a. origin, renal; distribution, suprarenal gland.arteria suprarenalis inferior [NA];
inferior thyroid a. origin, terminal branch of thyrocervical trunk (with ascending cervical artery); branches, inferior laryngeal, and muscular, esophageal, and tracheal.arteria thyroidea inferior [NA];
inferior tympanic a. origin, ascending pharyngeal; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, tympanic branches of other arteries.arteria tympanica inferior [NA];
inferior ulnar collateral a. origin, brachial; distribution, arm muscles at back of elbow; anastomoses, anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent, superior ulnar collateral, profunda brachii, and recurrent interosseous, as part of the articular network of the elbow.arteria collateralis ulnaris inferior [NA] , arteria anastomotica magna (1) , great anastomotic a. (1);
inferior vesical a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, base of bladder, ureter, and (in the male) seminal vesicles, ductus deferens, and prostate; anastomoses, middle rectal, and other vesical branches.arteria vesicalis inferior [NA];
infraorbital a. origin, third part of maxillary; distribution, upper canine and incisor teeth, inferior rectus and inferior oblique muscles, lower eyelid, lacrimal sac, maxillary sinus, and upper lip; anastomoses, branches of ophthalmic, facial, superior labial, transverse facial, and buccal.arteria infraorbitalis [NA];
infrascapular a. a small branch of the circumflex scapular a.
innominate a. Obsolete term for brachiocephalic trunk.
insular a.'s branches from the insular part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex of the insula.arteriae insulares [NA];
intercostal a.'s a.'s which course in the thoracic wall between ribs. See anterior intercostal a.'s, posterior intercostal a.'s 1-2, posterior intercostal a.'s 3-11, superior intercostal a.
interlobar a. the descending right pulmonary a., which is contiguous with the right middle and lower lobes.
interlobar a.'s of kidney the branches of the segmental arteries of the kidney; they run between the renal lobes and give rise to the arcuate arteries.arteriae interlobares renis [NA];
interlobular a.'s a.'s that pass between lobules of an organ. See interlobular a.'s of liver, interlobular a.'s of kidney.arteriae interlobulares [NA];
interlobular a.'s of kidney the branches of the interlobar a.'s of the kidney passing outward through the cortex and supplying the glomeruli.arteria interlobulares (renis) [NA];
interlobular a.'s of liver the many terminal branches of the hepatic a. passing between hepatic lobules.arteria interlobulares (hepatis) [NA];
intermediate temporal a. a branch of the insular part of the middle cerebral artery supplying the cortex of the temporal lobe between the anterior and posterior temporal arteries.arteria temporalis intermedia [NA];
internal auditory a. labyrinthine a
internal carotid a. arises from the common carotid opposite upper border of thyroid cartilage (C-4 vertebral level) and terminates in the middle cranial fossa by dividing into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries; for descriptive purposes it is divided into four parts: cervical, petrous, cavernous, and cerebral.arteria carotis interna [NA];
internal iliac a. origin, common iliac; branches, iliolumbar, lateral sacral, obturator, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, umbilical, superior vesical, inferior vesical, middle rectal, and internal pudendal.arteria iliaca interna [NA] , arteria hypogastrica, hypogastric a;
internal mammary a. internal thoracic a
internal maxillary a. maxillary a
internal pudendal a. origin, internal iliac; branches, inferior rectal, perineal, posterior scrotal (or labial), urethral, artery of bulb of penis (or of vestibule), deep artery of penis (or clitoris), dorsal artery of penis (or clitoris).arteria pudenda interna [NA];
internal spermatic a. testicular a
internal thoracic a. origin, subclavian; branches, pericardiacophrenic, anterior intercostal, sternal, mediastinal, thymic, bronchial, muscular, and perforating branches, and bifurcates into the musculophrenic and superior epigastric.arteria thoracica interna [NA] , arteria mammaria interna, internal mammary a;
intestinal a.'s See ileal a.'s, jejunal a.'s.
jejunal a.'s origin, superior mesenteric; distribution, jejunum; anastomoses, by a series of arches with each other and with ileal arteries.arteriae jejunales [NA];
a.'s of kidney segmental a.'s of kidney
Kugel's anastomotic a. a vessel of variable origin, most commonly a branch of the circumflex a., coursing posteriorly through the base of the interatrial septum toward the crux of the heart, anastomosing with coronary a. branches supplying the atrioventricular node, the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His), and the upper posterior walls of the left ventricle.arteria anastomotica auricularis magna;
a. of labyrinth labyrinthine a
labyrinthine a. internal acoustic meatal branch. a branch of the basilar artery that enters the labyrinth through the internal acoustic meatus.arteria labyrinthi [NA] , ramus meatus acustici interni, arteria auditiva interna, a. of labyrinth, internal auditory a;
lacrimal a. origin, ophthalmic; distribution, lacrimal gland, lateral and superior rectus muscles, superior eyelid, forehead, and temporal fossa.arteria lacrimalis [NA];
lateral circumflex femoral a. origin, profunda femoris; distribution, hip joint, thigh muscles; anastomoses, medial circumflex femoral, inferior gluteal, superior gluteal.arteria circumflexa femoris lateralis [NA] , lateral circumflex a. of thigh, lateral femoral circumflex a;
lateral circumflex a. of thigh lateral circumflex femoral a
lateral femoral circumflex a. lateral circumflex femoral a
lateral frontobasal a. a branch of the insular part of the middle cerebral a. distributed to the cortex of the lateral, inferior part of the frontal lobe.arteria frontobasalis lateralis [NA] , ramus orbitofrontalis lateralis [NA] , lateral orbitofrontal branch, orbitofrontal a;
lateral inferior genicular a. inferior lateral genicular a
lateral malleolar a.'s lateral malleolar branches of peroneal artery.rami malleolares laterales [NA] , arteriae malleolares posteriores laterales, posterior peroneal a.'s;
lateral nasal a. a branch of the facial a. which supplies the dorsum and ala of the nose.
lateral occipital a. one of the terminal branches of the posterior cerebral artery; it supplies, by several named branches, the lateral portions of the temporal lobe.arteria occipitalis lateralis [NA];
lateral plantar a. larger of the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial; distribution, forms the plantar arch and through it supplies the sole of the foot and plantar surfaces of the toes; anastomoses, medial plantar, dorsalis pedis.arteria plantaris lateralis [NA];
lateral sacral a. usually one of two a.'s which arise from the internal iliac a. or its branches; they supply muscles and skin in the neighborhood and send branches into the sacral canal, supplying radicular and spinal a.'s, and continuing on to the skin and subcutaneous tissues overlying the sacrum.arteria sacralis lateralis [NA];
lateral splanchnic a.'s a.'s that arise in the embryo from the dorsal aorta to supply the mesonephros, testis or ovary, and adrenal gland.
lateral striate a.'s numerous small branches from the sphenoidal part of the middle cerebral arteries supplying the lateral and anterior parts of the corpus striatum.arteriae centrales anterolaterales [NA] , arteriae thalamostriatae anterolaterales, anterolateral central a.'s, anterolateral striate a.'s, anterolateral thalamostriate a.'s, a.'s of cerebral hemorrhage, lenticulostriate a.'s (1);
lateral superior genicular a. superior lateral genicular a
lateral tarsal a. origin, dorsalis pedis; distribution, tarsal joints and extensor digitorum brevis muscle; anastomoses, arcuate, peroneal, lateral plantar, anterior lateral malleolar.arteria tarsea lateralis [NA];
lateral thoracic a. origin, axillary; distribution, muscles of chest and mammary gland.arteria thoracica lateralis [NA] , external mammary a., long thoracic a;
left colic a. origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, descending colon and splenic flexure; anastomoses, middle colic, sigmoid.arteria colica sinistra [NA];
left coronary a. origin, left aortic sinus; distribution, it divides into two major branches, an anterior interventricular which descends in the anterior interventricular sulcus, and a circumflex branch which passes to the diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricle; gives atrial, ventricular, and atrioventricular branches.arteria coronaria sinistra [NA];
left gastric a. origin, celiac; distribution, cardia of stomach at lesser curvature, abdominal part of the esophagus, and, frequently, a portion of the left lobe of the liver via an aberrant left hepatic branch; anastomoses, esophageal, right gastric.arteria gastrica sinistra [NA] , coronary a. (2);
left gastroepiploic a. origin, splenic; distribution, greater curvature of stomach and greater omentum; anastomoses, right gastroepiploic and short gastric a.'s.arteria gastro-omentalis sinistra [NA] , arteria gastroepiploica sinistra, left gastro-omental a;
left gastro-omental a. left gastroepiploic a
left hepatic a. left branch of proper hepatic a.; terminal branch off proper hepatic a. supplying left lobe of the liver.ramus sinister arteriae hepaticae propriae [NA];
left pulmonary a. the shorter of the two terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk, it pierces the pericardium to enter the hilum of the left lung. Its branches accompany the segmental and subsegmental bronchi. Branches to the superior lobe (rami lobi superioris [NA]) are apical (ramus apicalis [NA]), anterior ascending (ramus anterior ascendens [NA]), anterior descending (ramus anterior descendens [NA]), posterior (ramus posterior [NA]), and lingular (ramus lingularis [NA]), the last having inferior and superior branches (rami lingulares inferior et superior [NA]). Branches to the inferior lobe (rami lobi inferioris [NA]) are the superior branch of the inferior lobe (ramus superior lobi inferior [NA]) and the medial (medialis), anterior, lateral (lateralis) and posterior basal branches (rami basalis [NA]).arteria pulmonalis sinistra [NA];
lenticulostriate a.'s 1. lateral striate a.'s 2. any one of a variety of small a.'s entering the base of the brain through the anterior perforated substance and supplying the striatum, globus pallidus, and internal capsule; most of these perforating a.'s are branches of the M₁ segment (clinical terminology) of the middle cerebral and and (rarely) of the anterior choroidal a.Charcot's a;
lesser palatine a. one of several posterior branches of the descending palatine in the greater palatine canal, distributed to the soft palate and tonsil.arteria palatina minor [NA];
lienal a. splenic a
lingual a. origin, external carotid; distribution, runs along under surface of tongue, terminates as deep lingual a.; branches, suprahyoid and dorsal lingual branches and sublingual artery.arteria lingualis [NA];
long central a. medial striate a
long posterior ciliary a. one of two branches of the ophthalmic running forward between the sclerotic and choroid coats to the iris, at the outer and inner margins of which they form by anastomosis two circles.arteria ciliaris posterior longa [NA];
long thoracic a. lateral thoracic a
lowest lumbar a.'s origin, middle sacral; distribution, sacrum and iliac muscle; anastomosis, deep circumflex iliac artery.arteriae lumbales imae [NA];
lowest thyroid a. thyroid ima a
lumbar a. origin, abdominal aorta; one of four or five pairs; distribution, lumbar vertebrae, muscles of back, abdominal wall; anastomoses, intercostal, subcostal, superior and inferior epigastric, deep circumflex iliac, and iliolumbar.arteria lumbalis [NA];
macular a.'s See inferior macular arteriole, superior macular arteriole.
marginal a. of colon a. formed by anastomoses between the right and left colic a.'s; it passes downward from the left colic flexure to the aboral end of the pelvic colon.a. of Drummond, Riolan's arc (2);
masseteric a. origin, maxillary; distribution, deep surface of masseter muscle; anastomoses, branches of transverse facial and masseteric branches of facial.arteria masseterica [NA];
mastoid a. mastoid branch of occipital artery, passing through the mastoid foramen; distribution, mastoid air cells; anastomosis, middle meningeal a.arteriae occipitalis [NA] , ramus mastoideus arteriae occipitalis [NA] , mastoid branch of occipital artery;
maxillary a. origin, external carotid; branches, deep auricular, anterior tympanic, middle meningeal, inferior alveolar, masseteric, deep temporal, buccal, posterior superior alveolar, infraorbital, descending palatine, artery of pterygoid canal, sphenopalatine.arteria maxillaris [NA] , internal maxillary a;
medial circumflex femoral a. origin, profunda femoris; distribution, hip joint, muscles of thigh; anastomoses, inferior gluteal, superior gluteal, lateral circumflex femoral.arteria circumflexa femoris medialis [NA] , medial circumflex a. of thigh, medial femoral circumflex a;
medial circumflex a. of thigh medial circumflex femoral a
medial femoral circumflex a. medial circumflex femoral a
medial frontobasal a. the medial orbitofrontal branch, the first branch of the pericallosal artery; it supplies the medial half of the inferior surface of the frontal cortex.arteria frontobasalis medialis [NA] , ramus orbitofrontalis medialis [NA] , orbital a;
medial inferior genicular a. inferior medial genicular a
medial malleolar a.'s medial malleolar branches of posterior tibial artery.rami malleolares mediales [NA] , arteriae malleolares posteriores mediales;
medial occipital a. one of the terminal branches of the posterior cerebral artery; it is distributed, by several named branches, to the posterior corpus callosum and the medial and superolateral portions of the occipital lobe including the visual cortex.arteria occipitalis medialis [NA];
medial plantar a. one of the terminal branches of the posterior tibial; distribution, medial side of the sole of the foot; anastomoses, dorsalis pedis, lateral plantar.arteria plantaris medialis [NA];
medial striate a. arises at or just distal to the anterior communicating a.; distribution: anterior caudate and putamen and anterior limb of internal capsule.arteria centralis longa [NA] , arteria recurrens [NA] , a. of Heubner, long central a., recurrent a. of Heubner, recurrent a. (2);
medial superior genicular a. superior medial genicular a
medial tarsal a. one of two small branches of the dorsalis pedis; distribution, to inner margin of foot.arteria tarsea medialis [NA];
median a. origin, anterior interosseous; distribution, accompanies median nerve to palm; anastomoses, branches of superficial palmar arch.arteria comitans nervi mediani [NA] , arteria mediana;
median sacral a. origin, posterior aspect of abdominal aorta just above the bifurcation; distribution, lower lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and coccyx; anastomoses, lateral sacral, superior and middle rectal.arteria sacralis mediana [NA] , middle sacral a;
mediastinal a.'s mediastinal branches, under branch
medium a. muscular a
medullary a.'s of brain branches of the cortical a.'s which penetrate to and supply the white matter of the cerebrum.
medullary spinal a.'s a large caliber spinal or radicular a. which courses centrally along a dorsal or ventral root, perhaps supplying it and the surrounding meninges in the fashion of any spinal/radicular a., but which continues on to reach and anastomose with the anterior or posterior (longitudinal) spinal a. Only 4-9 of the spinal a.'s are medullary spinal a.'s, found mainly in the lower cervical, lower thoracic and upper lumbar levels, the largest of which is the great radicular a.
mental a. distribution, chin; the terminal branch of the inferior alveolar; anastomoses, inferior labial artery.arteria mentalis [NA];
metatarsal a. one of four dorsal or four plantar a.'s coursing in relation to the metatarsal bones, each dividing distally into a medial and a lateral digital a., serving the dorsal or plantar aspects of adjacent sides of two toes. See dorsal metatarsal a., plantar metatarsal a.arteria metatarsae [NA];
middle cerebral a. one of the two large terminal branches (with anterior cerebral a.) of the internal carotid artery; it passes laterally around the pole of the temporal lobe, then posteriorly in the depth of the lateral cerebral fissure; for descriptive purposes it is divided into three parts: 1) the sphenoidal part (M₁ segment of clinical terminology), supplying perforating branches to the internal capsule, thalamus, and striate body; 2) the insular part, supplying branches to the insula and adjacent cortical areas; and 3) the terminal part or cortical part, supplying a large part of the central cortical convexity (the latter two collectively forming M₂ segment).arteria cerebri media [NA];
middle colic a. origin, superior mesenteric; distribution, transverse colon; anastomoses, right and left colic.arteria colica media [NA];
middle collateral a. the posterior terminal branch of the profunda brachii, anastomosing with the arteries which form the articular network of the elbow.arteria collateralis media [NA];
middle genicular a. origin, popliteal; distribution, synovial membrane and cruciate ligaments of knee joint.arteria genus media [NA] , arteria articularis azygos;
middle hemorrhoidal a. middle rectal a
middle meningeal a. origin, maxillary; branches, petrosal, superior tympanic, frontal and parietal; distribution, to parts mentioned and through terminal branches to anterior and middle cranial fossae; anastomoses, meningeal branches of occipital, ascending pharyngeal, ophthalmic and lacrimal, stylomastoid, accessory meningeal branch of maxillary, and deep temporal.arteria meningea media [NA];
middle rectal a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, middle portion of rectum; anastomoses, inferior rectal and superior rectal. Because the latter is a tributary of the portal system, this is a portosystemic or portocaval anastomosis.arteria rectalis media [NA] , middle hemorrhoidal a;
middle sacral a. median sacral a
middle suprarenal a. origin, aorta; distribution, suprarenal gland.arteria suprarenalis media [NA];
middle temporal a. origin, superficial temporal; distribution, temporal fascia and muscle; anastomoses, branches of maxillary. See also intermediate temporal a., posterior temporal a.arteria temporalis media [NA];
muscular a. an a. with a tunica media composed principally of circularly arranged smooth muscle.distributing a., medium a;
musculophrenic a. origin, the lateral terminal branch of internal thoracic; distribution, diaphragm and intercostal muscles; anastomoses, branches of pericardiacophrenic, inferior phrenic, and posterior intercostal arteries.arteria musculophrenica [NA];
mylohyoid a. branch of inferior alveolar artery to the mylohyoid muscle.ramus mylohyoideus arteriae alveolaris inferioris [NA] , arteriae alveolaris inferioris;
myometrial arcuate a.'s branches of the uterine and ovarian a.'s.
myometrial radial a.'s continuations of the myometrial arcuate a.'s.
Neubauer's a. thyroid ima a
nutrient a. an artery of variable origin that supplies the medullary cavity of a long bone.arteria nutricia [NA] , nutrient vessel;
nutrient a. of femur one of two a.'s, superior and inferior, arising from the first and third perforating a.'s respectively (sometimes second and fourth).
nutrient a. of fibula origin, peroneal (fibular); distribution, fibula.arteria nutriens fibulae [NA];
nutrient a.'s of humerus origin, deep brachial; distribution, the medullary cavity of the humerus.arteriae nutriciae humeri [NA];
nutrient a. of the tibia a. derived from the upper part of the posterior tibial a.; it enters through the nutrient foramen on the posterior surface of the tibia.arteria nutriens tibialis [NA];
obturator a. anastomoses, iliolumbar, inferior epigastric, medial circumflex femoral; origin, anterior division of the internal iliac; distribution, ilium, pubis, obturator and adductor muscles; branches, pubic, acetabular, anterior, and posterior.arteria obturatoria [NA];
occipital a. origin, external carotid; branches, sternocleidomastoid, meningeal, auricular, occipital, mastoid, and descending.arteria occipitalis [NA];
omphalomesenteric a. obsolete term for vitelline a.
ophthalmic a. origin, internal carotid; branches, ciliary, central artery of retina, anterior meningeal, lacrimal, conjunctival, episcleral, supraorbital, ethmoidal, palpebral, dorsal nasal, and supratrochlear.arteria ophthalmica [NA];
orbital a. medial frontobasal a
orbitofrontal a. lateral frontobasal a
ovarian a. origin, aorta; distribution, ureter, ovary, ovarian ligament and uterine tube; anastomoses, uterine.arteria ovarica [NA];
palmar interosseous a. palmar metacarpal a
palmar metacarpal a. one of the three arteries springing from the deep palmar arch and running in the three medial interosseous spaces; they anastomose with the common palmar and dorsal metacarpal arteries.arteria metacarpea palmaris [NA] , palmar interosseous a;
palpebral a.'s branches of the ophthalmic supplying the upper and lower eyelids, consisting of two sets, lateral and medial.arteriae palpebrales [NA];
a. of the pancreatic tail origin, splenic artery near the left gastroepiploic; distribution, the tail of the pancreas; anastomoses, with other pancreatic arteries.arteria caudae pancreatis [NA] , caudal pancreatic a;
paracentral a. the third branch of the pericallosal artery supplying the cerebral cortex of the paracentral lobule and both sides of the medial part of the central sulcus.arteria paracentralis [NA];
parent a. the a. giving origin to a given a.; the a. of which a given a. is a branch.
parietal a.'s branches of the terminal part of the middle cerebral a., divided into two branches: anterior parietal a. and posterior parietal a.arteriae parietales [NA];
parieto-occipital a. the largest cortical branch of the pericallosal artery supplying the medial and superolateral surface of the parietal lobe posterior to the paracentral lobule; rarely does it extend to supply part of the occipital lobe.arteria parieto-occipitalis [NA] , superior internal parietal a;
a.'s of penis See dorsal a. of penis, deep a. of penis.
perforating a.'s origin, a. profunda femoris; distribution, as three or four vessels that pass through the aponeurosis of the adductor magnus to the posterior and anterior compartments of the thigh.arteriae perforantes [NA];
perforating a.'s of foot perforating branches of plantar metatarsal arteries, under branch
perforating a.'s of hand perforating branches of palmar metacarpal arteries, under branch
perforating a.'s of internal mammary perforating branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
perforating peroneal a. perforating branches, under branch
pericallosal a. the continuation of the anterior cerebral artery after the anterior communicating artery; it supplies branches to the cerebral cortex as it passes along the corpus callosum.pars postcommunicalis arteria cerebri anterior [NA] , arteria pericallosa, postcommunical part of anterior cerebral artery;
pericardiacophrenic a. origin, internal thoracic; distribution, pericardium, diaphragm, and pleura; anastomoses, musculophrenic, inferior phrenic, mediastinal and pericardial branches of the internal thoracic.arteria pericardiacophrenica [NA] , arteria comes nervi phrenici;
perineal a. origin, internal pudendal; distribution, superficial structures of the perineum; anastomoses, external pudendal arteries.arteria perinealis [NA];
peroneal a. origin, posterior tibial; distribution, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor longus hallucis, peroneal muscles, inferior tibiofibular articulation, and ankle joint; anastomoses, anterior lateral malleolar, lateral tarsal, lateral plantar, dorsalis pedis.arteria peronea [NA] , arteria fibularis [NA] , fibular a;
pipestem a.'s a.'s hardened by calcification as seen in Mönckeberg's arteriosclerosis; descriptive of the characteristic feeling to the finger of an examiner.
plantar metatarsal a. one of four branches of the plantar arterial arch that divide into plantar digital arteries to supply the toes.arteria metatarsea plantaris [NA];
pontine a.'s , a.'s of pons several small branches of the basilar artery distributed to the pons.arteriae pontis [NA] , rami ad pontem [NA];
popliteal a. continuation of femoral a. in the popliteal space, bifurcating (at the lower border of the popliteus muscle as it passes deep to the arcus tendineus of the soleus muscle) into the anterior and posterior tibial a.'s; branches, lateral and medial superior genicular, middle genicular, lateral and medial inferior genicular, and sural arteries.arteria poplitea [NA];
postcentral a. postcentral sulcal a
postcentral sulcal a. a branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral artery distributing to the cortex on either side of the postcentral sulcus.arteria sulci postcentralis [NA] , a. of postcentral sulcus, postcentral a;
a. of postcentral sulcus postcentral sulcal a
posterior alveolar a. posterior superior alveolar a
posterior auricular a. origin: posterior aspect of external carotid just above the digastric muscle; course: ascends first between parotid gland and styloid process then between cartilage of auricle and the mastoid process; branches: muscular (digastric, stylohyoid and sternocleidomastoid), glandular (parotid), stylomastoid a., occipital and auricular; anastomoses: anterior tympanic a. (via the stylomastoid a.) and occipital a.arteria auricularis posterior [NA];
posterior cecal a. origin, ileocolic artery; distribution, posterior region of cecum.arteria cecalis posterior [NA];
posterior cerebral a. formed by the bifurcation of the basilar artery; it passes around the cerebral peduncle to reach the medial aspect of the hemisphere; for descriptive purposes it is divided into three parts: 1) the precommunical part (P₁ segment of clinical terminology), the part before the junction with the posterior communicating artery, supplying parts of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and midbrain; 2) the postcommunical part (P₂), supplying the thalamus, cerebral peduncles, and the choroid plexuses of the lateral and third ventricles; and 3) the terminal or cortical part, supplying the cortex of the temporal (P₃) and occipital (P₄) lobes.arteria cerebri posterior [NA];
posterior choroidal a. one of several choroid branches of the P₂ segment of the posterior cerebral artery that supply the choroid plexus of the body of the lateral ventricle and of the third ventricle.arteria choroidea posterior;
posterior circumflex humeral a. origin, axillary; distribution, muscles and structures of shoulder joint; anastomoses, anterior circumflex humeral, suprascapular, thoracoacromial, and profunda brachii.arteria circumflexa humeri posterior [NA] , posterior humeral circumflex a;
posterior communicating a. origin, internal carotid; distribution, optic tract, crus cerebri, interpeduncular region, and hippocampal gyrus; anastomoses, with posterior cerebral to form the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis).arteria communicans posterior [NA];
posterior conjunctival a. one of a series of branches from the arterial arches of the upper and lower eyelids that supplies the conjunctiva.arteria conjunctivalis posterior [NA] , conjunctival a.'s;
posterior dental a. posterior superior alveolar a
posterior descending a. posterior interventricular a
posterior ethmoidal a. origin, ophthalmic; distribution, posterior ethmoidal cells and upper posterior part of lateral wall of nasal cavity.arteria ethmoidalis posterior [NA];
posterior humeral circumflex a. posterior circumflex humeral a
posterior inferior cerebellar a. origin, vertebral; distribution, lateral medulla, choroid plexus of fourth ventricle, and cerebellum; anastomoses, superior cerebellar and anterior inferior cerebellar.arteria cerebelli inferior posterior [NA];
posterior intercostal a.'s 1-2 terminal branches of the superior intercostal a. (from costocervical trunk) supplying upper two intercostal spaces.arteriae intercostales posteriores I et II [NA];
posterior intercostal a.'s 3-11 one of nine pairs of arteries arising from the thoracic aorta and distributed to the nine lower intercostal spaces, vertebral column, spinal cord, and muscles and integument of the back; they anastomose with branches of the musculophrenic, internal thoracic, superior epigastric, subcostal and lumbar.arteriae intercostales posteriores III-XI [NA];
posterior interosseous a. origin, common interosseous artery; distribution, posterior compartment of forearm.arteria interossea posterior [NA] , dorsal interosseous a. (1);
posterior interventricular a. posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery. Continuation of right coronary a. in posterior interventricular sulcus; descends to apex to anastomose with anterior interventricular a.; supplies most of diaphragmatic aspect of ventricles and posterior third of interventricular septum.ramus interventricularis posterior arteriae coronariae dextrae [NA] , posterior descending a;
posterior labial a.'s the posterior labial branches, branches of the perineal artery to the labium majus.rami labiales posteriores arteriae pudendae internae [NA];
posterior lateral nasal a.'s branches of the sphenopalatine artery that supply the posterior parts of the conchae and lateral nasal wall.arteriae nasales posteriores laterales [NA];
posterior mediastinal a.'s mediastinal branches of thoracic aorta, under branch
posterior meningeal a. origin, ascending pharyngeal; distribution, dura mater of posterior cranial fossa; anastomoses, branches of middle meningeal and vertebral.arteria meningea posterior [NA];
posterior pancreaticoduodenal a. retroduodenal a
posterior parietal a. the branch distributed to the posterior part of the parietal lobe.arteria parietales posterior [NA];
posterior peroneal a.'s lateral malleolar a.'s
posterior segmental a. of kidney origin, continuation of the posterior branch of renal. See also segmental a.'s of kidney.arteria segmenti posterioris renis [NA] , a. of posterior segment of kidney;
a. of posterior segment of kidney posterior segmental a. of kidney
posterior septal a. of nose a branch of the sphenopalatine artery that supplies the nasal septum and accompanies the nasopalatine nerve.arteria nasalis posterior septi [NA];
posterior spinal a. origin, vertebral; distribution, medulla, spinal cord, and pia mater; anastomoses, spinal branches of intercostal arteries.arteria spinalis posterior [NA];
posterior superior alveolar a. origin, 3rd part of maxillary a. within pterygopalatine fossa; distribution, molar and premolar teeth, gingiva and mucous membrane of maxillary sinus.arteria alveolaris superior posterior [NA] , posterior alveolar a., posterior dental a;
posterior temporal a. a branch of the insular part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex of the posterior part of the temporal lobe.arteria temporalis posterior [NA];
posterior tibial a. the larger and more directly continuous of the two terminal branches of the popliteal; branches, peroneal, nutrient of fibula, lateral and medial posterior malleolar, nutrient of tibia, medial and lateral plantar.arteria tibialis posterior [NA];
posterior tibial recurrent a. an inconstant branch of the posterior tibial artery which ascends anterior to the popliteus muscle, anastomoses with branches of the popliteal artery, and sends a twig to the tibiofibular joint.arteria recurrens tibialis posterior [NA];
posterior tympanic a. origin, stylomastoid; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, other tympanic arteries.arteria tympanica posterior [NA];
posterolateral central a.'s the circumflex mesencephalic branches, several small branches of the postcommunical part of the posterior cerebral artery distributed to the lateral posterior part of the midbrain.arteriae centrales posterolaterales [NA];
posteromedial central a.'s the interpeduncular perforating branches, several small branches from the precommunical part of the posterior cerebral artery supplying the posterior medial part of the midbrain.arteriae centrales posteromediales [NA];
precentral a. precentral sulcal a
precentral sulcal a. a branch of the terminal part of the middle cerebral artery distributed to the cortex on either side of the precentral sulcus.arteria sulci precentralis [NA] , a. of precentral sulcus, pre-Rolandic a., precentral a;
a. of precentral sulcus precentral sulcal a
precuneal a. the last cortical branch of the pericallosal artery; it supplies the inferior part of the precuneus.arteria precunealis [NA] , inferior internal parietal a;
pre-Rolandic a. precentral sulcal a
princeps cervicis a. descending branch of occipital artery
princeps pol´licis a. origin, radial (deep palmar (arterial) arch); distribution, palmar surface and sides of thumb; anastomoses, a.'s on dorsum of thumb.arteria princeps pollicis [NA] , chief a. of thumb, princeps pollicis, principal a. of thumb;
principal a. of thumb princeps pollicis a
profunda brachii a. origin, brachial; distribution, humerus and muscles and integument of arm; anastomoses, posterior circumflex humeral, radial recurrent, recurrent interosseous, ulnar collateral, i.e., articular vascular network of elbow.arteria profunda brachii [NA] , deep brachial a;
profunda fem´oris a. origin, femoral; branches, lateral circumflex femoral, medial circumflex femoral, terminating in three or four perforating a.'s.arteria profunda femoris [NA] , deep a. of thigh;
proper hepatic a. origin, common hepatic; branches, right and left hepatic.arteria hepatica propria [NA];
proper palmar digital a. terminal branches of the common palmar digital a. that pass to the side of each finger.arteria digitalis palmaris propria [NA] , collateral digital a., digital collateral a;
proper plantar digital a. one of the digital branches of the plantar metatarsal arteries.arteria digitalis plantaris propria [NA];
a. of pterygoid canal origin: usually arises from the third part of the maxillary artery, but frequently from the greater palatine artery, within the pterygopalatine fossa. Passes posteriorly to run through the pterygoid canal with the corresponding nerve, supplying the contents and wall of the canal, the mucous membrane of the upper pharynx, the auditory tube and the tympanic cavity.arteria canalis pterygoidei [NA] , vidian a;
pubic a.'s See pubic branch of inferior epigastric artery, pubic branch of obturator artery.
pulmonary a. pulmonary trunk See also right pulmonary a., left pulmonary a.
a. of pulp the first section of a penicillus of the spleen.
pyloric a. right gastric a
radial a. origin, brachial; branches, radial recurrent, dorsal metacarpal, dorsal digital, princeps pollicis, radial index, palmar metacarpal, and muscular, carpal, and perforating.arteria radialis [NA];
radial collateral a. the anterior terminal branch of the profunda brachii, anastomosing with the radial recurrent, forming part of the articular network of the elbow.arteria collateralis radialis [NA];
radial index a. radialis indicis a
radialis indicis a. origin, radial; distribution, radial side of index finger.arteria radialis indicis [NA] , arteria volaris indicis radialis, radial index a;
radial recurrent a. origin, radial; distribution, ascends around lateral side of elbow joint; anastomoses, radial collateral, interosseous recurrent.arteria recurrens radialis [NA] , recurrent radial a;
radicular a.'s branches of spinal a.'s distributed to the dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves and their coverings. See entries under spinal a.'s.
ranine a. deep lingual a
recurrent a. 1. an a. which, upon or soon after originating, reflects or turns sharply to course in the general opposite direction to that of its parent a.; 2. medial striate a
recurrent a. of Heubner medial striate a
recurrent interosseous a. origin, posterior interosseous; distribution, elbow joint; anastomoses, branches of profunda brachii and inferior ulnar collateral, i.e., articular vascular network of elbow.arteria interossea recurrens [NA];
recurrent radial a. radial recurrent a
recurrent ulnar a. origin, ulnar artery; distribution, two branches, anterior and posterior, pass medially in front of and behind the elbow joint; anastomoses, superior and inferior ulnar collateral, i.e., with articular vascular network of elbow.arteria recurrens ulnaris [NA];
renal a. origin, aorta; branches, segmental, ureteral, and inferior suprarenal; distribution, kidney.arteria renalis [NA];
retroduodenal a. origin, one of several small branches from the gastroduodenal artery posterior to the duodenum; distribution, first part of duodenum.arteria retroduodenalis [NA] , posterior pancreaticoduodenal a;
right colic a. origin, superior mesenteric, sometimes by a common trunk with the ileocolic; distribution, ascending colon; anastomoses, middle colic, ileocolic.arteria colica dextra [NA];
right coronary a. origin, right aortic sinus; distribution, it passes around the right side of the heart in the coronary sulcus, giving branches to the right atrium and ventricle, including the atrioventricular branches and the posterior interventricular branch.arteria coronaria dextra [NA];
right gastric a. origin, hepatic; distribution, pyloric portion of stomach on the lesser curvature; anastomoses, left gastric.arteria gastrica dextra [NA] , pyloric a;
right gastroepiploic a. origin, gastroduodenal; distribution, greater curvature and walls of stomach and greater omentum; anastomoses, frequently unites with left gastroepiploic, and branches from this arch anastomose with branches of right and left gastric.arteria gastro-omentalis dextra [NA] , arteria gastroepiploica dextra, right gastro-omental a;
right gastro-omental a. right gastroepiploic a
right hepatic a. right branch of proper hepatic artery; terminal branch of proper hepatic a. supplying right lobe of liver; branch: cystic a.ramus dexter arteriae hepaticae propriae [NA] , right branch of proper hepatic artery;
right pulmonary a. the longer of the two terminal branches of the pulmonary trunk, it passes transversely across the mediastinum passing inferior to the aortic arch to enter the hilum of the right lung. Branches are distributed with the bronchi; frequent variations occurs. Typical branches to the superior lobe (rami lobi superioris [NA]) are apical (ramus apicalis [NA]), anterior ascending (rami anterior ascendens [NA]), anterior descending (ramus anterior descendens [NA]), posterior ascending (ramus posterior ascendens [NA]), and posterior descending (ramus posterior descendens [NA]); to the middle lobe (rami lobi medii [NA]) are medial (ramus medialis [NA]) and lateral (ramus lateralis [NA]); and to the inferior lobe (rami lobi inferioris [NA]) are superior (apical) branch of inferior lobe (ramus superior (apicalis) lobi inferioris [NA]), and the anterior, lateral (lateralis), medial (medialis) and posterior basal branches (rami basalis).arteria pulmonalis dextra [NA];
Rolandic a. central sulcal a
a. of round ligament of uterus origin, inferior epigastric; distribution, round ligament of uterus.arteria ligamenti teretis uteri [NA];
a. to sciatic nerve origin, inferior gluteal; distribution, sciatic nerve; anastomoses, branches of profunda femoris.arteria comitans nervi ischiadici [NA] , companion a. to sciatic nerve;
screw a.'s coiled a.'s into the uterine mucosa or in the macular region of the retina.
scrotal a.'s See anterior scrotal branch of external pudendal artery, under branch, posterior scrotal branch of internal pudendal artery, under branch.
segmental a.'s of kidney the branches of the renal artery that supply the anatomical segments of kidney. Usually five in number, they are end a.'s and give off interlobar, arcuate and interlobular a.'s in sequence. The latter send afferent arterioles to the glomeruli as well as branches to the kidney capsule. The segmental a.'s of the kidney are identified as: (1) anterior inferior (arteriae segmenti anterioris inferioris renis [NA]); (2) anterior superior (arteriae segmenti anterioris superioris renis [NA]); (3) inferior (arteriae segmenti inferioris renis [NA]); (4) posterior (arteriae segmenti posterioris renis [NA]); and (5) superior (arteriae segmenti superioris renis [NA]).arteriae renis [NA] , a.'s of kidney;
septal a. a branch of the superior labial a. that supplies the lower part of the nasal septum.
sheathed a. a subdivision of the penicillus of the spleen surrounded by macrophages and a reticular stroma.
short central a. a branch of the precommunical part of the anterior cerebral artery.arteria centralis brevis [NA];
short gastric a.'s four or five small arteries given off from the splenic, passing via the gastrosplenic ligament to the fundus of the stomach along the greater curvature, and anastomosing with the other arteries in that region.arteriae gastricae breves [NA] , vasa brevia;
short posterior ciliary a. one of approximately seven branches of the ophthalmic a. which pass around the optic nerve to supply the eyeball. Dividing into some 15-20 branches, they penetrate the sclera adjacent to the optic nerve, supplying the choroid and ciliary processes. Anastomoses: with central retinal a. and long and anterior ciliary arteries (at the ora serrata).arteria ciliaris posterior brevis [NA];
sigmoid a.'s origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, descending colon and sigmoid flexure; anastomoses, left colic, superior rectal.arteriae sigmoideae [NA];
sinoatrial nodal a. a branch usually of the right coronary a.sinus node a;
a. to the sinuatrial (S-A) node ascending atrial branch, usually (55%) arising from the anterior stem of the right coronary artery (but 35-45% arising from the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery), which runs around the base of the superior vena cava to reach the sinuatrial node.ramus nodi sinuatrialis arteriae coronaria dextra [NA] , branch to sinuatrial node, sinuatrial nodal branch of right coronary artery, sinuatrial node a;
sinuatrial node a. a. to the sinuatrial (S-A) node
sinus node a. sinoatrial nodal a
small a.'s unnamed muscular a.'s, usually with fewer than six or seven layers of muscle.
somatic a.'s a.'s that arise in the embryo from the dorsal aorta and supply the body wall; they persist almost unchanged as the posterior intercostal, subcostal, and lumbar a.'s.
sphenopalatine a. origin, third part of maxillary; distribution, posterior portion of lateral nasal wall and septum; anastomoses, branches of descending palatine, superior labial, and infraorbital.arteria sphenopalatina [NA];
spinal a.'s branches of the following arteries which supply the meninges, the roots of the spinal nerves, and in some cases, the spinal cord: 1) vertebral, 2) ascending cervical, 3) dorsal branch of posterior intercostal I to XI, 4) dorsal branch of subcostal, 5) dorsal branch of lumbar arteries, 6) lumbar branch of iliolumbar, 7) lateral sacral; all spinal a.'s give rise to radicular a.'s supplying dorsal and ventral roots of spinal nerves, but some (4-9), are large enough to reach and anastomose with the anterior and posterior spinal a.'s.rami radiculares; See medullary spinal a.'s, arteria radicularis magna.rami spinales (1) [NA];
spiral a. one of the corkscrew-like a.'s in premenstrual or progestational endometrium.coiled a. of the uterus;
splenic a. origin, celiac trunk; branches, pancreatic, left gastroepiploic, short gastric, and (proper) splenic. See arteria radicularis magna.arteria splenica [NA] , arteria lienalis, lienal a;
stapedial a. a small a. in the embryo that passes through the ring of the stapes and is later obliterated; it is a second aortic arch derivative.
sternal a.'s sternal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
sternomastoid a. See sternocleidomastoid branch of superior thyroid artery, sternocleidomastoid branch of occipital artery.
stylomastoid a. origin, posterior auricular; distribution, external acoustic meatus, mastoid cells, semicircular canals, stapedius muscle, and vestibule; anastomoses, tympanic branches of internal carotid and ascending pharyngeal, and labyrinthine a.'s.arteria stylomastoidea [NA];
subclavian a. origin, right from brachiocephalic, left from arch of aorta; branches, vertebral, thyrocervical trunk, internal thoracic; costocervical trunk, descending scapular; it continues the axillary a. after crossing the first rib.arteria subclavia [NA];
subcostal a. origin, thoracic aorta; distribution, inferior to twelfth rib in a manner similar to posterior intercostal arteries.arteria subcostalis [NA];
sublingual a. origin, lingual; distribution, extrinsic muscles of tongue, sublingual gland, mucosa of region; anastomoses, the artery of opposite side and submental.arteria sublingualis [NA];
submental a. origin, facial; distribution, mylohyoid muscle, submandibular and sublingual glands, and structures of lower lip; anastomoses, inferior labial, mental branch of inferior dental and sublingual.arteria submentalis [NA];
subscapular a. origin, axillary; branches, circumflex scapular, thoracodorsal; distribution, muscles of shoulder and scapular region; anastomoses, branches of transverse cervical, suprascapular, lateral thoracic, and intercostals.arteria subscapularis [NA];
sulcal a. a small branch of the anterior spinal a. running in the anterior median fissure of the spinal cord.
superficial brachial a. an occasional variation in which the brachial artery lies superficial to the median nerve in the arm.arteria brachialis superficialis [NA];
superficial cervical a. origin, branch of thyrocervical trunk, running with spinal accessory nerve deep to trapezius muscle. See also superficial branch of the transverse cervical artery.arteria cervicalis superficialis;
superficial circumflex iliac a. origin, femoral; distribution, inguinal lymph nodes and integument of that region; sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae muscles; anastomoses, deep circumflex iliac.arteria circumflexa iliaca superficialis [NA];
superficial epigastric a. origin, femoral; distribution, inguinal nodes and integument of lower abdomen; anastomoses, inferior epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac and external pudendal.arteria epigastrica superficialis [NA];
superficial palmar a. superficial palmar branch of radial artery
superficial temporal a. origin, a terminal branch of the external carotid (with maxillary a.); branches, transverse facial, middle temporal, orbital, parotid, anterior auricular, frontal, and parietal.arteria temporalis superficialis [NA];
superficial volar a. superficial palmar branch of radial artery
superior cerebellar a. origin, basilar; distribution, upper surface of cerebellum, colliculi, and most of the cerebellar nuclei; anastomoses, posterior inferior cerebellar.arteria cerebelli superior [NA];
superior epigastric a. origin, the medial terminal branch of internal thoracic; distribution, abdominal muscles and integument, falciform ligament; anastomoses, inferior epigastric.arteria epigastrica superior [NA];
superior gluteal a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, gluteal region; anastomoses, lateral sacral, inferior gluteal, internal pudendal, deep circumflex iliac, lateral circumflex femoral.arteria glutea superior [NA];
superior hemorrhoidal a. superior rectal a
superior hypophysial a. a small branch of the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery supplying the hypophysis.arteria hypophysialis superior [NA];
superior intercostal a. origin, costocervical trunk; distribution, structures of first and second intercostal spaces via its terminal branches, posterior intercostal a.'s 1 and 2; anastomoses, anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic.arteria intercostalis suprema [NA] , highest intercostal a., supreme intercostal a;
superior internal parietal a. parieto-occipital a
superior labial a. origin, facial; distribution, structures of upper lip and, by a septal branch, the anterior and lower part of the nasal septum; anastomoses, the artery of the opposite side and the sphenopalatine.arteria labialis superior [NA];
superior laryngeal a. origin, superior thyroid; distribution, muscles and mucous membrane of larynx; anastomoses, cricothyroid branch of superior thyroid and terminal branches of inferior laryngeal.arteria laryngea superior [NA];
superior lateral genicular a. origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, lateral circumflex femoral, third perforating, anterior tibial recurrent, lateral inferior genicular, i.e., the articular vascular network of the knee.arteria genus superior lateralis [NA] , lateral superior genicular a;
superior medial genicular a. origin, popliteal; distribution, knee joint; anastomoses, descending genicular, lateral superior genicular, i.e., the articular vascular network of the knee.arteria genus superior medialis [NA] , medial superior genicular a;
superior mesenteric a. origin, abdominal aorta; branches, inferior pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileal, ileocolic, appendicular, right colic, middle colic; anastomoses, superior pancreaticoduodenal and left colic.arteria mesenterica superior [NA];
superior pancreaticoduodenal a. origin, gastroduodenal; one of two arteries, anterior and superior; distribution, head of pancreas, duodenum, common bile duct; anastomoses, inferior pancreaticoduodenal, splenic.arteria pancreaticoduodenalis superior [NA];
superior phrenic a. one of a pair of small arteries given off from the thoracic aorta just superior to the diaphragm; distribution, diaphragm; anastomoses, musculophrenic, pericardiacophrenic, and inferior phrenic.arteria phrenica superior [NA];
superior rectal a. origin, inferior mesenteric; distribution, upper part of rectum; anastomoses, middle and inferior rectal. As a tributary of the portal vein, its anastomosis with these a.'s forms a portosystemic or portocaval anastomosis.arteria rectalis superior [NA] , superior hemorrhoidal a;
superior segmental a. of kidney origin, anterior branch of renal. See also segmental a.'s of kidney.arteria segmenti superioris renis [NA] , a. of superior segment of kidney;
a. of superior segment of kidney superior segmental a. of kidney
superior suprarenal a.'s origin, inferior phrenic artery; distribution, suprarenal gland.arteriae suprarenales superiores [NA];
superior thoracic a. origin, axillary; distribution, muscles of superior chest; anastomoses, branches of suprascapular, internal thoracic, and thoracoacromial.arteria thoracica superior [NA] , highest thoracic a;
superior thyroid a. origin, external carotid; branches, infrahyoid, superior laryngeal, sternocleidomastoid, cricothyroid, and two terminal branches.arteria thyroidea superior [NA];
superior tympanic a. origin, middle meningeal; distribution, middle ear; anastomoses, other tympanic arteries.arteria tympanica superior [NA];
superior ulnar collateral a. origin, brachial; distribution, elbow joint; anastomoses, posterior ulnar recurrent and inferior ulnar collateral, as part of the articular vascular network of the elbow.arteria collateralis ulnaris superior [NA];
superior vesical a. origin, umbilical; distribution, bladder, urachus, ureter; anastomoses, other vesical branches.arteria vesicalis superior [NA];
supraduodenal a. origin, gastroduodenal; distribution, first part of duodenum.arteria supraduodenalis [NA];
supraorbital a. origin, ophthalmic; distribution, frontalis muscle and scalp; anastomoses, branches of the superficial temporal and supratrochlear.arteria supraorbitalis [NA];
suprascapular a. origin, thyrocervical trunk; distribution, clavicle, scapula, muscles of shoulder, and shoulder joint; anastomoses, transverse cervical circumflex scapular.arteria suprascapularis [NA] , transverse scapular a;
supratrochlear a. origin, ophthalmic; distribution, anterior portion of scalp; anastomoses, branches of supraorbital.arteria supratrochlearis [NA] , arteria frontalis, frontal a;
supreme intercostal a. superior intercostal a
sural a. one of four or five arteries arising (sometimes by a common trunk) from the popliteal; distribution, muscles and integument of the calf; anastomoses, posterior tibial, medial, and lateral inferior genicular.arteria suralis [NA] , a. of calf;
terminal a. end a
testicular a. origin, aorta; branches, ureteral, cremasteric, epididymal; distribution, testicle and parts designated by names of branches; anastomoses, branches of renal, inferior epigastric, deferential.arteria testicularis [NA] , arteria spermatica interna, internal spermatic a;
thoracoacromial a. origin, axillary; distribution, muscles and skin of shoulder and upper chest; anastomoses, branches of superior thoracic, internal thoracic, lateral thoracic, posterior and anterior circumflex humeral, and suprascapular.arteria thoracoacromialis [NA] , acromiothoracic a., thoracic axis (1) , thoracoacromial trunk;
thoracodorsal a. origin, subscapular; distribution, muscles of upper part of back; anastomoses, branches of lateral thoracic.arteria thoracodorsalis [NA] , dorsal thoracic a;
thymic a.'s mediastinal branches of internal thoracic artery, under branch
thyroid ima a. an inconstant artery; origin, arch of aorta or brachiocephalic artery; distribution, thyroid gland.arteria thyroidea ima [NA] , lowest thyroid a., Neubauer's a;
transverse cervical a. origin, thyrocervical trunk; branches, superficial (superficial cervical) and deep (descending scapular).arteria transversa cervicis [NA] , arteria transversa colli [NA] , transverse a. of neck;
transverse facial a. origin, superficial temporal; distribution, parotid gland, parotid duct, masseter muscle, and overlying skin; anastomoses, infraorbital and buccal branches of maxillary, and buccal and masseteric branches of facial.arteria transversa faciei [NA];
transverse a. of neck transverse cervical a
transverse pancreatic a. inferior pancreatic a
transverse scapular a. suprascapular a
ulnar a. origin, brachial; branches, ulnar recurrent, common interosseous, dorsal and palmar carpal, deep palmar, and superficial palmar arch with its digital branches.arteria ulnaris [NA];
umbilical a. before birth the a. is a continuation of the internal iliac; after birth it is obliterated between the bladder and umbilicus, forming the medial umbilical ligament, the remaining portion, between the internal iliac artery and bladder, being reduced in size and giving off the superior vesical arteries.arteria umbilicalis [NA];
urethral a. origin, perineal artery; distribution, membranous urethra.arteria urethralis [NA];
uterine a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, uterus, upper part of vagina, round ligament, and medial part of uterine (fallopian) tube; anastomoses, ovarian, vaginal, inferior epigastric. Supplies maternal circulation to placenta during pregnancy.arteria uterina [NA];
vaginal a. origin, internal iliac; distribution, vagina, base of bladder, rectum; anastomoses, uterine, internal pudendal.arteria vaginalis [NA];
venous a. pulmonary trunk
ventral splanchnic a.'s a.'s that arise on the embryo from the dorsal aorta and are distributed to the digestive tube.
ventricular a.'s branches of the right and left coronary arteries distributed to the muscle of the ventricles.arteriae ventriculares [NA];
vertebral a. the first branch of the subclavian artery; for descriptive purposes, divided into four parts: 1) prevertebral part, the portion before it enters the foramen of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra; 2) transversarial part, the portion in the transverse foramina of the first six cervical vertebrae; 3) suboccipital (atlantic) part, the portion running along the posterior arch of the atlas; and 4) intracranial part, the portion within the cranial cavity to its union with the artery from the other side to form the basilar artery.arteria vertebralis [NA];
vidian a. a. of pterygoid canal
vitelline a. an a. carrying blood to the yolk sac from the embryo.arteria vitellina;
volar interosseous a. anterior interosseous a
Wilkie's a. the right colic a. when it occasionally crosses the duodenum.
Zinn's a. central a. of retina
zygomatico-orbital a. origin, superficial temporal, sometimes middle temporal; distribution, orbicularis oculi muscle and portions of the orbit; anastomoses, lacrimal and palpebral branches of ophthalmic.arteria zygomatico-orbitalis [NA];

arthr- arthr-

See arthro-.

arthragra arthragra (arth-rag´ra)

Obsolete term for articular gout. [G. arthron, joint, + agra, seizure]

arthral arthral (ar´thral)

articular

arthralgia arthralgia (ar-thral´je-a)

Severe pain in a joint, especially one not inflammatory in character.arthrodynia; [G. arthron, joint, + algos, pain]
intermittent a. periodic a
periodic a. a condition in which pain and swelling of one or more joints, most commonly the knee, occurs at regular intervals; there is sometimes abdominal pain, purpura, or edema.intermittent a;
a. saturni´na severe pain, chiefly on flexion of the joints of the lower extremities, in lead poisoning.

arthralgic arthralgic (ar-thral´jik)

Relating to or affected with arthralgia.arthrodynic;

arthrectomy arthrectomy (ar-threk´to-me)

Excision of a joint. [G. arthron, joint, + ektome, excision]

arthresthesia arthresthesia (ar-thres-the´ze-a)

articular sensibility [G. arthron, joint, + aisthesis, sensation]

arthrifuge arthrifuge (ar´thri-fuj)

A gout remedy. [arthritis + L. fugo, to chase away]

arthritic arthritic (ar-thrit´ik)

Relating to arthritis.

arthritide arthritide (ar´thri-ted)

Obsolete term for a skin eruption of assumed gouty or rheumatic origin. [Fr.]

arthritides arthritides (ar-thrit´i-dez)

Plural of arthritis.

arthritis arthritis , pl. arthritides (ar-thrI´tis, ar-thrit´i-dez)

Inflammation of a joint or a state characterized by inflammation of joints.articular rheumatism; [G. fr. arthron, joint, + -itis, inflammation]
acute rheumatic a. a. due to rheumatic fever.
atrophic a. obsolete term for a. without new bone formation, now usually called rheumatoid a.
chlamydial a. serous polyarthritis of cattle and sheep from chlamydial infection.
chronic absorptive a. a. accompanied by pronounced resorption of bone with shortening and deformity, especially of the hands; when the deformity is extreme, the condition has also been termed a. mutilans.
chylous a. a. with a high lymph content in synovial fluid, usually due to filariasis.
a. defor´mans rheumatoid a
degenerative a. osteoarthritis
enteropathic a. a form of a. sometimes resembling rheumatoid a. which may complicate the course of ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, or other intestinal disease.
filarial a. a. occurring in filariasis, probably due to extravasation of lipid-rich lymph resembling chyle into the joint space.
gonococcal a. joint space infection in humans caused by disseminated Neisseria gonorrhoeae; characteristically monarticular, but may be polyarticular.gonorrheal arthritis;
gonorrheal arthritis gonococcal a
gouty a. inflammation of the joints in gout.
hemophilic a. joint disease resulting from hemophilic bleeding into a joint.
hypertrophic a. osteoarthritis
Jaccoud's a. a rare form of chronic a., reported to occur after attacks of acute rheumatic fever, characterized by an unusual form of bone erosion of the metacarpal heads and by ulnar deviation of the fingers; it resembles rheumatoid a., but with less overt inflammation, and rheumatoid factor is absent.Jaccoud's arthropathy;
juvenile a. , juvenile rheumatoid a. chronic a. beginning in childhood, most cases of which are pauciarticular, i.e., affecting few joints. Several patterns of illness have been identified: in one subset, primarily affecting girls, iritis is common and antinuclear antibody is usually present; another subset, primarily affecting boys, frequently includes spinal a. resembling ankylosing spondylitis; some cases are true rheumatoid a. beginning in childhood and characterized by the presence of rheumatoid factor and destructive deforming joint changes, often undergoing remission at puberty. See also Still's disease.juvenile chronic a;
juvenile chronic a. juvenile a
Lyme a. the arthritic manifestation of Lyme disease.
a. mu´tilans a form of chronic rheumatoid a. in which osteolysis occurs with extensive destruction of the joint cartilages and bony surfaces with pronounced deformities, chiefly of the hands and feet; similar changes can occur in some cases of psoriatic a.
neonatal a. of foals bacterial polyarthritis caused by umbilical infections by several bacterial species.
neuropathic a. neuropathic joint
a. nodo´sa rheumatoid a
ochronotic a. osteoarthritis occurring as a complication of ochronosis.
proliferative a. rarely used term for rheumatoid a., based on the characteristic proliferation of the synovial membrane seen in joints affected by the disease.
psoriatic a. the concurrence of psoriasis and polyarthritis, resembling rheumatoid a. but thought to be a specific disease entity, seronegative for rheumatoid factor and often involving the digits. See also a. mutilans.arthropathia psoriatica;
pyogenic a. suppurative a
rheumatoid a. a systemic disease, occurring more often in women, which affects connective tissue; a. is the dominant clinical manifestation, involving many joints, especially those of the hands and feet, accompanied by thickening of articular soft tissue, with extension of synovial tissue over articular cartilages, which become eroded; the course is variable but often is chronic and progressive, leading to deformities and disability.a. deformans, a. nodosa, nodose rheumatism (1);
suppurative a. acute inflammation of synovial membranes, with purulent effusion into a joint, due to bacterial infection; the usual route of infection is hemic to the synovial tissue, causing destruction of the articular cartilage, and may become chronic, with sinus formation, osteomyelitis, deformity, and disability.purulent synovitis, pyarthrosis, pyogenic a., suppurative synovitis;

arthro- arthro- , arthr-

A joint, an articulation; corresponds to L. articul-. [G. arthron, a joint, fr. ararisko, to join, to fit together]

Arthrobacter Arthrobacter (ar-thro-bak´ter)

A genus of strictly aerobic, Gram-positive bacteria (family Corynebacteriaceae) whose cells undergo a change from a coccoid form to a rod shape following transfer to fresh complex growth medium. Although primarily found in soil, species identified as belonging to this genus have been found in the advancing front of lesions of dental caries. The type species is A. globiformis. [G. arthron, joint, + baktron, staff or rod]

arthrocele arthrocele (ar´thro-sel)

1. Hernia of the synovial membrane through the capsule of a joint. 2. Any swelling of a joint. [arthro- + G. kele, hernia, tumor]

arthrocentesis arthrocentesis (ar´thro-sen-te´sis)

Aspiration of fluid from a joint through a puncture needle. [arthro- + G. kentesis, puncture]

arthrochondritis arthrochondritis (ar´thro-kon-drI´tis)

Inflammation of an articular cartilage. [arthro- + G. chondros, cartilage, + -itis, inflammation]

arthroclasia arthroclasia (ar-thro-kla´ze-a)

The forcible breaking up of the adhesions in ankylosis. [arthro- + G. klasis, a breaking]

arthroconidium arthroconidium (ar´thro-ko-nid´e-um)

A conidium released by fragmentation or separation at the septum of cells of the hypha.arthrospore; [G. arthron, joint, + conidium]

Arthroderma Arthroderma (ar´thro-der´ma)

A genus of ascomycetous fungi comprised of the anamorph genera Microsporium and Trichoderma species.

arthrodesis arthrodesis (ar-throd´e-sis, ar-thro-de´sis)

The stiffening of a joint by operative means.artificial ankylosis, syndesis; [arthro- + G. desis, a binding together]
triple a. surgical fusion of the talonavicular, talocalcaneal, and calcaneocuboid joints.

arthrodia arthrodia (ar-thro´de-a)

plane joint [G. arthrodia, a gliding joint, fr. arthron, joint, + eidos, form]

arthrodial arthrodial (ar-thro´de-al)

Relating to arthrodia.

arthrodynia arthrodynia (ar-thro-din´e-a)

arthralgia [arthro- + G. odyne, pain]

arthrodynic arthrodynic (ar-thro-din´ik)

arthralgic

arthrodysplasia arthrodysplasia (ar´thro-dis-pla´ze-a)

Hereditary congenital defect of joint development. [arthro- + G. dys, bad, + plasis, a molding]

arthroendoscopy arthroendoscopy (ar´thro-en-dos´ko-pe)

arthroscopy

arthroereisis arthroereisis (ar-thro-e-rI´sis)

arthrorisis

arthrogenous arthrogenous (ar-throj´e-nus)

1. Of articular origin; starting from a joint. 2. Forming an articulation.

arthrogram arthrogram (ar´thro-gram)

Roentgenogram of a joint; usually implies the introduction of a contrast agent into the joint capsule. [arthro- + G. gramma, a writing]

arthrography arthrography (ar-throg´ra-fe)

Radiography of a joint after injecting one or more contrast media into the joint. [arthro- + G. grapho, to describe]

arthrogryposis arthrogryposis (ar´thro-gri-po´sis)

Congenital defect of the limbs characterized by contractures of joints. [arthro- + G. gryphosis, a crooking]
a. mul´tiplex congen´ita limitation of range of joint motion and contractures present at birth, usually involving multiple joints; a syndrome probably of diverse etiology that may result from changes in spinal cord, muscle, or connective tissue. Several forms exist, autosomal dominant [MIM*108110, 108120, 108130, 108140, 108145, 108200], recessive [MIM*208080, 208081, 208100, 208110, 208150, 208155, 208200], and X-linked [MIM*301820, 301830]amyoplasia congenita;

arthrokatadysis arthrokatadysis (ar´thro-ka-tad´i-sis)

Otto's disease [arthro- + G. katadysis, a dipping under, a setting, fr. dyo, to make sink]

arthrolith arthrolith (ar´thro-lith)

A loose body in a joint. [arthro- + G. lithos, stone]

arthrolithiasis arthrolithiasis (ar´thro-li-thI´a-sis)

Rarely used term for articular gout.

arthrologia arthrologia (ar-thro-lo´je-a) [NA]

arthrology, arthrology

arthrology arthrology (ar-throl´o-je)

The branch of anatomy concerned with the joints.arthrologia [NA] , syndesmologia, syndesmology, synosteology; [arthro- + G. logos, study]

arthrolysis arthrolysis (ar-throl´i-sis)

Restoration of mobility in stiff and ankylosed joints. [arthro- + G. lysis, a loosening]

arthrometer arthrometer (ar-throm´e-ter)

goniometer (3)

arthrometry arthrometry (ar-throm´e-tre)

Measurement of the range of movement in a joint. [arthro- + G. metron, measure]

arthronosos arthronosos (ar-thro-no´sos)

Rarely used term for any disease of the joints. [arthro- + G. nosos, disease]

arthro-ophthalmopathy arthro-ophthalmopathy (ar´thro-of´thal-mop´a-the) [MIM*108300]

Disease affecting joints and eyes; autosomal dominant inheritance. [arthro- + ophthalmo- + G. pathos, suffering]
hereditary progressive a.-o. [MIM*108300] autosomal dominant a.-o. associated with progressive multiple dysplasia of the epiphyses, overtubulation of long bones, cleft lip and palate, hypermobility of joints, flattened vertebral bodies, pelvic bone deformities, and deafness.Stickler's syndrome;

arthropathia arthropathia (ar-thro-path´e-a)

arthropathy [L.]
a. psoriat´ica psoriatic arthritis

arthropathology arthropathology (ar´thro-pa-thol´o-je)

The study of diseases of joints.

arthropathy arthropathy (ar-throp´a-the)

Any disease affecting a joint.arthropathia; [arthro- + G. pathos, suffering]
diabetic a. a neuropathic a. occurring in diabetes.
Jaccoud's a. Jaccoud's arthritis
long-leg a. a degenerative joint disease that develops, after many years, in the knee of the longer leg of a person with unequal leg lengths.
neuropathic a. neuropathic joint
static a. secondary involvement of a joint following disease in a joint of the same extremity; e.g., knee or ankle involvement in hip disease.
tabetic a. a neuropathic a. that occurs with tabes dorsalis (tabetic neurosyphilis). See also neuropathic joint.Charcot's joint;

arthrophyma arthrophyma (ar-thro-fI´ma)

An articular tumor or swelling. [arthro- + G. phyma, swelling, tumor]

arthroplasty arthroplasty (ar´thro-plas-te)

1. Creation of an artificial joint to correct ankylosis. 2. An operation to restore as far as possible the integrity and functional power of a joint. [arthro- + G. plastos, formed]
Charnley hip a. a form of total hip replacement consisting of the application of an acetabular cup and a femoral head prosthesis.
gap a. the surgical correction of ankylosis by creating a space between the ankylosed part of a joint and the portion for which movement is desired.
interposition a. surgical correction of ankylosis by separation of the immobile part of a joint from the mobilized part and interposition of a substance (e.g., fascia, cartilage, metal, or plastic) between them.
intracapsular temporomandibular joint a. operative recontouring of the articular surface of the mandibular condyle without the removal of the articular disk.
total joint a. a. in which both joint surfaces are replaced with artificial materials, usually metal and high-density plastic.

arthropneumoradiography arthropneumoradiography (ar´thro-nu´mo-ra´e-og´ra-fe)

Radiographic examination of a joint after it has been injected with air. [arthro- + pneumo- + radiography]

arthropod arthropod (ar´thro-pod)

A member of the phylum Arthropoda. [arthro- + G. pous, foot]

Arthropoda Arthropoda (ar-throp´o-da)

A phylum of the Metazoa that includes the classes Crustacea (crabs, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters), Insecta, Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks), Chilopoda (centipedes), Diplopoda (millipedes), Merostomata (horseshoe crabs), and various other extinct or lesser known groups. A. forms the largest assemblage of living organisms, 75% insects, of which over a million species are known. [arthro- + G. pous, foot]

arthropodiasis arthropodiasis (ar´thro-po-dI´a-sis)

Direct effects of arthropods upon vertebrates including acariasis, allergy, dermatosis, entomophobia, and actions of contact toxins.

arthropodic arthropodic , arthropodous (ar-thro-po´dik, ar-throp´o-dus)

Pertaining to arthropods.

arthropyosis arthropyosis (ar´thro-pI-o´sis)

Suppuration in a joint. [arthro- + G. pyosis, suppuration]

arthrorisis arthrorisis (ar´thro-rI´sis)

An operation for limiting motion in a joint in cases of undue mobility from paralysis, usually by means of a bone block.arthroereisis; [arthro- + G. ereisis, a propping up]

arthrosclerosis arthrosclerosis (ar´thro-skler-o´sis)

Stiffness of the joints, especially in the aged. [arthro- + G. sklerosis, hardening]

arthroscope arthroscope (ar´thro-skop)

An endoscope for examining joint interiors.

arthroscopy arthroscopy (ar-thros´ko-pe)

Endoscopic examination of the interior of a joint.arthroendoscopy; [arthro- + G. skopeo, to view]

arthrosis arthrosis (ar-thro´sis)

1. joint [G. arthrosis, a jointing] 2. A degenerative affection of a joint. [arthro- + G. -osis, condition]
temporomandibular a. a noninfectious degenerative dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint characterized by pain, cracking, and limited mandibular opening. See also myofacial pain-dysfunction syndrome.

arthrospore arthrospore (ar´thro-spor)

arthroconidium [arthro- + G. sporos, seed]

arthrosteitis arthrosteitis (ar-thros-te-I´tis)

Inflammation of the osseous structures of a joint. [arthro- + G. osteon, bone, + -itis, inflammation]

arthrostomy arthrostomy (ar-thros´to-me)

Establishment of a temporary opening into a joint cavity. [arthro- + G. stoma, mouth]

arthrosynovitis arthrosynovitis (ar´thro-sin-o-vI´tis)

Inflammation of the synovial membrane of a joint.

arthrotome arthrotome (ar´thro-tom)

A large, strong scalpel used in cutting cartilaginous and other tough joint structures.

arthrotomy arthrotomy (ar-throt´o-me)

Cutting into a joint. [arthro- + G. tome, a cutting]

arthrotropic arthrotropic (ar-thro-trop´ik)

Tending to affect joints. [arthro- + G. tropos, a turning]

arthrotyphoid arthrotyphoid (ar-thro-tI´foyd)

Obsolete term for typhoid fever with joint involvement due to metastatic infection.

arthroxesis arthroxesis (ar-throk´se-sis)

Removal of diseased tissue from a joint by means of the sharp spoon or other scraping instrument. [arthro- + G. xesis, a scraping]

Arthus Arthus

Nicolas Maurice, French bacteriologist, 1862-1945. See A. phenomenon, reaction.

articular articular (ar-tik´yu-lar)

Relating to a joint.arthral;

articulare articulare (ar-tik-yu-la´re)

In cephalometrics, the point of intersection of the external dorsal contour of the mandibular condyle and the temporal bone; the midpoint is used when a profile radiograph shows double projections of the rami.

articulate articulate (ar-tik´yu-lit)

1. articulated 2. To join or connect together loosely to allow motion between the parts. 3. Capable of distinct and connected speech. (ar-tik´yu-lat). 4. To speak distinctly and connectedly. [L. articulo, pp. -atus, to articulate]

articulated articulated (ar-tik´yu-la-ted)

Jointed.articulate (1);

articulatio articulatio , pl. articulationes (ar-tik-yu-la´she-o, -la-she-o´nez) [NA]

joint [L. a forming of vines]
a. acromioclavicula´ris [NA] acromioclavicular joint
a. atlantoaxia´lis latera´lis [NA] lateral atlantoaxial joint
a. atlantoaxia´lis media´na [NA] median atlantoaxial joint
a. atlan´to-occipita´lis [NA] atlanto-occipital joint
a. bicondyla´ris [NA] bicondylar joint
a. calca´neocuboi´dea [NA] calcaneocuboid joint
a. cap´itis cos´tae [NA] joint of head of rib
a. carpometacar´pea pol´licis [NA] carpometacarpal joint of thumb
articulatio´nes carpometacar´peae [NA] carpometacarpal joints, under joint
a. cartilag´inis [NA] cartilaginous joint
articulatio´nes cing´uli mem´bri inferio´ris [NA] joints of pelvic girdle, under joint
articulatio´nes cin´guli mem´bri superio´ris [NA] joints of pectoral girdle, under joint
a. complex´a [NA] compound joint
a. compos´ita [NA] compound joint
a. condyla´ris [NA] * official alternate term for ellipsoidal joint
a. costochondra´lis [NA] costochondral joint
a. cos´totransversa´ria [NA] costotransverse joint
articulatio´nes costovertebra´les [NA] costovertebral joints, under joint
a. cotyl´ica [NA] * official alternate term for ball-and-socket joint
a. cox´ae [NA] hip joint
a. cricoarytenoid´ea [NA] cricoarytenoid joint
a. cricothyroid´ea [NA] cricothyroid joint
a. cu´biti [NA] elbow joint
a. cuneonavicula´ris [NA] cuneonavicular joint
a. dentoalveola´ris [NA] * official alternate term for gomphosis
a. ellipsoi´dea [NA] ellipsoidal joint
a. fibro´sa [NA] fibrous joint
a. ge´nus [NA] knee joint
a. hu´meri [NA] shoulder joint
a. humeroradia´lis [NA] humeroradial joint
a. humeroulna´ris [NA] humeroulnar joint
a. incudomallea´ris [NA] incudomalleolar joint
a. incudostape´dia [NA] incudostapedial joint
articulatio´nes intercar´peae [NA] intercarpal joints, under joint
articulatio´nes interchondra´les [NA] interchondral joints, under joint
articulatio´nes intermetacar´peae [NA] intermetacarpal joints, under joint
articulatio´nes intermetatar´seae [NA] intermetatarsal joints, under joint
articulatio´nes interphalan´geae ma´nus [NA] interphalangeal joints of hand, under joint
articulatio´nes interphalan´geae pe´dis [NA] interphalangeal joints of foot, under joint
articulatio´nes intertar´seae [NA] intertarsal joints, under joint
a. lumbosacra´lis [NA] lumbosacral joint
a. mandibula´ris temporomandibular joint
articulatio´nes ma´nus [NA] joints of hand, under joint
a. mediocar´pea [NA] midcarpal joint
articulatio´nes mem´bri inferio´ris li´beri [NA] joints of free lower limb, under joint
articulatio´nes mem´bri superio´ris li´beri [NA] joints of free upper limb, under joint
articulatio´nes metacarpophalan´geae [NA] metacarpophalangeal joints, under joint
articulatio´nes metatarsophalan´geae [NA] metatarsophalangeal joints, under joint
articulatio´nes ossiculo´rum audi´tus [NA] joints of auditory ossicles, under joint
a. os´sis pisifor´mis [NA] pisotriquetral joint
a. ovoida´lis saddle joint
articulatio´nes pe´dis [NA] joints of foot, under joint
a. pla´na [NA] plane joint
a. radiocar´pea [NA] wrist joint
a. radioulna´ris dista´lis [NA] distal radioulnar joint
a. radioulna´ris proxima´lis [NA] proximal radioulnar joint
a. sacrococcyge´a [NA] sacrococcygeal joint
a. sacroili´aca [NA] sacroiliac joint
a. sellar´is [NA] saddle joint
a. sim´plex [NA] simple joint
a. spheroi´dea [NA] ball-and-socket joint
a. sternoclavicula´ris [NA] sternoclavicular joint
articulatio´nes sternocosta´les [NA] sternocostal joints, under joint
a. subtala´ris [NA] subtalar joint
a. synovia´lis [NA] synovial joint
a. tal´ocalca´neonavicula´ris [NA] talocalcaneonavicular joint
a. talocrural´is [NA] ankle joint
a. tar´si transver´sa [NA] transverse tarsal joint
articulatio´nes tarsometatar´seae [NA] tarsometatarsal joints, under joint
a. temporomandibula´ris [NA] temporomandibular joint
a. tibiofibula´ris [NA] proximal tibiofibular joint
a. trochoid´ea [NA] pivot joint
articulatio´nes zygapophysea´les [NA] zygapophyseal joints, under joint

articulation articulation (ar-tik-yu-la´shun)

1. joint 2. A joining or connecting together loosely so as to allow motion between the parts. 3. Distinct connected speech or enunciation. 4. In dentistry, the contact relationship of the occlusal surfaces of the teeth during jaw movement. [see joint]
arthrodial a. plane joint
atlanto-occipital a. atlanto-occipital joint
balanced a. balanced occlusion
bicondylar a. bicondylar joint
carpal a. wrist joint
cartilaginous a. cartilaginous joint
compound a. compound joint
condylar a. ellipsoidal joint
confluent a. a tendency to run the syllables together in speech.
cricoarytenoid a. cricoarytenoid joint
cricothyroid a. cricothyroid joint
cuneonavicular a. cuneonavicular joint
dental a. the contact relationship of the occlusal surfaces of the upper and lower teeth when moving into and away from centric occlusion.gliding occlusion;
distal radioulnar a. distal radioulnar joint
a.'s of foot joints of foot, under joint
glenohumeral a. shoulder joint
a.'s of hand joints of hand, under joint
humeral a. shoulder joint
humeroradial a. humeroradial joint
incudomalleolar a. incudomalleolar joint
incudostapedial a. incudostapedial joint
interchondral a.'s interchondral joints, under joint
intermetatarsal a.'s intermetatarsal joints, under joint
interphalangeal a.'s interphalangeal joints of hand, under joint
intertarsal a.'s intertarsal joints, under joint
metacarpophalangeal a.'s metacarpophalangeal joints, under joint
metatarsophalangeal a.'s metatarsophalangeal joints, under joint
peg-and-socket a. gomphosis
a. of pisiform bone pisotriquetral joint
proximal radioulnar a. proximal radioulnar joint
radiocarpal a. wrist joint
sacroiliac a. sacroiliac joint
spheroid a. ball-and-socket joint
sternocostal a.'s sternocostal joints, under joint
superior tibial a. proximal tibiofibular joint
talocrural a. ankle joint
temporomandibular a. temporomandibular joint
tibiofibular a. 1. proximal tibiofibular joint 2. tibiofibular syndesmosis
transverse tarsal a. transverse tarsal joint
trochoid a. pivot joint

articulator articulator (ar-tik´yu-la-tor)

A mechanical device which represents the temporomandibular joints and jaw members to which maxillary and mandibular casts may be attached.occluding frame;
adjustable a. 1. an a. which may be adjusted to permit movement of the casts into recorded eccentric relationships; 2. an a. capable of adjustment to more than one eccentric position.
arcon a. 1. an a. with the equivalent condylar guides fixed to the upper member and the hinge axis to the lower member; 2. an instrument that maintains a constant relationship between the occlusal plane and the arcon guides at any position of the upper member, thereby making possible more accurate reproductions of mandibular movements.
non-arcon a. an a. with the equivalent condylar guides attached to the lower member and the hinge axis to the upper member.

articulatory articulatory (ar-tik´yu-la-to-re)

Relating to articulate speech.

articulostat articulostat (ar-tik´yu-lo-stat)

A research instrument that will position the dentition and the head of an x-ray machine in such a manner that films made at separate times may be accurately superimposed. [articulo- + G. stasis, a standing still]

articulus articulus (ar-tik´yu-lus)

joint [L. joint]

artifact artifact (ar´ti-fakt)

1. Anything, especially in a histologic specimen or a graphic record, that is caused by the technique used or is not a natural occurrence, but is merely incidental. 2. A skin lesion produced or perpetuated by self-inflicted action, as in dermatitis artefacta.artefact; [L. ars, art, + facio, pp. factus, to make]
chemical shift a. in magnetic resonance imaging, a dark band caused by a biochemical difference in resonant frequency of adjacent regions rather than a true anatomic separation.

artifactitious artifactitious (ar´ti-fak-tish´us)

artifactual

artifactual artifactual (ar-ti-fak´chyu-al)

Produced or caused by an artifact.artifactitious;

Artiodactyla Artiodactyla (ar´ti-o-dak´ti-la)

An order of even-toed ungulates having either two or four digits, with the axis between the third and fourth; e.g., pig and hippopotamus with four; camel, deer, giraffe, antelope, and cow with two. [G. artios, even in number, + daktylos, finger]

ARV ARV

Abbreviation for AIDS-related virus.

aryepiglottic aryepiglottic (ar´e-ep-i-glot´ik)

Relating to the arytenoid cartilage and the epiglottis; denoting a fold of mucous membrane (aryepiglottic fold) and a muscle contained in it (aryepiglottic muscle).arytenoepiglottidean;

aryl aryl (ar´il)

An organic radical derived from an aromatic compound by removing a hydrogen atom.
a. acylamidase an amidohydrolase cleaving the acyl group from an anilide by hydrolysis, producing aniline and an acid anion.arylamidase;

arylamidase arylamidase (ar-il-am´i-das)

aryl acylamidase

arylarsonic acid arylarsonic acid (ar´il-ar-son´ik)

An arsonic acid containing an aryl radical; e.g., arsenilic acid.

arylsulfatase arylsulfatase (ar-il-sul´fa-tas)

An enzyme that cleaves phenol sulfates, including cerebroside sulfates (i.e., a phenol sulfate + H₂O -> a phenol + sulfate anion). Some a.'s are inhibited by sulfate (type II) and some are not (type I).sulfatase (2);

arytenoepiglottidean arytenoepiglottidean (a-rit´e-no-ep´i-glo-tid´e-an)

aryepiglottic

arytenoid arytenoid (ar-i-te´noyd)

Denoting a cartilage (arytenoid cartilage) and muscles (oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles) of the larynx. [see arytenoideus]

arytenoidectomy arytenoidectomy (ar´I-te-noy-dek´to-me)

Excision of an arytenoid cartilage, usually in bilateral vocal fold paralysis, to improve breathing. [arytenoid + G. ektome, excision]

arytenoideus arytenoideus (ar-I-te-noy´de-us)

oblique arytenoid muscle, transverse arytenoid muscle [G. arytainoeides, ladle-shaped, applied to cartilage of the larynx, fr. arytaina, a ladle, + eidos, resemblance]

arytenoiditis arytenoiditis (a-rit´e-noy-dI´tis)

Inflammation of an arytenoid cartilage or its mucosal cover.

arytenoidopexy arytenoidopexy (ar´I-te-noy´do-pek´se)

Fixation by surgery of cartilages or muscles of arytenoids. [arytenoid + G. pexis, fixation]

A.S. A.S.

Abbreviation for auris sinister [L.], left ear.

As As

Symbol for arsenic.

asafetida asafetida (as-a-fet´I-da)

A gum resin, the inspissated exudate from the root of Ferula foetida (family Umbelliferae); used as a repellent against dogs, cats, and rabbits, and formerly used as an antispasmodic; in Asia, used as a condiment and flavoring agent. [Pers. aza, mastic, + L. fetidus, fetid]

Asarum Asarum (as´ar-um)

A genus of plants of the family Aristolochiaceae. [L., fr. G. asaron, hazelwort]
A. canaden´se an aromatic stimulant and diaphoretic.Canada snakeroot, Indian ginger, wild ginger;
A. europae´um an emetic and cathartic.European snakeroot, hazelwort;

asbestoid asbestoid (as-bes´toyd)

amianthoid

asbestos asbestos (as-bes´tos)

The commercial product, after mining and processing, obtained from a family of fibrous hydrated silicates divided mineralogically into amphiboles (amosite, anthrophyllite, and crocidolite) and serpentines (chrysotile); it is virtually insoluble and is used to provide tensile strength and moldability, thermal insulation, and resistance to fire, heat, and corrosion; inhalation of a. particles can cause asbestosis. [G. unquenchable; so called in the erroneous belief that when heated, it could not be quenched]

asbestosis asbestosis (as-bes-to´sis)

Pneumoconiosis due to inhalation of asbestos fibers suspended in the ambient air; sometimes complicated by pleural mesothelioma or bronchogenic carcinoma; ferruginous bodies are the histologic hallmark of exposure to asbestos.

ascariasis ascariasis (as-ka-rI´a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with Ascaris or related ascarid nematodes. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm, + -iasis, condition]

ascaricide ascaricide (as-kar´i-sId)

1. Causing the death of ascarid nematodes. 2. An agent having such properties. [ascarid + L. caedo, to kill]

ascarid ascarid (as´ka-rid)

1. A general name for any nematode of the family Ascarididae. 2. Pertaining to such nematodes.

Ascaridae Ascaridae (as-kar´i-de)

Former spelling for Ascarididae.

Ascaridata Ascaridata (as-ka-rid´a-ta)

Ascaridida

Ascaridia Ascaridia (as-ka-rid´i-a)

A genus of relatively large nematodes (family Heterakidae) that inhabit the intestine of birds and cause ascaridiasis. Their life cycle is direct, without an intermediate host; their appearance and habits are much like those of members of the family Ascarididae.
A. gal´li a species abundant in the small intestine of chickens, turkeys, geese, guinea fowl, and many wild birds in most parts of the world.

ascaridiasis ascaridiasis (as´ka-ri-dI´a-sis)

Disease caused by infection with a species of Ascaridia, commonly occurring in the intestine of fowl.

Ascaridida Ascaridida (as-ka-rid´i-da)

An order of nematode worms that includes many important human, domestic animal, and fowl parasites such as Ascaris, Ascaridia, Subuluris, Heterakis, and Anisakis.Ascaridata, Ascarididea, Ascaridorida;

Ascarididae Ascarididae (as-ka-rid´i-de)

A family of large intestinal roundworms that includes the important nematode of man, Ascaris lumbricoides, the abundant roundworm of swine, Ascaris suum, and the common ascarids of dogs and cats, Toxocara and Toxascaris species. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm]

Ascarididea Ascarididea (as-kar-i-did´e-a)

Ascaridida

Ascaridoidea Ascaridoidea (as-ka-ri-doy´de-a)

Superfamily of stout, 3-lipped intestinal roundworms that includes the family Ascarididae.

ascaridole ascaridole (as-kar´I-dol)

1,4-Peroxido-p-menth-2-ene;a major constituent of oil of chenopodium; an anthelmintic.

Ascaridorida Ascaridorida (as-kari-dor´i-da)

Ascaridida

Ascaris Ascaris (as´ka-ris)

A genus of large, heavy-bodied roundworms parasitic in the small intestine; abundant in man and many other vertebrates. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm]
A. equo´rum Parascaris equorum
A. lumbricoi´des a large roundworm of man, one of the commonest human parasites (8 to 12 inches in length); various symptoms such as restlessness, fever, and sometimes diarrhea, are attributed to its presence, but usually it causes no definite symptoms; the similar species, A. suum (or A. lumbricoides suum) is very common in swine, but is not readily transmitted to man, and vice versa; the types are morphologically and immunologically similar but apparently are host-adapted types, considered distinct species or races.

Ascaroidea Ascaroidea (as-ka-roy´de-a)

Former spelling for Ascaridoidea.

ascaron ascaron (as-ka-ron)

A toxic peptone present in helminths, especially the ascaridids; symptoms of a. poisoning are similar to those of anaphylactic shock. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm, + hormon, pres. part. of hormao, to excite]

Ascarops strongylina Ascarops strongylina (as´ka-rops stron-ji-lI´na)

A small bloodsucking worm found in the stomach of pigs and wild boars in many parts of the world. Larvae of this species develop in coprophagous beetles; worms adhere to the gastric mucosa of the pig, and may cause inflammation and ulceration in heavy infections. [G. askaris, an intestinal worm; strongylos, round]

ascendens ascendens (as-sen´denz)

Ascending. Going upward, ascending, toward a higher position. [L.]

ascensus ascensus (a-sen´sus)

A moving upward; having an abnormally high position. [L. ascent]

ascertainment ascertainment (as-ser-tan´ment)

In epidemiological and genetic research, the method by which a person, pedigree, or cluster is brought to the attention of an investigator; has a bearing on the interpretation of segregation ratios, concordance rates, linkage analysis, and other probability features.
complete a. method by which all families with at least one affected individual in a population are certain or have an equal chance of being identified by survey or an appropriate random sampling technique.
incomplete a. method of locating affected individuals in which probability of locating any specific patient has a known value between 0 and 1.truncate a;
single a. method of a. of locating affected individuals by hospital or clinic admission or another way in which probability of encountering the same family twice approaches zero; thus, the probability that a family will be ascertained is proportional to the number of affected members.
total a. method by which all members of a population at risk of a trait are discerned or equally likely to be contained in a sample thereof.
truncate a. incomplete a

Aschelminthes Aschelminthes (ask-hel-min´thez)

A former phylum of the Metazoa which included the class Nematoda and a disparate assortment of other pseudocelomates, each now accorded separate phylum status; they are nonsegmented, bilaterally symmetric, and cylindric or filiform, with a pseudocele body cavity and rounded or pointed ends; they vary considerably in size, and the male is usually smaller than the female.

Ascher Ascher

Karl W., U.S. ophthalmologist, 1887-1971. See A.'s aqueous influx phenomenon, syndrome.

Aschheim Aschheim

Selmar, German obstetrician and gynecologist, 1878-1965. See A.-Zondek test.

Aschner Aschner

Bernhard, Austrian gynecologist, 1883-1960. See A.'s phenomenon, reflex; A.-Dagnini reflex.

Aschoff Aschoff

Karl Ludwig, German pathologist, 1866-1942. See A. bodies, under body, nodules, under nodule; node of A. and Tawara; Rokitansky-A. sinuses, under sinus; A. cell.

ascites ascites (a-sI´tez)

Accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal cavity.abdominal dropsy, hydroperitoneum, hydroperitonia; [L. fr. G. askos, a bag, + -ites]
a. adipo´sus chylous a
chyliform a. chylous a
chylous a. , a. chylo´sus presence in the peritoneal cavity of a milky fluid containing suspended fat, ordinarily caused by an obstruction or injury of the thoracic duct or cisterna.a. adiposus, chyliform a., chyloperitoneum, fatty a., milky a;
fatty a. chylous a
gelatinous a. pseudomyxoma peritonei
hemorrhagic a. bloody or blood-stained serous fluid, frequently resulting from metastatic carcinoma, in the peritoneal cavity.
milky a. chylous a
pseudochylous a. presence in the peritoneum of an opalescent or cloudy fluid that does not contain fat.

ascitic ascitic (a-sit´ik)

Relating to ascites.

ascitogenous ascitogenous (as-i-toj´e-nus)

Producing ascites.

Asclepias Asclepias (as-kle´pe-as)

A genus of plants (family Asclepiadaceae), commonly called milkweeds; some species, e.g., A. eriocarpa and A. galioides, are toxic to herbivorous animals and fowl. [G. Asklepios, Aesculapius]

ascocarp ascocarp (as´ko-karp)

A fungus structure, of varying complexity, which bears asci and ascospores. [G. askos, bag, + karpos, fruit]

ascogenous ascogenous (as-koj´e-nus)

Denoting ascus-bearing fungus hypha or cell.

ascogonium ascogonium (as-ko-go´ne-um)

The female cell in an ascomycete that is fertilized by the male cell.

Ascoli Ascoli

Alberto, Italian serologist, 1877-1957. See Ascoli reaction; Ascoli's test.

Ascomycetes Ascomycetes (as´ko-mI-se´tez)

A class of fungi characterized by the presence of asci and ascospores. Such fungi have generally two distinct reproductive phases, the sexual or perfect stage and the asexual or imperfect stage. Ajellomyces capsulatum and Ajellomyces dermatitidis are pathogenic members of this class. [G. askos, a bag, + mykes, mushroom]

ascomycetous ascomycetous (as´ko-mI´se-tus)

Fungi related to the Ascomycota.

Ascomycota Ascomycota (as´ko-mI-ko-ta)

A phylum of fungi characterized by the presence of asci and ascospores. Some mycologists have moved the class Ascomycetes to the phylum or division level.

ascorbase ascorbase (as-kor´bas)

ascorbate oxidase

ascorbate ascorbate (as-kor´bat)

A salt or ester of ascorbic acid.
a. oxidase a copper-containing enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of l-ascorbic acid with O₂ to l-dehydroascorbic acid. Some forms of a. use NADP+ as well. Used as an antitumor enzyme.ascorbase;

ascorbic acid ascorbic acid (as-kor´bik)

2,3-didehydro-l-threo-hexono-1,4-lactone;used in preventing scurvy, as a strong reducing agent, and as an antioxidant in foodstuffs.antiscorbutic vitamin, cevitamic acid, vitamin C; [G. a- priv. + Mod.L. scorbutus, scurvy, fr. Germanic]

ascorbyl palmitate ascorbyl palmitate (as-kor´bil pal´mi-tat)

l-Ascorbic acid-6-palmitate;used as a preservative in pharmaceutical preparations.

ascospore ascospore (as´ko-spor)

A spore formed within an ascus; the sexual spore of Ascomycetes. [G. askos, bag, + sporos, seed]

ascus ascus , pl. asci (as´kus, as´I)

The saclike cell of Ascomycetes in which ascospores develop following nuclear fusion and meiosis. [G. askos, bag]

-ase -ase

A termination denoting an enzyme, suffixed to the name of the substance (substrate) upon which the enzyme acts; e.g., phosphatase, lipase, proteinase. May also indicate the reaction catalyzed e.g., decarboxylase, oxidase. Enzymes named before the convention was established generally have an -in ending; e.g., pepsin, ptyalin, trypsin. [Fr. (diast)ase, an amylase that converts starch to maltose, fr. G. diastasis, separation, fr. dia-, through, apart, + stasis, a standing]

asecretory asecretory (a-se-kre´to-re)

Without secretion.

Aselli Aselli , Asellius , Asellio

Gasparo, Italian anatomist at Cremona, 1581-1626. See A.'s gland, pancreas.

asemasia asemasia , asemia (as-e-ma´ze-a, a-se´me-a)

asymbolia [G. a- priv. + semasia, the giving of a signal, fr. sema, sign]

asepsis asepsis (a-sep´sis, a-)

A condition in which living pathogenic organisms are absent; a state of sterility (2). [G. a- priv. + sepsis, putrefaction]

aseptate aseptate (a-sep´tat, a-)

In fungi, a term describing absence of cross walls in a hyphal filament or a spore. [G. a- priv. + L. saeptum, a partition]

aseptic aseptic (a-sep´tik, a-)

Marked by or relating to asepsis.

asepticism asepticism (a-sep´ti-sizm, a-)

The practice of aseptic surgery.

asequence asequence (a-se´kwens)

Lack of normal sequence, specifically, between atrial and ventricular contractions.

asexual asexual (a-seks´yu-al)

1. Referring to reproduction without nuclear fusion in an organism. 2. Having no sexual desire or interest. [G. a- priv. + sexual]

ASF ASF

Abbreviation for African swine fever.

Ashby Ashby

Winifred, 20th century hematologist. See Ashby method.

Asherman Asherman

Joseph G., Czechoslovakian gynecologist, *1889. See A.'s syndrome.

Ashman Ashman

R., 20th century U.S. physiologist. See A.'s phenomenon.

Ashman's phenomenon Ashman's phenomenon

See under phenomenon.

asialoglycoprotein asialoglycoprotein (a-sI-al´o-glI-ko-pro-ten)

A glycoprotein without a sialic acid moiety; such proteins are recognized by a. receptors and are targeted for degradation.

asitia asitia (a-sish´e-a)

Disgust at the sight or thought of food. [G. a- priv. + sitos, food]

Askanazy Askanazy

Max, German pathologist, 1865-1940. See A. cell.

Ask-Upmark Ask-Upmark

E., 20th century Swedish pathologist. See Ask-Upmark kidney.

Asn Asn

Symbol for asparagine or its mono- or diradical.

asocial asocial (a-so´shul)

Not social; withdrawn from society; indifferent to social rules or customs; e.g., a recluse, a regressed schizophrenic person, a schizoid personality. Cf. antisocial.

asoma asoma , pl. asomata (a-so´ma, -so´ma-ta)

A fetus with only a rudimentary body. [G. a- priv. + soma, body]

Asp Asp

Symbol for aspartic acid or its radical forms.

aspalasoma aspalasoma (as-pal-a-so´ma)

Obsolete term for a malformed fetus with eventration at the lower part of the abdomen, presenting separate openings for intestine, bladder, and sexual organs. [G. aspalax, a mole + soma, body]

asparaginase asparaginase (as-par´a-ji-nas)

1. l-Asparaginase;an enzyme catalyzing the hydrolysis of l-asparagine to l-aspartic acid and ammonia. 2. The enzyme from Escherichia coli, used in the treatment of acute leukemia and other neoplastic diseases.

asparagine (N, Asn) asparagine (N, Asn) (as-par´a-jin)

NH₂COCH₂CH(NH₃⁺)COO^-; a-amino-beta-succinamic acid;the beta-amide of aspartic acid, the l-isomer is a nonessential amino acid occurring in proteins; a diuretic.asparmide;
a. ligase an acid:ammonia ligase (amide synthetase) forming l-asparagine and l-glutamate from l-aspartate and l-glutamine, with the concomitant cleavage of ATP to AMP and pyrophosphate. Under nonphysiological conditions, the mammalian enzyme can use ammonia as the nitrogen donor. A. also displays a glutaminase-like activity.a. synthetase;
a. synthetase a. ligase

asparaginic acid asparaginic acid (as´par-a-jin´ik)

aspartic acid

asparaginyl asparaginyl (as-par´a-jin-il)

The aminoacyl radical of asparagine.

Asparagus Asparagus (as-par´a-gus)

A genus of plants of the family Liliaceae. A. officinalis is an edible vegetable, the rhizome and roots of which, together with the young edible shoots, are used as a diuretic. [L. fr. G. asparagos]

asparmide asparmide (as´par-mId)

asparagine

aspartame aspartame (as´par-tam)

n-l-a-Aspartyl-lphenylalanine 1-methyl ester;a low-calorie sweetening agent about 200 times as sweet as sucrose.

aspartase aspartase (as-par´tas)

aspartate ammonia-lyase

aspartate aspartate (as-par´tat)

A salt or ester of aspartic acid.
a. aminotransferase (AST) an enzyme catalyzing the reversible transfer of an amine group from l-glutamic acid to oxaloacetic acid, forming a-ketoglutaric acid and l-aspartic acid; a diagnostic aid in viral hepatitis and in myocardial infarctions.a. transaminase, glutamic-aspartic transaminase, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase;
a. ammonia-lyase a nonmammalian enzyme catalyzing the conversion of l-aspartic acid to fumaric acid, splitting out ammonia.aspartase, fumaric aminase;
a. carbamoyltransferase an enzyme catalyzing formation of ureidosuccinate (N-carbamoyl-l-aspartate) and P_i by the transfer of a carbamoyl moiety from carbamoylphosphate to the amino group of l-aspartate; participates in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
a. kinase an enzyme catalyzing the phosphorylation by ATP of l-aspartate to form 4-phospho-l-aspartate (beta-aspartyl phosphate) and ADP.
a. transaminase a. aminotransferase

aspartate 1-decarboxylase aspartate 1-decarboxylase

glutamate decarboxylase

aspartate 4-decarboxylase aspartate 4-decarboxylase

Aspartate beta-decarboxylase;a carboxy-lyase converting l-aspartate to l-alanine (releasing CO₂); it decarboxylates aminomalonate and (in bacteria) removes SO₂ from cysteinesulfinate. See also desulfinase.

aspartic acid (Asp) aspartic acid (Asp) (as-par´tik)

HOOC-CH₂-CH(NH₂)-COOH;the l-isomer is one of the amino acids occurring in proteins.a-aminosuccinic acid, asparaginic acid;

aspartyl aspartyl (as-par´til)

The aminoacyl radical of aspartic acid.

beta-aspartyl(acetylglucosamine) beta-aspartyl(acetylglucosamine) (as-par´til-as´e-til-glu´ko-sa-men)

Misnomer for 1-(beta-asparagino)-N-acetylglucosamine or 1-(beta-aspartamido)-N-acetylglucosamine, or, formally, 1-(beta-l-aspartamido)-N-2-acetamido-1,2-dideoxy-beta-d-glucose; a compound of N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine, linked via the amide nitrogen of the latter and carbon-1 of the former. An important structural linkage in many glycoproteins.

aspartylglycosamine aspartylglycosamine (as-par´til-glI´ko-sa-men)

Generic term for compounds of asparagine and a 2-amino sugar; e.g., beta-aspartyl(acetylglucosamine).

aspartylglycosaminidase aspartylglycosaminidase (as-par´til-glI´ko-sa-mi-ni-das)

A hydrolytic enzyme that cleaves off L-aspartate from aspartylglycosamines. A deficiency of a. can result in aspartylglycosaminuria.

aspartylglycosaminuria aspartylglycosaminuria (as-par´til-glI´ko-sa-mi-nur´e-a) [MIM*208400]

One of the disorders of glycoprotein catabolism resulting from the absence of aspartylglycosamine amidohydrolase, characterized by aspartylglycosamine in the urine and spinal fluid. Symptoms develop in the first months of life, with recurrent infections and diarrhea. Mental retardation, coarse facial features, and skeletal abnormalities are evident by adolescence.

aspect aspect (as´pekt)

1. The manner of appearance; looks. 2. The side of an object that is directed in any designated direction. [L. aspectus, fr. a-spicio, pp. -spectus, to look at]

aspergillic acid aspergillic acid (as-per-jil´ik)

2-Hydroxy-3-isobutyl-6-(1-methylpropyl)pyrazine-1-oxide;produced by Aspergillus flavus; an antibiotic agent moderately active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, but toxic to animal tissues.

aspergillin aspergillin (as-per-jil´in)

A black pigment obtained from various species of Aspergillus; improperly used to designate various antibiotics obtained from Aspergillus.

aspergilloma aspergilloma (as´per-ji-lo´ma)

1. An infectious granuloma caused by Aspergillus. 2. A variety of bronchopulmonary aspergillosis; a ball-like mass of Aspergillis fumigatus colonizing an existing cavity in the lung. [aspergillus + -oma, tumor]

aspergillomycosis aspergillomycosis (as´per-ji-lo´sis)

aspergillosis [aspergillus + G. mykes, fungus, + -osis, condition]

aspergillosis aspergillosis (as´per-ji-lo´sis)

1. The presence of Aspergillus in the tissues or on a mucous surface of humans and animals, and the symptoms produced thereby. 2. Infection of the lungs and air sacs of birds, especially chickens and turkeys, with Aspergillus fumigatus, frequently introduced in spoiled, moldy feed.aspergillomycosis;
bronchopneumonic a. (brong´ko-nu-mon´ik) bronchopulmonary a
bronchopulmonary a. an inflammatory and destructive disease of the bronchi and lungs due to the presence and growth of Aspergillus fumigatus. There are four varieties: 1) a bronchial infection with allergic manifestations, in which the fungus grows in the mucus (evoked by the inflammation), which may be expectorated as yellow bronchial casts and may cause intermittent bronchial obstruction, with transient pulmonary shadows seen radiographically; asthma is often present, and bronchial wall destruction may eventually result in a proximal form of bronchiectasis; 2) aspergilloma; 3) an infection with pulmonary necrosis as a pneumonic involvement of the lung in debilitated subjects; 4) disseminated a.bronchopneumonic a., pulmonary a;
disseminated a. a variety of bronchopulmonary a., characterized by a generalized infection of the lung with Aspergillus occurring usually in subjects with defective immune response.
invasive a. so-called because of the peculiar predilection of Aspergillus fumigatus to invade blood vessels and cause tissue infarction; it is second only to candidiasis as a cause of opportunistic fungal infection in patients whose immune mechanisms have been suppressed by chemotherapy.
pulmonary a. bronchopulmonary a

Aspergillus Aspergillus (as-per-jil´us)

A genus of fungi (class Ascomycetes) that contains many species, a number of them with black, brown, or green spores. A few species are pathogenic for man, other animals, and avians. There are about 300 species in this genus. [Med. L. a sprinkler, fr. L. aspergo, to sprinkle]
A. clava´tus a species isolated from soil and feces; it yields a carcinogenic mycotoxin known as patulin.
A. fla´vus a species with yellow-green conidia that is found growing on grains; may produce aflatoxin, which is the cause of aflatoxicosis in poultry and cattle, and is carcinogenic for rats and humans; occasionally causes aspergillosis in humans and animals.
A. fumiga´tus a species that yields the antibiotics fumigacin and fumigatin, and is the common cause of aspergillosis in humans and birds.
A. nid´ulans a species that causes one form of mycetoma, and occasionally causes aspergillosis in humans and other animals.
A. ni´ger a pathogenic species with black spores, often present in the external auditory meatus but not necessarily pathogenic; used in the commercial manufacturing of citric and gluconic acids.
A. ter´reus a species that produces the antibiotic citrinin; it has been isolated from otomycosis, especially in Japan and Taiwan, and occasionally causes aspergillosis in humans and animals.

aspermatogenic aspermatogenic (a-sper´ma-to-jen´ik, a-sper´)

Failing in the production of spermatozoa. [G. a- priv. + sperma, seed, + -gen, production]

aspermia aspermia (a-sper´me-a, a-sper´)

Lack of secretion or expulsion of semen following ejaculation.

aspersion aspersion (as-per´zhun)

A form of hydrotherapy in which water of a given temperature is sprinkled on the body. [L. aspersio, a sprinkling]

aspheric aspheric (a-sfer´ik)

Denoting a paraboloidal surface, especially of a lens or mirror, that eliminates spherical aberration. [G. a- priv. + sphaira, sphere]

asphygmia asphygmia (as-fig´me-a)

Temporary absence of pulse. [G. a- priv. + sphygmos, pulse]

asphyxia asphyxia (as-fik´se-a)

Impaired or absent exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide on a ventilatory basis; combined hypercapnia and hypoxia or anoxia. [G. a- priv. + sphyzo, to throb]
blue a. a. livida
cyanotic a. a. to the point of sufficient destruction of hemoglobin to produce cyanosis.
a. liv´ida a form of a. neonatorum in which the skin is cyanotic, but the heart is strong and the reflexes are preserved.blue a;
local a. stagnation of the circulation, sometimes resulting in local gangrene, especially of the fingers; one of the symptoms usually associated with Raynaud's disease.
a. neonato´rum a. occurring in the newborn.
a. pal´lida a form of a. of the newborn, in which the skin is pale, the pulse weak and slow, and the reflexes absent.
symmetric a. Raynaud's syndrome
traumatic a. cyanotic a. due to trauma; the extravasation of blood into the skin and conjunctivae, produced by a sudden mechanical increase in venous pressure, analogous to the Rumpel-Leede test; it is common in those who have been hanged, and is seen occasionally in crush injuries.pressure stasis;

asphyxial asphyxial (as-fik´se-al)

Relating to asphyxia.

asphyxiant asphyxiant (as-fik´se-ant)

1. Producing asphyxia.asphyxiating; 2. Anything, especially a gas, that produces asphyxia.

asphyxiate asphyxiate (as-fik´se-at)

To induce asphyxia.

asphyxiating asphyxiating (as-fik´se-at-ing)

asphyxiant (1)

asphyxiation asphyxiation (as-fik-se-a´shun)

The production of, or the state of, asphyxia.

Aspiculuris tetraptera Aspiculuris tetraptera (as-pik-yu-lu´ris tet-rap´ter-a)

The mouse pinworm, an abundant oxyurid nematode of the mouse cecum or large intestine, along with another common oxyurid pinworm of mice, Syphacia obvelata; it is also found in other rodents, including Rattus. [Pers. espic, fr. L. spica, ear, spike; tetra- + pteron, feather, wing]

aspidin aspidin (as-pid´in)

A toxic active principle, C₂₅H₃₂O₈, contained in aspidium.

aspidinol aspidinol (as-pid´i-nol)

An alcohol, C₁₂H₁₆O₄, occurring in aspidium.

aspidium aspidium (as-pid´e-um)

The rhizomes and stipes of Dryopteris filix-mus (European a. or male fern), or of Dryopteris marginalis (American a. or marginal fern) (family Polypodiaceae); used in the treatment of tapeworm infestation, usually in the form of the oleoresin or extract, but because of its potential toxicity, its use is restricted to patients who do not respond to treatment with safer drugs such as dichlorophen, niclosamide, or quinacrine. [G. aspidion, a little shield, dim. of aspis, shield]

aspidosamine aspidosamine (as´pi-do-sam´en)

A strong base, C₂₂H₂₈N₂O₂, derived from quebracho; a toxic irritant.

aspidospermine aspidospermine (as´pi-do-sper´men)

An alkaloid, C₂₂H₃₀N₂O₂, obtained from quebracho, an irritant.

aspirate aspirate

1. (as´pi-rat) To remove by aspiration. 2. (as´pi-rit) The substance removed by aspiration. [L. a-spiro, pp. -atus, to breathe on, give the H sound]

aspiration aspiration (as-pi-ra´shun)

1. Removal, by suction, of a gas or fluid from a body cavity, from unusual accumulations, or from a container. 2. The inspiratory sucking into the airways of fluid or foreign body, as of vomitus. 3. A surgical technique for cataract, requiring a small corneal incision, severance of the lens capsule, fragmentation of the lens material, and removal with a needle. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspiro, to breathe on]
meconium a. intrauterine a. by the fetus of amniotic fluid contaminated by meconium resulting from fetal hypoxic distress.

aspirator aspirator (as´pi-ra-ter, -tor)

An apparatus for removing fluid by aspiration from any of the body cavities; it consists usually of a hollow needle or trocar and cannula, connected by tubing with a container vacuumized by a syringe or reversed air (suction) pump.
vacuum a. an instrument for removing the products of conception by suction after cervical dilation.
water a. a jet ejector pump operated by water and commonly used as a laboratory suction pump.

aspirin aspirin (as´pi-rin)

C₆H₄(OCOCH₃)COOH;a widely used analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent; also used as an antiplatelet agent.acetylsalicylic acid;

asplenia asplenia (a-sple´ne-a)

Congenital absence of the spleen.
functional a. absence of splenic function due to spontaneous infarction of the spleen, as occurs in sickle cell anemia.

asplenic asplenic (a-splen´ik)

Having no spleen.

asporogenous asporogenous (as-po-roj´e-nus)

Not producing spores. [G. a- priv. + sporos, seed, + -gen, production]

asporous asporous (as-por´us)

Incapable of producing spores. [G. a- priv. + sporos, seed]

asporulate asporulate (as-por´yu-lat)

Nonsporeforming.

assassin bug assassin bug (a-sas´in)

An insect of the family Reduviidae (order Hemiptera) that inflicts irritating, painful bites in animals and man; related to the cone-nosed bugs (triatomines), a vector of American trypanosomiasis. [Fr., fr. It. assassino, fr. Ar. hashshashin, those addicted to hashish]

assay assay (as´sa, a-sa´)

1. Test of purity; trial. 2. To examine; to subject to analysis. 3. The quantitative or qualitative evaluation of a substance for impurities, toxicity, etc; the results of such an evaluation. [M.E>, fr. O>Fr. essaier, fr. L>L> exagium, a weighing]
Ames a. Ames test
biological a. biotest
clonogenic a. in vitro culturing of neoplastic cells to test their radiosensitivity or chemosensitivity, and probable clinical efficacy of a therapeutic agent.
competitive binding a. general term for an a. in which a binder competes for labeled versus unlabeled ligand; following separation of free and bound ligand, the ligand (the analyte assayed) is quantitated by relating bound and unbound ratios to known standards. See also enzyme-linked immunosorbent a., radioreceptor a., immunoassay, enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique, radioimmunoassay.displacement analysis, saturation analysis;
complement binding a. a test for the detection of immune complexes.
double antibody sandwich a. for antigen; an application of the ELISA method in which material being tested for antigen is added to wells coated with known antibody; the presence of antigen fixed to the antibody coat can be determined either directly, by adding human antibody linked to the enzyme of the indicator system, or indirectly, by first adding unlabeled known antibody, the attachment of which to the antigen can be demonstrated by addition of immunoglobulin-specific antibody linked to the enzyme.
EAC rosette a. (ro-zet´ as´sa) See EAC rosette.
enzyme-linked immunosorbent a. (ELISA) a sensitive method for serodiagnosis of specific infectious diseases; an in vitro competitive binding a. in which an enzyme and its substrate serve as the indicator system rather than a radioactive substance; in positive tests, the two yield a colored or other easily recognizable substance; tests are made in wells in polystyrene or other material to which immunoglobulins or antigenic (viral or other) preparations readily adsorb; the enzyme is linked to known immunoglobulin (or antigen) and in positive tests remains in the well as part of the antigen-antibody complex available to react with its substrate when added.
Grunstein-Hogness a. a procedure for identifying plasmid clones by colony hybridization.
hemizona a. (hem´e-zo-na) diagnostic test evaluating the binding capacity of sperm to the zona pellucida.
immunochemical a. immunoassay
immunoradiometric a. an a. that differs from conventional radioimmunoassay in that the compound to be measured combines directly with radioactively labeled antibodies.
indirect a. for antibody; an application of the ELISA method in which serum being tested for antibody is added to wells coated with known antigen; presence of antibody bound to the antigen coat can be determined by addition of immunoglobulin-specific antibody to which is linked the enzyme of the indicator system, followed by addition of substrate to the washed aggregate.
Lowry-Folin a. Lowry protein a
Lowry protein a. a method for determining protein concentrations using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.Lowry-Folin a;
radioreceptor a. a competitive binding a. in which the binder is a membrane or tissue receptor rather than an antibody.
Raji cell radioimmune a. for immune complexes; a procedure by which immune complexes adsorbed from a test serum by a standard preparation of lymphoblastoid (Raji) cells are assayed by the capacity to bind ¹²⁵I-labeled antibody to immunoglobulin.

Assézat Assézat

Jules, French anthropologist, 1832-1876. See A.'s triangle.

assimilable assimilable (a-sim´i-la-bl)

Capable of undergoing assimilation. See assimilation.

assimilation assimilation (a-sim-i-la´shun)

1. Incorporation of digested materials from food into the tissues. 2. Amalgamation and modification of newly perceived information and experiences into the existing cognitive structure. [L. as-similo, pp. -atus, to make alike]
ammonia a. the utilization of ammonia (or ammonium ions) in the net synthesis of nitrogen-containing molecules; e.g., glutamine synthetase.ammonia fixation;
reproductive a. in sensorimotor theory, an active cognitive process by which past experience is applied to novel situations.

Assmann Assmann

Herbert, German internist, 1882-1950. See A.'s tuberculous infiltrate.

associate associate

1. (a-so´shi-at) Any item or individual grouped with others by some common factor. 2. (a-so´she-at) To accomplish association.
paired a.'s words, syllables, digits, or other items learned in pairs, so that when one is given, its a. is to be recalled.

association association (a-so-se-a´shun)

1. A connection of persons, things, or ideas by some common factor. 2. A functional connection of two ideas, events, or psychological phenomena established through learning or experience. See also conditioning. 3. Statistical dependence between two or more events, characteristics, or other variables. [L. as-socio, pp. -sociatus, to join to; ad + socius, companion]
clang a. psychic a.'s resulting from sounds; often encountered in the manic phase of manic-depressive psychosis.
dream a.'s the memories and emotions mentioned by a patient trying to understand a dream at the request of a psychoanalyst.
free a. an investigative psychoanalytic technique in which the patient verbalizes, without reservation or censor, the passing contents of his or her mind; the verbalized conflicts that emerge constitute resistances that are the basis of the psychoanalyst's interpretations.
genetic a. the occurrence together in a population, more often than can be readily explained by chance, of two or more traits of which at least one is known to be genetic.
loose a.'s a manifestation of a thought disorder whereby the patient's responses do not relate to the interviewer's questions or one paragraph, sentence, or phrase is not logically connected to those that occur before or after.

associationism associationism (a-so-se-a´shun-izm)

In psychology, the theory that man's understanding of the world occurs through ideas associated with sensory experience rather than through innate ideas.

assortment assortment (a-sort´ment)

In genetics, the relationship between nonallelic genetic traits that are transmitted from parent to child more or less independently in accordance with the degree of linkage between the respective loci.
independent a. the pattern of transmission of unlinked loci.

assumption assumption

Belief posited at the outset of an argument as a basis for deduction and inference. Commonly confused with a hypothesis, a conclusion at the end of the argument or an inference based on empirical data.

AST AST

Abbreviation for aspartate aminotransferase.

astasia astasia (a-sta´ze-a)

Inability, through muscular incoordination, to stand. [G. unsteadiness, from a-priv. + stasis, standing]

astasia-abasia astasia-abasia (a-sta´ze-a-a-ba´ze´a)

The inability to either stand or walk in a normal manner; the gait is bizarre and is not suggestive of a specific organic lesion; often the patient sways wildly and nearly falls, but recovers at the last moment; a symptom of hysteria-conversion reaction.Blocq's disease;

astatic astatic (a-stat´ik)

Pertaining to astasia.

astatine (At) astatine (At) (as´ta-ten)

An artificial radioactive element of the halogen series; atomic no. 85, atomic wt. 211. [G. astatos, unstable]

asteatodes asteatodes (a-ste-a-to´dez)

asteatosis

asteatosis asteatosis (a-ste-a-to´sis)

Diminished or arrested secretion of the sebaceous glands.asteatodes; [G. a- priv. + stear (steat-), fat]
a. cu´tis dry, scaly integument with decrease in sebaceous secretion.

astemizole astemizole

An H-1 type histamine-blocking drug with low sedating tendency.

aster aster (as´ter)

astrosphere [Mod. L. fr. G. aster, a star]
sperm a. See sperm-aster.

astereognosis astereognosis (a-ster-og-no´sis)

tactile agnosia [G. a- priv. + stereos, solid + gnosis, knowledge]

asterion asterion (as-te´re-on)

A craniometric point in the region of the posterolateral, or mastoid, fontanel, at the junction of the lambdoid, occipitomastoid and parietomastoid sutures. [G. asterios, starry]

asteriosaponins asteriosaponins (a-ster´e-o-sap´o-ninz)

asteriosaponinsasteriosaponins;

asteriotoxins asteriotoxins (a-ster´e-o-tok´sinz)

Toxic steroids produced by starfish (Asteroidea).

asterixis asterixis (as-ter-ik´sis)

Involuntary jerking movements, especially in the hands, best elicited by having the patient extend the arms, dorsiflex the wrists, and spread the fingers; due to arrhythmic lapses of sustained posture; seen primarily with various metabolic and toxic encephalopathies, especially hepatic encephalopathy.flapping tremor; [G. a- priv. + sterixis, fixed position]

asternal asternal (a-ster´nal)

1. Not related to or connected with the sternum, e.g., a. rib. 2. Without a sternum. [G. a- priv. + sternon, chest]

asternia asternia (a-ster´ne-a)

Congenital absence of the sternum.

Asterococcus Asterococcus

Mycoplasma [Mod. L. fr. G. aster, a star, + kokkos, a berry]

asteroid asteroid (as´te-royd)

Resembling a star. [G. aster, star, + eidos, resemblance]

asthenia asthenia (as-the´ne-a)

Weakness or debility.adynamia (1); [G. astheneia, weakness, fr. a- priv. + sthenos, strength]
neurocirculatory a. an obsolete term for a type of anxiety neurosis formerly encountered often among military personnel during times of war, in which cardiorespiratory symptoms, such as palpitation, rapid pulse, and precordial pain, were prominent.DaCosta's syndrome, effort syndrome;

asthenic asthenic (as-then´ik)

1. Relating to asthenia. 2. Denoting a thin, delicate body habitus.

asthenopia asthenopia (as-the-no´pe-a)

Subjective symptoms of ocular fatigue, discomfort, lacrimation, and headaches arising from use of the eyes.eyestrain; [G. astheneia, weakness, + ops, eye]
accommodative a. a. due to errors of refraction and excessive contraction of the ciliary muscle.
muscular a. a. due to imbalance of the extrinsic ocular muscles.
nervous a. a. due to functional or organic nervous disease.

asthenopic asthenopic (as-the-nop´ik)

Relating to or suffering from asthenopia.

asthenospermia asthenospermia (as-the-no-sper´me-a)

Loss or reduction of motility of the spermatozoa, frequently associated with infertility. [G. astheneia, weakness, + sperma, seed, semen]

asthma asthma (az´ma)

Originally, a term used to mean "difficult breathing"; now used to denote bronchial a. [G.]
atopic a. bronchial a. due to atopy.
bronchial a. a condition of the lungs in which there is widespread narrowing of airways, varying over short periods of time either spontaneously or as a result of treatment, due in varying degrees to contraction (spasm) of smooth muscle, edema of the mucosa, and mucus in the lumen of the bronchi and bronchioles; these changes are caused by the local release of spasmogens and vasoactive substances (e.g., histamine, or certain leukotrienes or prostaglandins) in the course of an allergic process.
bronchitic a. a. precipitated by bronchitis.catarrhal a;
cardiac a. an asthmatic attack, the bronchoconstriction being secondary to the pulmonary congestion and edema of left ventricular failure.
catarrhal a. bronchitic a
cotton-dust a. byssinosis
dust a. a. aggravated by inhalation of dust, especially seen as occupational disease resulting from cotton dust.
extrinsic a. bronchial a. resulting from an allergic reaction to foreign substances, such as inhaled particles, vapors, or gases, or ingested foods, beverages, or drugs.
food a. a. caused by allergic reaction to a dietary item.
hay a. an asthmatic stage of hay fever.
intrinsic a. bronchial a. in which no extrinsic causes can be identified, and which is assumed to be due to an endogenous process, possibly allergic.
miller's a. a. caused by flour or grain allergens.
miner's a. the dyspnea of anthracosis or other pneumoconioses in miners.
nervous a. a. precipitated by psychic stress.
reflex a. a. occurring as a reflex in disease of the viscera, the nose, or other parts.
spasmodic a. a. due to spasm of the bronchioles.
steam-fitter's a. a. associated with asbestosis acquired by exposure to asbestos-insulated heating and plumbing components.
stripper's a. a. associated with byssinosis.
summer a. a. associated with hay fever or allergy to summer vegetation.

asthmatic asthmatic (az-mat´ik)

Relating to or suffering from asthma.

asthma-weed asthma-weed

1. lobelia 2. Euphorbia pilulifera

asthmogenic asthmogenic (az´mo-jen´ik)

Causing asthma.

astigmatic astigmatic (as´tig-mat´ik)

Relating to or suffering from astigmatism.

astigmatism astigmatism (a-stig´ma-tizm)

1. A lens or optical system having different refractivity in different meridians. 2. A condition of unequal curvatures along the different meridians in one or more of the refractive surfaces (cornea, anterior or posterior surface of the lens) of the eye, in consequence of which the rays from a luminous point are not focused at a single point on the retina.astigmia; [G. a- priv. + stigma (stig- mat-), a point]
a. against the rule a. when the greater curvature or refractive power is in the horizontal meridian.
compound hyperopic a. a. in which all meridians are hyperopic but to different degrees.
compound myopic a. a. in which all meridians are myopic but to different degrees.
corneal a. a. due to a defect in the curvature of the corneal surface.
hyperopic a. that form of a. in which one meridian is hyperopic and the one at right angle to it is without a refractive error.simple hyperopic a;
irregular a. a. in which different parts of the same meridian have different degrees of curvature.
lenticular a. a. due to defect in the curvature, position, or index of refraction of the lens.
mixed a. a. in which one meridian is hyperopic while the one at right angle to it is myopic.
myopic a. that form of a. in which one meridian is myopic and the one at right angle to it is without refractive error.simple myopic a;
a. of oblique pencils an aberration occurring when a bundle of light rays strikes a refracting medium in some other direction than parallel to the axis of the lens.
regular a. a. in which the curvature in each meridian is equal throughout its course, and the meridians of greatest and least curvature are at right angles to each other.
simple hyperopic a. hyperopic a
simple myopic a. myopic a
a. with the rule a. when the greater curvature or refractive power is in the vertical meridian.

astigmatometry astigmatometry , astigmometry (a-stig-ma-tom´e-tre, as-tig-mom´e-tre)

Determination of the form and measurement of the degree of astigmatism.

astigmia astigmia (a-stig´me-a)

astigmatism

astomatous astomatous (a-sto´ma-tus)

Without a mouth.astomous;

astomia astomia (a-sto´me-a)

Congenital absence of a mouth. [G. a- priv. + stoma, mouth]

astomous astomous (a-sto´mus)

astomatous

astragalar astragalar (as-trag´a-lar)

Relating to the astragalus or talus.

astragalectomy astragalectomy (as-trag-a-lek´to-me)

Removal of the astragalus, or talus. [astragalus, + G. ektome, excision]

astragalocalcanean astragalocalcanean (as-trag´a-lo-kal-ka´ne-an)

Relating to both the talus (astragalus) and the calcaneus (os calcis).

astragalofibular astragalofibular (as-trag´a-lo-fib´yu-lar)

Relating to both the talus (astragalus) and the fibula.

astragaloscaphoid astragaloscaphoid (as-trag´a-lo-scaf´oyd)

talonavicular

astragalotibial astragalotibial (as-trag´a-lo-tib´e-al)

Relating to both the talus (astragalus) and the tibia.

Astragalus Astragalus (as-trag´a-lus)

A genus of plants (family Leguminosae), notably A. mollissimus (locoweed) on the range lands of western North America, capable of taking selenium from the soil and causing poisoning in sheep, cattle, and horses. A. gummifer is a source of tragacanth.

astral astral (as´tral)

Relating to an astrosphere.

astrapophobia astrapophobia (as´tra-po-fo´be-a)

Morbid fear of lightning. [G. astrape, lightning, + phobos, fear]

astriction astriction (as-trik´shun)

1. Astringent action. 2. Compression to arrest hemorrhage.

astringent astringent (as-trin´jent)

1. Causing contraction of the tissues, arrest of secretion, or control of bleeding. 2. An agent having these effects. [L. astringens]

astroblast astroblast (as´tro-blast)

A primitive cell developing into an astrocyte. [G. astron, star, + blastos, germ]

astroblastoma astroblastoma (as´tro-blas-to´ma)

A relatively poorly differentiated glioma composed of young, immature, neoplastic cells of the astrocytic series, frequently arranged radially with short fibrils terminating on small blood vessels. [astro- + G. blastos, germ, + -oma, tumor]

astrocele astrocele (as´tro-sel)

centrosphere [G. astron, star, + koilia, hollow]

astrocyte astrocyte (as´tro-sIt)

One of the large neuroglia cells of nervous tissue. See also neuroglia.astroglia cell, astroglia, Cajal's cell (2) , Deiters' cells (2) , macroglia cell, macroglia, spider cell (1); [G. astron, star, + kytos, hollow (cell)]
Alzheimer type I a. enlarged frequently multinucleated a.'s, seen in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Alzheimer type II a. enlarged a.'s with vesicular nuclei and one or more small basophilic nucleoli, seen in hepatocerebral disease and Wilson's disease.
fibrillary a. , fibrous a. stellate astrocytic cell with long processes found mainly in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord and characterized by having bundles of glial filaments in its cytoplasm; origin of most astrocytomas.
gemistocytic a. a round to oval astrocyte cell with abundant cytoplasm containing glial filaments and an eccentric nucleus; may contain two nuclei in the cell hypertrophy of astrocytes.gemistocyte, gemistocytic cell, reactive a., reactive cell;
protoplasmic a. one form of a., found mainly in gray matter, having few fibrils and numerous branching processes.
reactive a. gemistocytic a

astrocytoma astrocytoma (as´tro-sI-to´ma)

A glioma derived from astrocytes; in children and persons less than 20 years of age, a.'s usually arise in a cerebellar hemisphere; in adults, a.'s usually occur in the cerebrum, sometimes growing rapidly and invading extensively. [G. astron, star, + kytos, cell, + -oma, tumor]
anaplastic a. intermediate grade a. characterized by increased cellularity, nuclear pleomorphism, mitoses, and variable vascular endothelial proliferation.
cerebellar a. a variant of a. located in the cerebellum occurring mostly in children, consists of two architectural patterns on microscopy including a loose reticular pattern and a more compact often spindled cell pattern.juvenile cerebellar a;
desmoplastic cerebral a. a rare variant of a. most frequently occurring in infancy, the tumor has a spindled cell appearance.
fibrillary a. a. derived from fibrillary astrocytes.
gemistocytic a. an astrocytoma composed primarily of gemistocytic-type astrocytes.gemistocytoma;
grade I a. solid or cystic a. of high differentiation or low grade.
grade II a. a. of intermediate grade.
grade III a. a. of intermediate grade. See also glioblastoma multiforme.
grade IV a. glioblastoma multiforme
juvenile cerebellar a. cerebellar a
low grade a. a. characterized by an increased cellularity of uneven distribution and mild nuclear pleomorphism.
piloid astrocytoma plocytic a
plocytic a. a slowing growing a. composed histologically of elongated fibrous astrocytes; often located in the optic chiasm or hypothalamus.piloid astrocytoma;
protoplasmic a. a neoplasm composed primarily of protoplasmic-type astrocytes.
subependymal giant cell a. a rare a., frequently located in the wall of the lateral ventricle, comprised of large glial cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and intermixed elongated astrocytes, associated with tuberous sclerosis.

astrocytosis astrocytosis (as´tro-sI-to´sis)

An increase in the number of astrocytes, frequently observed in an irregular, poorly or moderately well defined zone adjacent to degenerative lesions (e.g., encephalomalacia), focal inflammations (e.g., abscesses), or certain neoplasms in the brain; in some instances, a. may be diffuse in a relatively large region; a. represents a reparative defense mechanism.
a. cer´ebri gliomatosis cerebri

astroependymoma astroependymoma (as´tro-e-pen´di-mo´ma)

A glial neoplasm composed of a mixed population of astrocytic and ependymal cells.

astroglia astroglia (as-trog´le-a)

astrocyte [G. astron, star, + neuroglia]

astroid astroid (as´troyd)

Star-shaped. [G. astroeides, fr. astron, star, + eidos, resemblance]

astrokinetic astrokinetic (as´tro-ki-net´ik)

Relating to movement of the centrosome and astrosphere of a dividing cell. [G. astron, star, + kinesis, movement]

astrosphere astrosphere (as´tro-sfer)

A set of radiating microtubules extending outward from the cytocentrum and centrosphere of a dividing cell.aster, attraction sphere, Lavdovsky's nucleoid, paranuclear body; [G. astron, star, + sphaira, ball]

Astrup Astrup

Poul, Danish clinical chemist, *1915. See micro-A. method.

Astwood Astwood

Edwin B., U.S. endocrinologist, 1909-1976. See A.'s test.

asverin asverin (as´ver-in)

1-Methyl-3-piperidylidenedi(2-thienyl)methane;an antitussive.

Asx Asx

Symbol meaning Asp or Asn.

asyllabia asyllabia (a-si-la´be-a)

Form of alexia in which one recognizes individual letters, but cannot comprehend them when arranged collectively in syllables or words. [G. a- priv. + syllable, syllable]

asylum asylum (a-sI´lum)

Old term for an institution for the housing and care of those who by reason of age or mental or bodily infirmities are unable to care for themselves. [L. fr. G. asylon, a sanctuary, fr. a- priv. + syle, right of seizure]

asymbolia asymbolia (a-sim-bo´le-a)

A form of aphasia in which the significance of signs and symbols is not appreciated.sight blindness; asemasia, asemia; [G. a- priv. + symbolon, an outward sign]

asymmetric (a) asymmetric (a) (a-sim-et´rik)

Not symmetrical; denoting a lack of symmetry between two or more like parts.

asymmetry asymmetry (a-sim´e-tre)

1. Lack of symmetry; disproportion between two normally alike parts; 2. Significant difference in amplitude or frequency of EEG activity recorded simultaneously from the two sides of the brain under identical conditions.dissymmetry;

asymptomatic asymptomatic (a´simp-to-mat´ik)

Without symptoms, or producing no symptoms.

asymptotic asymptotic (a´simp-tot´ik)

Pertaining to a limiting value, for example of a dependent variable, when the independent variable approaches zero or infinity.

asynclitism asynclitism (a-sin´kli-tizm)

Absence of synclitism or parallelism between the axis of the presenting part of the child and the pelvic planes in childbirth.obliquity; [G. a- priv. + syn-klino, to incline together]
anterior a. Nägele obliquity
posterior a. Litzmann obliquity

asyndesis asyndesis (a-sin´de-sis)

1. Rarely used term for a mental defect in which separate ideas or thoughts cannot be joined into a coherent concept. 2. A breaking up of the connecting links in language, said to be characteristic of the language disturbance of schizophrenics. [G. a- priv. + syn, together, + desis, binding]

asynechia asynechia (a-si-nek´e-a)

Discontinuity of structure. [G. a- priv. + synecheia, continuity]

asynergia asynergia (a-sin-er´je-a)

asynergy [G. a- priv. + syn, with, + ergon, work]

asynergic asynergic (a´sin-er´jik)

Characterized by asynergia.

asynergy asynergy (a-sin´er-je)

Lack of coordination among various muscle groups during the performance of complex movements, resulting in loss of skill and speed. When severe, results in decomposition of movement, wherein complex motor acts are performed in a series of isolated movements; caused by cerebellar disorders.asynergia;

asynesia asynesia , asynesis (a-si-ne´ze-a, -ne´sis)

Lack of easy comprehension and practical intelligence. [G. a- priv. + synesis, union, understanding]

asystematic asystematic (a´sis-te-mat´ik)

Not systematic; not relating to one system or set of organs.

asystole asystole (a-sis´to-le)

Absence of contractions of the heart.asystolia, cardiac standstill; [G. a- priv, + systole, a contracting]

asystolia asystolia (a-sis-to´le-a)

asystole

asystolic asystolic (a-sis-tol´ik)

1. Relating to asystole. 2. Not systolic.

AT AT

Abbreviation for the adenine-thymine hydrogen-bonded base pair observed in double-stranded polynucleotides.

At At

Symbol for astatine.

ata ata

Abbreviation for atmosphere absolute.

atactilia atactilia (a-tak-til´e-a)

Loss of the sense of touch. [G. a- priv. + L. tactilis, relating to touch, fr. tango, pp. tactus, to touch]

ataractic ataractic (at-a-rak´tik)

1. Having a calming or tranquilizing effect. 2. A tranquilizer.ataraxic; [G. ataraktos, calm]

ataraxia ataraxia (at-a-rak´se-a)

Calmness and peace of mind; tranquility. [G. a- priv. + taraktos, disturbed, + -ia]

ataraxic ataraxic (at-a-rak´sik)

ataractic

atavism atavism (at´a-vizm)

The appearance in an individual of characteristics presumed to have been present in some remote ancestor; reversion to an earlier biological type. [L. atavus, a remote ancestor]

atavistic atavistic (at-a-vis´tik)

Relating to atavism.

ataxia ataxia (a-tak´se-a)

An inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement, so that smooth movements occur. Most often due to disorders of the cerebellum or the posterior columns of the spinal cord; may involve the limbs, head, or trunk.ataxy, incoordination; [G. a-prov. + taxis, order]
acute a. generalized a. of abrupt onset, most often caused by drug intoxications, poisonings, or vestibular neuronitis.
ataxia-telangiectasia See a. telangiectasia.
bovine congenital a. an autosomal recessive a. seen in several European breeds of cattle.
Briquet's a. weakening of the muscle sense and increased sensibility of the skin, in hysteria.hysterical a;
Bruns a. difficulty in initiation of movements of the feet when they are in contact with the ground; a condition related to a frontal lobe lesion.
a. of calves a specific cerebellar a. in the Jersey breed, probably a recessive genetic trait.
cerebellar a. loss of muscle coordination caused by disorders of the cerebellum.
chronic a. persistent a., most often caused by hereditary cerebellar or metabolic disorders.
a. cor´dis atrial fibrillation
enzootic a. a metabolic disease of lambs characterized clinically by progressive incoordination of the hind limbs and pathologically by disruption of neuron and myelin development in the central nervous system; caused by a deficiency of metabolizable copper in the ewe during the last half of her pregnancy.swayback;
equine spinal a. a disease of young horses characterized by progressive weakness and incoordination, most evident in the hind legs; it is associated with lesions in the cervical region of the spinal cord and is the result of compression of the spinal cord by malformed cervical vertebrae.
Friedreich's a. hereditary spinal a
hereditary a. a simple autosomal recessive trait in fox terrier dogs that produces a progressive general a.
hereditary cerebellar a. 1. a disease of later childhood and early adult life, marked by ataxic gait, hesitating and explosive speech, nystagmus, and sometimes optic neuritis. It probably comprises several distinct conditions with diverse patterns of inheritance. 2. collective term for a number of hereditary disorders in which cerebellar signs are the most prominent finding.
hereditary spinal a. [MIM*229300] sclerosis of the posterior and lateral columns of the spinal cord, occurring in children and marked by a. in the lower extremities, extending to the upper, followed by paralysis and contractures; autosomal recessive inheritance. See also spinocerebellar a.Friedreich's a., heredotaxia;
hysterical a. Briquet's a
kinetic a. motor a
a. of lambs myelination failure seen in ewes on a copper-deficient diet.
Leyden's a. pseudotabes
locomotor a. the severe gait ataxia seen with tabetic neurosyphylis. Patients walk with the feet wide apart, slapping them clumsily to the floor with each step, and depend on visual cues to maintain balance. See also tabetic neurosyphilis.
Marie's a. obsolete term for a variety of non-Friedreich hereditary ataxias.
moral a. inconstancy of ideas and of conscious intent, as a manifestation of hysteria.
motor a. a. developing upon attempting to perform coordinated muscular movements.kinetic a;
optic a. an inability to guide the hand toward an object using visual information; seen in Balint's syndrome.
respiratory a. Biot's respiration
sensory a. an a. due to impairment of position sense caused by lesions located at some point along the central or peripheral sensory pathways.
spinal a. a. due to spinal cord disease, as in tabes dorsalis.
spinocerebellar a. the most common hereditary a., with onset in middle to late childhood, manifested as limb a., nystagmus, kyphoscoliosis, and pes cavus; the major pathological changes are found in the posterior columns of the spinal cord; most often autosomal recessive inheritance.
static a. inability to preserve equilibrium while standing, due to loss of myesthesia; present during the resting state.
a. telangiectasia , ataxia-telangiectasia a slowly progressive multisystem disorder with the following manifestations: a. appearing with the onset of walking; telangiectases of the conjunctiva and skin of the face, neck, and ears; athetosis and nystagmus; and recurrent infections of the respiratory system caused by immunoglobulin deficiencies. Due to an autosomal recessive trait, with major pathological changes involving the cerebellar cortex, posterior columns, spinocerebellar tracks, anterior horn cells, dorsal roots, and peripheral nerves. Approximately 70% of the patients have an IgA deficiency concomitant with decreased T helper cell func . There are numerous chromosome breaks and alpha-fetoprotein levels in the sera are usually elevated.ataxia telangiectasia syndrome, Louis-Bar syndrome;
vasomotor a. a form of autonomic a. causing irregularity in the peripheral circulation, marked by alternations of pallor and suffusion, due to spasm of the smaller blood vessels.
vestibulocerebellar a. a. due to disease of the central vestibular system or its cerebellar components, manifested clinically by an unsteady gait, nystagmus, and incoordination of arm and leg movements.

ataxiadynamia ataxiadynamia (a-tak´se-a-dI-nam´e-a)
Muscular weakness combined with incoordination.

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ataxiagram ataxiagram (a-tak´se-a-gram)
The recording made by an ataxiagraph.

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ataxiagraph ataxiagraph (a-tak´se-a-graf)
An instrument for measuring the degree and direction of the swaying of the body and head in static ataxia, with the individual's eyes closed.ataxiameter;

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ataxiameter ataxiameter (a-tak´se-a-me´ter)
ataxiagraph

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ataxiaphasia ataxiaphasia (a-tak´se-a-fa´ze-a)
Inability to form connected sentences, although single words may perhaps be used intelligibly. [G. a- priv. + taxis, order, + phasis, an affirmation, speech]

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ataxia-telangiectasia ataxia-telangiectasia
See under ataxia.

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ataxic ataxic (a-tak´sik)
Relating to, marked by, or suffering from ataxia.

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ataxiophemia ataxiophemia (a-tak-se-o-fe´me-a)
Incoordination of the muscles concerned in speech production. [G. a- priv. + taxis, order, + pheme, voice, speech]

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ataxiophobia ataxiophobia (a-tak´se-o-fo´be-a)
Morbid dread of disorder or untidiness. [G. a- priv. + taxis, order, + phobos, fear]

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ataxy ataxy (a-tak´se)
ataxia

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-ate -ate
Termination used as a replacement for "-ic acid" when the acid is neutralized (e.g., sodium acetate) or esterfied (e.g., ethyl acetate).

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atebrine hydrochloride atebrine hydrochloride (a´te-brin)
quinacrine hydrochloride

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atelectasis atelectasis (at-e-lek´ta-sis)
Absence of gas from a part or the whole of the lungs, due to failure of expansion or resorption of gas from the alveoli. See also pulmonary collapse. [G. ateles, incomplete, + ektasis, extension]
adhesive a. alveolar collapse in the presence of patent airways, especially when surfactant is inactivated or absent, especially in respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn, acute radiation pneumonitis, or viral pneumonia.
cicatrization a. the decrease in air per unit lung volume due to fibrosis, causing decreased lung compliance, and increased tissue.
parenchymal a. the collapse that occurs when pulmonary air is absorbed and not replaced, thus reducing lung volume.
passive a. the pulmonary collapse that occurs due to a space-occupying intrathoracic process such as pneumothorax or hydrothorax.
patchy a. decreased aeration and collapse of multiple small areas of lung.
platelike a. subsegmental a
primary a. nonexpansion of the lungs after birth, found in all stillborn infants and in liveborn infants who die before respiration is established.anectasis;
resorption a. the slow partial collapse of a lobe that occurs when communication between alveoli and trachea is obstructed.
round a. folded-lung syndrome
secondary a. pulmonary collapse at any age, but particularly of infants, due to hyaline membrane disease or elastic recoil of the lungs while dying from other causes.
segmental a. partial collapse of one or more individual pulmonary segments.
subsegmental a. collapse of the portion of the lung distal to an obstructed subsegmental bronchus, manifested as a linear opacity on a chest radiograph. See Fleischner lines, under line.platelike a;

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atelectatic atelectatic (at-e-lek-tat´ik)
Relating to atelectasis.

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atelia atelia (a-te´le-a)
ateliosis

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ateliosis ateliosis (a-te´le-o´sis)
Incomplete development of the body or any of its parts, as in infantilism and dwarfism.atelia; [G. ateles, incomplete, + -osis, condition]

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ateliotic ateliotic (a-te-le-ot´ik)
Marked by ateliosis.

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atelopidtoxin atelopidtoxin (a-tel-op´id-tok´sin)
A potent poison from the skin of the golden arrow frog (Atelopus zeteki) of Central and South America.

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atenolol atenolol (a-ten´o-lol)
4-[2-Hydroxy-3[(1-methylethyl)amino]propoxy]benzeneacetami;a relatively cardioselective beta-adrenergic blocking agent used primarily in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension; it possesses lower lipid solubility than other members of this class and hence apparently less central nervous system side effects.

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athelia athelia (a-the-le-a)
Congenital absence of the nipples. [G. a- priv. + thele, nipple]

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atherectomy atherectomy (ath-e-rek´to-me)
Any removal by surgery or specialized catheterization of an atheroma in the coronary or any other artery.
coronary a. instrumental removal, via catheter, of atheromas in coronary arteries.
directional a. removal of coronary atherometer with instrumented catheter.

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athermancy athermancy (a-ther´man-se)
Impermeability to heat. [G. athermantos, not heated, fr. a- priv. + thermaino, to heat, fr. therme, heat]

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athermanous athermanous (a-ther´ma-nus)
Absorbing radiant heat; not permeable to heat rays.

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athermosystaltic athermosystaltic (a-ther´mo-sis-tal´tik)
Not contracted or constricted by ordinary variations of temperature; said of certain tissues. [G. a- priv. + thermos, hot, + systaltikos, constringent]

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athero- athero-
Gruel-like, soft, pasty materials; atheroma, atheromatous. [G. athere, gruel, porridge]

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atheroembolism atheroembolism (ath´er-o-em´bo-lizm)
Cholesterol embolism, with or without calcific matter, originating from an atheroma of the aorta or other diseased artery.

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atherogenesis atherogenesis (ath´er-o-jen´e-sis)
Formation of atheroma, important in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis.

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atherogenic atherogenic (ath-er-o-jen´ik)
Having the capacity to initiate, increase, or accelerate the process of atherogenesis.

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atheroma atheroma (ath-er-o´ma)
The lipid deposits in the intima of arteries, producing a yellow swelling on the endothelial surface; a characteristic of atherosclerosis.atherosis; [G. athere, gruel, + -oma, tumor]

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atheromatous atheromatous (ath-er-o´ma-tus)
Relating to or affected by atheroma.

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atherosclerosis atherosclerosis (ath´er-o-skler-o´sis)
Arteriosclerosis characterized by irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries; such deposits provoke fibrosis and calcification. In lower animals, a. of swine and fowl mostly resemble a. of man.nodular sclerosis; Atherosclerosis is a multistage process set in motion when cells lining the arteries are damaged as a result of high blood pressure, smoking, toxic substances in the environment, and other agents. Plaques develop when high density lipoproteins accumulate at the site of arterial damage and platelets act to form a fibrous cap over this fatty core. Deposits block, or eventually entirely shut off, blood flow. Because atherosclerosis greatly raises the risk of angina, stroke, or heart attack (the leading cause of death in the U.S.), a primary goal of American health officials since the 1970s has been to educate individuals concerning the dangers of cholesterol. Plaque buildups, particularly in the carotid arteries, can be spotted by arteriography and ultrasound. Balloon and laser angioplasty have proved effective at minimizing plaques and restoring blood flow. However, prevention appears to be the primary means of attacking atherosclerosis: through low-fat diets, regular vigorous exercise, control of high blood pressure or diabetes, and avoidance of tobacco. See free radicals, low-fat diets.

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atherosclerotic atherosclerotic (ath´er-o-skler-ot´ik)
Relating to or characterized by atherosclerosis.

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atherosis atherosis (ath-er-o´sis)
atheroma

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atherothrombosis atherothrombosis (ath´er-o-throm-bo´sis)
Thrombus formation in an atheromatous vessel.

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atherothrombotic atherothrombotic (ath´er-o-throm-bot´ik)
Denoting, characteristic of, or caused by atherothrombosis.

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athetoid athetoid (ath´e-toyd)
Resembling athetosis.

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athetosic athetosic , athetotic (ath-e-to´sik, -tot´ik)
Pertaining to, or marked by, athetosis.

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athetosis athetosis (ath-e-to´sis)
A condition in which there is a constant succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of flexion, extension, pronation, and supination of the fingers and hands, and sometimes of the toes and feet. Usually caused by an extrapyramidal lesions.extrapyramidal cerebral palsy, Hammond's disease; [G. athetos, without position or place]
double a. a type of cerebral palsy manifested predominantly as bilateral involuntary movements, beginning at about the age of 3 years, and preceded by generalized hypotonia and delayed motor development. Due to various causes, including kernicterus and birth hypoxia.congenital choreoathetosis, double congenital a., Vogt syndrome;
double congenital a. double a
posthemiplegic a. a unilateral athetosis involving hemiplegic limbs, usually seen in children.posthemiplegic chorea;

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aThr aThr
Abbreviation for allothreonine. See allothreonines.

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athrepsia athrepsia , athrepsy (a-threp´se-a, ath´rep-se)
1. Obsolete term for marasmus. 2. As used by Ehrlich, immunity to transplanted neoplastic cells due to a lack of nourishment in the sense of a deficiency of supposed substances required for the development of such cells.atrepsy; [G. a- priv. + threpsis, nourishment]

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athrocytosis athrocytosis (ath´ro-sI-to´sis)
The capacity of cells to absorb and retain electronegative colloids, as shown by macrophages and at the apical surface of proximal convoluted tubule cells of the kidney. [G. athro, gathered together, + kytos, cell, + -osis, condition]

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athrombia athrombia (a-throm´be-a) [MIM*209050]
A defect of blood clotting characterized by deficiency in formation of thrombin; autosomal recessive inheritance. [G. a- priv. + thrombin]

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athymia athymia (a-thI´me-a)
1. Absence of affect or emotivity; morbid impassivity. 2. Congenital absence of the thymus gland, often with associated immunodeficiency.athymism; [G. a-priv. + thymos, mind, also thymus]

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athymism athymism (a-thI´mizm)
athymia (2)

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athyrea athyrea (a-thI´re-a)
1. hypothyroidism 2. athyroidism

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athyroidism athyroidism (a-thI´royd-izm)
Congenital absence of the thyroid gland or suppression or absence of its hormonal secretion. See hypothyroidism.athyrea (2) , athyrosis;

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athyrosis athyrosis (a-thI-ro´sis)
athyroidism

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athyrotic athyrotic (a-thI-rot´ik)
Relating to athyroidism.

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ATL ATL
Abbreviation for adult T-cell leukemia or adult T-cell lymphoma.

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atlantad atlantad (at-lan´tad)
In a direction toward the atlas.

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atlantal atlantal (at-lan´tal)
Relating to the atlas.atloid;

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atlanto- atlanto- , atlo-
The atlas (the bone that supports the head), as Atlas supported the sky. [G. Atlas, Atlantos, Atlas, the mythical Titan who supported the dome of the sky on his shoulders]

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atlantoaxial atlantoaxial (at-lan´to-ak´se-al)
Pertaining to the atlas and the axis; denoting the joint between the first two cervical vertebrae.atlantoepistrophic, atloaxoid;

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atlantodidymus atlantodidymus (at-lan´to-did´e-mus)
Conjoined twins with two heads on one neck and a single body.atlodidymus; [atlanto- + G. didymos, twin]

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atlantoepistrophic atlantoepistrophic (at-lan´to-ep´i-strof´ik)
atlantoaxial

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atlanto-occipital atlanto-occipital (at-lan´to-ok-sip´i-tal)
Relating to the atlas and the occipital bone.atlo-occipital;

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atlanto-odontoid atlanto-odontoid (at-lan´to-o-don´toyd)
Relating to the atlas and the dens of the axis.

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atlas atlas (at´las) [NA]
First cervical vertebra, articulating with the occipital bone and rotating around the dens of the axis. [G. Atlas, in Greek mythology a Titan who supported the earth on his shoulders]

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atlo- atlo-
See atlanto-.

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atloaxoid atloaxoid (at-lo-ak´soyd)
atlantoaxial

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atlodidymus atlodidymus (at-lo-did´e-mus)
atlantodidymus

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atloid atloid (at´loyd)
atlantal

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atlo-occipital atlo-occipital (at´lo-ok-sip´i-tal)
atlanto-occipital

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atm atm
Symbol for standard atmosphere.

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atmo- atmo-
Prefix denoting steam or vapor; or derived by action of steam or vapor. [G. atmos, steam, vapor]

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atmolysis atmolysis (at-mol´i-sis)
Separation of mixed gases by passing them through a porous diaphragm, the lighter gases diffusing through at a faster rate. [atmo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

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atmometer atmometer (at-mom´e-ter)
An instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation. [atmo- + G. metron, measure]

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atmos atmos
Obsolete abbreviation for a unit of pressure; replaced by atm. [abbreviation of atmosphere]

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atmosphere atmosphere (at´mos-fer)
1. ventilate 2. Any gas surrounding a given body; a gaseous medium. 3. A unit of air pressure. See also standard a., torr. [atmo- + G. sphaira, sphere]
a. absolute (ata) a unit of absolute pressure (also known as barometric pressure) expressed in atm.
ICAO standard a. the standard a. adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization, used for calibrating altimeters and for expressing hypobaric chamber pressures in terms of equivalent altitude; it ignores many deviations found in nature.
standard a. (atm) 1. the pressure of the a. at mean sea level, equivalent to 1,013,250 dynes/cm² or 101,325 Pa (N/m² in the SI system); 2. a standardized expression of the relation of barometric pressure, temperature, and other atmospheric variables as a function of altitude above sea level.

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atmospherization atmospherization (at´mo-sfer-i-za´shun)
Conversion of venous into arterial blood.

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Atmungsferment Atmungsferment (aht´mungz-fer-ment)
1. A system of cytochromes and their oxidases that participate in respiratory processes. 2. Often, specifically, cytochrome oxidase.Warburg's respiratory enzyme; [Ger.]

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atom atom (at´om)
The once ultimate particle of an element, believed to be as indivisible as its name indicates. Discovery of radioactivity demonstrated the existence of subatomic particles, notably protons, neutrons, and electrons, the first two comprising most of the mass of the atomic nucleus. We now know that subatomic particles are further divisible ino hadrons, leptons, and quarks. [G. atomos, indivisible, uncut]
activated a. an a. possessing more than normal energy as a result of input of energy. See also excited state.excited a;
Bohr's a. a concept or model of the a. in which the negatively charged electrons move in circular or elliptical orbits around the positively charged nucleus, energy being emitted or absorbed when electrons change from one orbit to another.
excited a. activated a
ionized a. an a. that possesses an electrostatic charge as a result of loss or gain of electrons; e.g., H⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl^-, O^2-.
labeled a. a radioactive a., or a stable but rare one, which by its presence in a molecule helps localization or measurement of that molecule.tagged a;
nuclear a. a concept or model of the a. characterized by the presence of a small, massive nucleus at its center.
quaternary carbon a. an a. of carbon to which four other carbon a.'s are attached.
radioactive a. an a. with an unstable nucleus, which emits particulate or electromagnetic radiation (radioactive emission) to achieve greater stability. See radionuclide, half-life, Becquerel.
recoil a. the remainder of an a. from which a nuclear particle has been emitted or ejected at high velocity; the remainder recoils with a velocity inversely proportional to its mass.
stripped a. an a. minus all its electrons; a nucleus.
tagged a. labeled a

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atomic atomic (a-tom´ik)
Relating to an atom.

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atomism atomism (at´om-izm)
The approach to the study of a psychological phenomenon through analysis of the elementary parts of which it is assumed to be composed. Cf. holism.

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atomistic atomistic (at-om-is´tik)
Pertaining to atomism or a. psychology.

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atomization atomization (at-om-i-za´-shun)
Spray production; reduction of a fluid to small droplets.

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atomizer atomizer (at´om-I-zer)
A device used to reduce liquid medication to fine particles in the form of a spray or aerosol; useful in delivering medication to the nose and throat. See also nebulizer, vaporizer. [G. atomos, indivisible particle]

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atonia atonia (a-to´ne-a)
atony [G. languor]

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atonic atonic (a-ton´ik)
Relaxed; without normal tone or tension.

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atonicity atonicity (at-o-nis´i-te)
atony

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atony atony (at´o-ne)
Relaxation, flaccidity, or lack of tone or tension.atonia, atonicity; [G. atonia, languor]

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atopen atopen (at´o-pen)
The excitant causing any form of atopy.

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atopic atopic (a-top´ik)
Relating to or marked by atopy. [G. atopos, out of place; strange]

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atopognosia atopognosia , atopognosis (a-top-og-no´ze-a, -og-no´sis)
Sensory inattention; inability to locate a sensation properly. Usually caused by a contralateral parietal lobe lesion. [G. a- priv. + topos, place, + gnosis, knowledge]

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atopy atopy (at´o-pe)
A genetically determined state of hypersensitivity to environmental allergens. Type I allergic reaction is associated with the IgE antibody and a group of diseases, principally asthma, hay fever, and atopic dermatitis. [G. atopia, strangeness, fr. a- priv. + topos, a place]

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atoxic atoxic (a-tok´sik)
Not toxic.

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ATP ATP
Abbreviation for adenosine 5´-triphosphate.

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ATPase ATPase
Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphatase.

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ATP citrate lyase ATP citrate lyase
See ATP citrate (pro-3S)-lyase.

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ATPD ATPD
Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it had been dried at the ambient temperature and pressure.

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ATP-diphosphatase ATP-diphosphatase
apyrase

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ATP-monophosphatase ATP-monophosphatase
adenosine triphosphatase

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ATPS ATPS
Symbol indicating that a gas volume has been expressed as if it were saturated with water vapor at the ambient temperature and barometric pressure; the condition of an expired gas equilibrated in a spirometer.

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ATP sulfurylase ATP sulfurylase
sulfate adenylyltransferase

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atrabiliary atrabiliary (at-ra-bil´e-ar-e)
Obsolete term for depressed melancholic. [L. atra bilis, black bile]

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atractosylidic acid atractosylidic acid (a-trak´to-sil-id´ik)
atractyligenin

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atractylic acid atractylic acid (a-trak´til-ik)
A highly poisonous steroid glycoside from Atractylis gummifera L. (Compositae), having a strychnine-like action that produces convulsions of a hypoglycemic nature; the aglycon, atractyliginin, is combined with glucose and isovaleric acid, and is the toxic principle. A.a. interferes with oxidative reactions, the citric acid cycle, and nerve conduction.

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atractyligenin atractyligenin (a-trak´til-i-jen´in)
The steroid aglycon and toxic principle of atractylic acid.atractosylidic acid, atractylin;

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atractylin atractylin (a-trak´til-in)
atractyligenin

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atracurium besylate atracurium besylate (a-tra-kyur´e-um)
C₆₅H₈₂N₂O₁₈S ₂;a non-depolarizing neuromuscular relaxant of intermediate duration of action; used as an adjunct to general anesthesia; a curare-like agent.

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atrepsy atrepsy (a-trep´se)
athrepsia (2) [G. a- priv. + trepho, to nourish]

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atresia atresia (a-tre´ze-a)
Absence of a normal opening or normally patent lumen.clausura; [G. a- priv. + tresis, a hole]
anal a. , a. a´ni congenital absence of an anal opening due to the presence of a membranous septum (persistence of the cloacal membrane) or to complete absence of the anal canal.imperforate anus (1) , proctatresia;
aortic a. congenital absence of the normal valvular orifice into the aorta.
biliary a. a. of the major bile ducts, causing cholestasis and jaundice, which does not become apparent until several days after birth; periportal fibrosis develops and leads to cirrhosis, with proliferation of small bile ducts unless these are also atretic; giant cell transformation of hepatic cells also occurs. Cf. neonatal hepatitis.
bronchial a. severe focal narrowing or obliteration of a segmental or lobar bronchus, usually associated with distal air trapping.
choanal a. congenital failure of one or both choanae to open owing to failure of the bucconasa membrane to rupture.
esophageal a. congenital failure of the full esophageal lumen to develop; commonly associated with tracheoesophageal fistula.
a. follic´uli a normal process affecting the primordial ovarian follicles in which death of the ovum results in cystic degeneration followed by cicatricial closure.
intestinal a. an obliteration of the lumen of the small intestine, with the ileum involved in 50% of cases and the jejunum and duodenum next in frequency; most frequent cause of intestinal obstruction in the newborn; etiology may be related to a failure of recanalization during early development or to some impairment of blood supply during intrauterine life.
a. i´ridis congenital absence of the pupillary opening.atretopsia;
laryngeal a. congenital failure of the laryngeal opening to develop, resulting in partial or total obstruction at or just above or below the glottis.
pulmonary a. congenital absence of the pulmonary valve orifice.
tricuspid a. congenital lack of the tricuspid orifice.
vaginal a. congenital or acquired imperforation or occlusion of the vagina, or adhesion of the walls of the vagina.ankylocolpos, colpatresia;

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atresic atresic (a-tre´zik)
atretic

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atretic atretic (a-tret´ik)
Relating to atresia.atresic, imperforate;

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atreto- atreto-
Lack of an opening. [G. atretos, imperforate fr. a-, not + tretos, perforated, fr. tetraino, titremi, to bore through, to pierce.]

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atretoblepharia atretoblepharia (a-tre´to-ble-far´e-a)
symblepharon [atreto- + G. blepharon, eyelid]

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atretocystia atretocystia (a-tre´to-sis´te-a)
Congenital or acquired absence of an opening of a bladder. [atreto- + G. kystis, bladder]

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atretogastria atretogastria (a-tre´to-gas´tre-a)
Congenital absence of an opening of the stomach. [atreto- + G. gaster, stomach]

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atretopsia atretopsia (a-tre-top´se-a)
atresia iridis [atreto- + G. ops, eye]

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atria atria (a´tre-a)
Plural of atrium.

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atrial atrial (a´tre-al)
Relating to an atrium.

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atrichia atrichia (a-trik´e-a)
Absence of hair, congenital or acquired.atrichosis; [G. a- priv. + thrix (trich-), hair]

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atrichosis atrichosis (at-ri-ko´sis)
atrichia

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atrichous atrichous (at´ri-kus)
Without hair.

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atrio- atrio-
The atrium; atrial. [L. atrium, an entrance hall]

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atriomegaly atriomegaly (a´tre-o-meg´a-le)
Enlargement of the atrium. [atrio- + G. megas, great]

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atrionector atrionector (a-tre-o-nek´ter, -tor)
sinuatrial node [atrio- + L. necto, to join]

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atriopeptin atriopeptin (a´tre-o-pep´tin)
atrial natriuretic peptide [atrio- + peptide + suffix -in, material]

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atrioseptoplasty atrioseptoplasty (a´tre-o-sep´to-plas-te)
Surgical repair of an atrial septal defect. [atrio- + L. septum, partition, + G. plastos, formed]

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atrioseptostomy atrioseptostomy (a´tre-o-sep-tos´to-me)
Establishment of a communication between the two atria of the heart. [atrio- + L. septum, partition, + G. stoma, mouth]
balloon a. tearing or enlarging the foramen ovale by pulling a balloon-bearing catheter across the atrial septum for the purpose of augmenting interatrial mixing of blood in the treatment of cyanotic congenital heart disease.

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atriotomy atriotomy (a-tre-ot´o-me)
Surgical opening of an atrium. [atrio- + G. tome, incision]

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atrioventricular (A-V) atrioventricular (A-V) (a´tre-o-ven-trik´yu-lar)
Relating to both the atria and the ventricles of the heart, especially to the ordinary, orthograde transmission of conduction or bloodflow.

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atriplicism atriplicism (a-trip´li-sizm)
An intoxication caused by the ingestion of certain species of Atriplex, eaten as greens in China; it is marked by pain and swelling of the fingers, spreading to the forearm; bullae and ulcers form, and the fingers may become gangrenous. [L. atriplex (-plic-), the orach, a vegetable]

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atrium atrium , pl. atria (a´tre-um, a´tre-a)
1. [NA] A chamber or cavity to which are connected several chambers or passageways. 2. a. of heart 3. That part of the tympanic cavity that lies immediately deep to the eardrum. 4. nasal a 5. In the lung, a subdivision of the alveolar duct from which alveolar sacs open. [L. entrance hall]
accessory a. cor triatriatum
auricle of a. a small conical ("ear-shaped") pouch projecting from the upper anterior portion of each atrium of the heart, increasing slightly the atrial volume. See auricle of left atrium, auricle of right atrium.auricula atrialis [NA] , atrial auricle, atrial auricula, auricle (2) , auricula (2) , auricular appendage (1) , auricular appendix, skin tag;
a. cor´dis [NA] a. of heart
a. dex´trum cordis [NA] right a. of heart
a. glot´tidis vestibule of larynx
a. of heart the upper chamber of each half of the heart.a. cordis [NA] , atrium (2);
left a. of heart a. of the left side of the heart which receives the blood from the pulmonary veins.a. sinistrum cordis [NA] , a. pulmonale;
a. mea´tus me´dii [NA] nasal a
nasal a. the anterior expanded portion of the middle meatus of the nose, just above the vestibule.a. meatus medii [NA] , atrium (4);
a. pulmona´le left a. of heart
right a. of heart right a., the a. of the right side of the heart which receives the blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus.a. dextrum cordis [NA];
a. sinis´trum cordis [NA] left a. of heart

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Atropa Atropa (at´ro-pa)
A genus of plants (family Solanaceae) of which A. belladonna is typical. See belladonna. [G. Atropos, one of the Fates cutting the thread of life, because of the lethal effects of the plant]

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atrophedema atrophedema (a-trof´e-de´ma)
angioedema

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atrophia atrophia (a-tro´fe-a)
atrophy [G. fr. a- priv. + trophe, nourishment]
a. cu´tis atrophoderma
a. maculo´sa variolifor´mis cu´tis anetoderma
a. pilo´rum pro´pria a general term that includes fragilitas crinium, trichorrhexis nodosa, monilethrix, and atrophy of the hair.

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atrophic atrophic (a-trof´ik)
Denoting atrophy.

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atrophie blanche atrophie blanche (a´tro-fi blahnsh´)
Small smooth ivory-white areas with hyperpigmented borders and telangiectasis, developing into atrophic stellate scars; seen especially on the legs and ankles of middle-aged women, and associated with livedo reticularis and dermal hyalinizing vasculitis. [Fr.]

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atrophied atrophied (at´ro-fed)
Characterized by atrophy.

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atrophoderma atrophoderma (at´ro-fo-der´ma)
Atrophy of the skin that may occur either in discrete localized areas or in widespread areas. See also anetoderma.atrophia cutis;
a. al´bidum stocking-like type of atrophy affecting the extremities, probably congenital; first noted in early childhood on the lower limbs as a symmetric thinning that renders the parts sensitive.
a. biotrip´ticum obsolete term for senile cutaneous atrophy.
a. diffu´sum diffuse idiopathic cutaneous atrophy.
a. macula´tum anetoderma
a. neurit´icum glossy skin
a. of Pasini and Pierini a form of slate-colored atrophy of the skin occurring in discrete, 2-cm or larger lesions, either singly or multiply, and occasionally confluent, increasing in number and size over a period of years and then remaining constant; thought by some to be of two types: one preceded by morphea, and the other appearing with no preceding identifiable pathology.
a. reticula´tum symmet´ricum facie´i a rarely used term for folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata.
senile a. , a. seni´lis the loss of collagen, with thinning and decreased elasticity of the skin associated with old age.
a. stria´tum striae cutis distensae, under stria
a. vermicula´tum folliculitis ulerythematosa reticulata

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atrophodermatosis atrophodermatosis (at´ro-fo-der-ma-to´sis)
Any cutaneous affection in which a prominent symptom is skin atrophy.

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atrophy atrophy (at´ro-fe)
A wasting of tissues, organs, or the entire body, as from death and reabsorption of cells, diminished cellular proliferation, decreased cellular volume, pressure, ischemia, malnutrition, lessened function, or hormonal changes.atrophia; [G. atrophia, fr. a- priv. + trophe, nourishment]
acute reflex bone a. Sudeck's a
acute yellow a. of the liver a lesion in which there is extensive and rapid death of parenchymal cells of the liver, sometimes with fatty degeneration of the size of the organ; the necrosis may result from fulminant viral infection or chemical poisoning; associated with jaundice.acute parenchymatous hepatitis, Rokitansky's disease (1);
alveolar a. diminution in size of the supportive tissues of the teeth due to lack of function, reduced blood supply, or unknown causes.
arthritic a. a. of muscles rendered inactive by a chronically inflamed or fixed joint.
blue a. depressed blue atrophic scars due to injections in the skin of impure substances, as seen in narcotics addicts.
brown a. a. of the heart wall, especially in the elderly, in which the muscle is dark reddish brown and reduced in volume; the muscle fibers become pigmented especially about the nuclei, by lipochrome granules.
Buchwald's a. a progressive form of cutaneous a.
central areolar choroidal a. areolar choroidopathy
cerebellar a. a degeneration of the cerebellum, particularly the Purkinje cells, as the result of abiotrophy or of toxic agents, as in alcoholism.
choroidal vascular a. a. affecting either all choroidal vessels or only the choriocapillaris, occurring either diffusely or confined to the posterior pole of the eye.
compensatory a. a. especially of an endocrine organ as a result of its function being assumed by a new source of hormone.
congenital cerebellar a. familial disorder that causes degeneration of various cells in the cerebellum. Two types are recognized, one in which the granular layer cells degenerate, the other in which the Purkinje cells degenerate.
cyanotic a. a. due to destruction of the parenchymatous cells of an organ as a consequence of chronic venous congestion.red a;
cyanotic a. of the liver a sequela of longstanding hepatic congestion due to high pressure in the right atrium as in chronic constrictive pericarditis and severe, protracted right ventricular failure.
dentatorubral cerebellar a. with polymyoclonus dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica
disuse a. muscle wasting caused by immobilization, such as casting.
Erb a. progressive muscular dystrophy
essential progressive a. of iris progressive a. of the iris without inflammatory signs, characterized by patchy loss of all layers of the iris with hole formation, migration of the pupil, degeneration of the corneal endothelium, peripheral anterior synechiae, and secondary glaucoma; usually unilateral, predominantly affecting women in their middle years.
exhaustion a. a., especially of glandular cells, believed to result from excessive functional activity or overstimulation.
facioscapulohumeral a. facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
familial spinal muscular a. infantile spinal muscular a
fatty a. fatty infiltration secondary to an a. of the essential elements of an organ or tissue.
gingival a. gingival recession
gyrate a. of choroid and retina [MIM*258870] a slowly progressive a. of the choriocapillaris, pigmentary epithelium, and sensory retina, with irregular confluent atrophic areas and an associated ornithinuria; autosomal recessive inheritance; due to a deficiency of ornithine delta-aminotransferase.
Hoffmann's muscular a. infantile spinal muscular a
horizontal a. a progressive loss of alveolar and supporting bone surrounding the teeth, beginning at the most coronal level of the bone.horizontal resorption;
Hunt's a. obsolete term for a. of the small muscles of the hand without sensory disturbances; two types are recognized: thenar, from compression of the thenar branch of the median nerve; hypothenar, from compression of the deep palmar branch of the ulnar nerve.
idiopathic muscular a. progressive muscular dystrophy
infantile muscular a. infantile spinal muscular a
infantile progressive spinal muscular a. infantile spinal muscular a
infantile spinal muscular a. [MIM*253300] transmitted as autosomal recessive on chromosome 5q. Progressive dysfunction of the anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and brainstem cranial nerves with profound weakness and bulbar dysfunction occurring in the first two years of life. Three groups, based on age of clinical onset, are recognized.familial spinal muscular a., Hoffmann's muscular a., infantile muscular a., infantile progressive spinal muscular a., progressive infantile spinal muscular a., Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, Werdnig-Hoffmann muscular a;
ischemic muscular a. See Volkmann's contracture.
juvenile muscular a. juvenile spinal muscular a
juvenile spinal muscular a. [MIM*253600] slowly progressive proximal muscular weakness and wasting, beginning in childhood, caused by degeneration of motor neurons in the anterior horns of the spinal cord; onset usually between 2 and 17 years of age; usually autosomal recessive inheritance.juvenile muscular a., Kugelberg-Welander disease, Wohlfart-Kugelberg-Welander disease;
Kienböck's a. acute a. of bone in an extremity following inflammation.
Leber's hereditary optic a. [MIM*308900] hereditary degeneration of the optic nerve and papillomacular bundle with resulting rapid loss of central vision, progressive for several weeks, then usually stationary with permanent central scotoma; age of onset is variable, most often in the third decade; more males than females are affected and transmission is cytoplasmic and strictly on the female side. Mutation on the mitochondrial chromosome involved, which presumably interacts with an X-linked mutant. This mechanism may explain the bizarre sex ratio, which differs significantly from one country to another.
linear a. striae cutis distensae, under stria
macular a. anetoderma
marantic a. marasmus
muscular a. wasting of muscular tissue. Cf. myopathic a. myatrophy, myoatrophy;
myopathic a. muscular a. caused by a primary disorder of muscle.
neuritic a. trophoneurotic a
neurogenic a. trophoneurotic a
neurotrophic a. trophoneurotic a
nutritional type cerebellar a. a restricted type of cerebellar cortical degeneration, affecting particularly the Purkinje cells of the anterior and superior vermis; probably caused by thiamin deficiency; most frequently seen in chronic alcoholics and then called alcoholic cerebellar degeneration.
olivopontocerebellar a. a group of genetically distinct, mostly autosomal dominant progressive neurologic diseases characterized by loss of neurons in the cerebellar cortex, basis pontis, and inferior olivary nuclei; results in ataxia, tremor, involuntary movement, and dysarthria; five clinical types (four with dominant, one with recessive inheritance) have been described, each type characterized by additional findings, such as sensory loss, retinal degeneration, ophthalmoplegia, and extrapyramidal signs. Several loci are involved, autosomal dominant [MIM*164400 to *164600] and recessive [MIM*258200].olivopontocerebellar degeneration;
periodontal a. decrease in size and/or cellular elements of the periodontium after it has reached normal maturity.
peroneal muscular a. [MIM*118200 to 118220] a group of three familial peripheral neuromuscular disorders, sharing the common feature of marked wasting of the more distal extremities, particularly the peroneal muscle groups, resulting in "stork legs." Two of the three subtypes are hereditary sensorimotor polyneuropathies, one demyelinating in type and the other axon loss in type, while the third subgroup is an anterior horn cell disorder. It usually involves the legs before the arms; pes cavus is often the first sign; autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked recessive types exist [MIM*302800 to *302908], with severity related to genetic type.Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease;
Pick's a. circumscribed a. of the cerebral cortex.lobar sclerosis, progressive circumscribed cerebral a;
postmenopausal a. a. following menopause, as of the genital organs.
pressure a. the wasting of hard or soft tissue resulting from excessive pressure applied to tissue by a denture base.
primary idiopathic macular a. anetoderma
primary macular a. of skin anetoderma
progressive choroidal a. choroideremia
progressive circumscribed cerebral a. Pick's a
progressive infantile spinal muscular a. infantile spinal muscular a
progressive muscular a. amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
progressive spinal muscular a. one of the subgroups of motor neuron disease; a progressive degenerative disorder of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, manifested as progressive, often symmetrical, weakness and wasting, typically beginning in the distal portions of the limbs, particularly in the upper extremities, and spreading proximally; fasciculation potentials are often present, but evidence of corticospinal tract disease (e.g., increased deep tendon reflexes, Babinski sign) is not.
pulp a. diminution in size and/or cellular elements of the dental pulp due to interference with the blood supply.
red a. cyanotic a
scapulohumeral a. Vulpian's a
senile a. wasting of tissues and organs with advancing age from decreased catabolic or anabolic processes, at times due to endocrine changes, decreased use, or ischemia.geromarasmus;
serous a. a degenerative change occurring in fat cells, the fat being absorbed and its place being taken by a serous fluid.
striate a. of skin striae cutis distensae, under stria
Sudeck's a. a. of bones, commonly of the carpal or tarsal bones, following a slight injury such as a sprain. See also causalgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy.acute reflex bone a., posttraumatic osteoporosis, Sudeck's syndrome; [L. English sweat]
traction a. striae cutis distensae, under stria
transneuronal a. transsynaptic degeneration
trophoneurotic a. abnormalities of the skin, hair, nails, subcutaneous tissues and bone, caused by peripheral nerve lesions.neuritic a., neurogenic a., neurotrophic a., trophic changes;
villous a. abnormality of the small intestinal mucosa with crypt hyperplasia, resulting in flattening of the mucosa and the appearance of a. of villi; clinically seen in malabsorption syndromes such as sprue.
Vulpian's a. progressive spinal muscular a. beginning in the shoulder.scapulohumeral a;
Werdnig-Hoffmann muscular a. infantile spinal muscular a
yellow a. of the liver See acute yellow a. of the liver.
Zimmerlin's a. a variety of hereditary progressive muscular a. in which the a. begins in the upper half of the body.

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atropine atropine (at´ro-pen)
C₁₇H₂₃NO₃; dl-tropyl tropate;a racemic mixture of d- and l-hyoscyamine, alkaloids obtained from the leaves and roots of Atropa belladonna; an anticholinergic, with diverse effects (tachycardia, mydriasis, cycloplegia, constipation, urinary retention, antisudorific) attributable to reversible competitive blockade of acetylcholine at muscarinic type cholinergic receptors; used in the treatment of poisoning with organophosphate insecticides or nerve gases. The (-) form is by far the more active.dl-hyoscyamine, tropine tropate;
a. methonitrate the methylnitrate of a., with the same actions and uses as a., but less lipid soluble and hence fewer central nervous system effects; a quaternary compound.
a. methylbromide methylatropine bromide
a. sulfate an anticholinergic; a widely used soluble salt of atropine.

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atropinic atropinic (at´ro-pin-ik)
Term used to indicate a sharing of pharmacologic properties with atropine. This means blocking parasympathetic neuroeffector junctions leading to a constellation of effects including tachycardia, urinary retention, dry mouth, constipation, mydriasis, cycloplegia, and other anticholinergic effects.

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atropinism atropinism (at´ro-pin-izm)
Symptoms of poisoning by atropine or belladonna.

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atropinization atropinization (at-ro´pin-i-za´shun)
Administration of atropine or belladonna to the point of achieving the pharmacologic effect.

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atroscine atroscine
dl-scopolamine. See scopolamine. [atropine + hyoscine]

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atrotoxin atrotoxin (at-ro-toks´in)
A component of diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) venom that specifically and reversibly increases voltage-dependent calcium ion currents in isolated myocytes.

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attachment attachment (a-tach´ment)
1. A connection of one part with another. 2. In dentistry, a mechanical device for the fixation and stabilization of a dental prosthesis.
bar clip a.'s bar-sleeve a.'s
bar-sleeve a.'s fixed bar joints or rigid bar units used for splinting abutments with removable sleeves or clips within the partial denture for supporting and/or retaining the prosthesis.bar clip a.'s;
epithelial a. junctional epithelium
frictional a. precision a
internal a. precision a
key a. precision a
keyway a. precision a
muscle-tendon a. the union of a muscle and tendon fiber in which sarcolemma intervenes between the two; the end of the muscle fiber may be rounded, conical, or tapered.muscle-tendon junction;
parallel a. precision a
pericemental a. the tissues surrounding the cementum of the tooth, i.e., the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.
precision a. 1. a frictional or mechanically retained unit used in fixed or removable prosthodontics, consisting of closely fitting male and female parts; 2. an a. that may be rigid in function or may incorporate a movable stress control unit to reduce the torque on the abutment.frictional a., internal a., key a., keyway a., parallel a., slotted a;
slotted a. precision a

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attack attack (a-tak´)
The occurrence of some disorder or episode, ordinarily with dramatic and sudden onset, such as an a. of shingles or heart a.
drop a. an episode of sudden falling that occurs during standing or walking, without warning and without loss of consciousness, vertigo, or postictal behavior. The patients are usually elderly and have normal electroencephalograms; of unknown cause.
panic a. sudden onset of intense apprehension, fear, terror, or impending doom accompanied by increased autonomic nervous system activity and by various constitutional disturbances, depersonalization, and derealization.
salaam a. nodding spasm
transient ischemic a. (TIA) a sudden focal loss of neurological function with complete recovery usually within 24 hours; caused by a brief period of inadequate perfusion in a portion of the territory of the carotid or vertebral basilar arteries.
uncinate a. uncinate epilepsy
vagal a. Gowers' syndromevasovagal syndrome;
vasovagal a. Gowers' syndrome

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attar of rose attar of rose (at´ar)
rose oil, oil of rose [Pers. attara, to smell sweet]

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attending attending (a-tend´ing)
In psychology, an aroused readiness to percieve, as in listening or looking; focusing of sense organs is sometimes involved. [L. attendo, to bend to, notice]

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attenuant attenuant (a-ten´yu-ant)
1. Denoting that which attenuates. 2. An agent, means, or method that attenuates.

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attenuate attenuate (a-ten´yu-at)
To dilute, thin, reduce, weaken, diminish. [L. at-tenuo, pp. -tenuatus, to make thin or weak, fr. tenuis, thin]

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attenuation attenuation (a-ten-yu-a´shun)
1. The act of attenuating. 2. Diminution of virulence in a strain of an organism, obtained through selection of variants which occur naturally or through experimental means. 3. Loss of energy of a beam of radiant energy due to absorption, scattering, beam divergence, and other causes as the beam propagates through a medium. 4. Regulation of termination of transcription; involved in control of gene expression in specific tissues.

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attenuator attenuator (a-ten´yu-a-tor, -tor)
1. An electrical system of resistors and capacitors used to reduce the strength of electrical signals as in ultrasonography. 2. The terminator sequence in DNA at which attenuation occurs.

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attic attic (at´ik)
epitympanic recess
tympanic a. epitympanic recess

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atticomastoid atticomastoid (at´i-ko-mas´toyd)
Relating to the attic of the tympanic cavity and the mastoid antrum or cells.

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atticotomy atticotomy (at-i-kot´o-me)
Operative opening into the tympanic attic. [attic + G. tome, incision]

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attitude attitude (at´i-tud)
1. Position of the body and limbs. 2. Manner of acting. 3. In social or clinical psychology, a relatively stable and enduring predisposition or set to behave or react in a certain way toward persons, objects, institutions, or issues. [Mediev. L. aptitudo, fr. L. aptus, fit]
emotional a.'s passional a.'s
fetal a. fetal habitus
passional a.'s a.'s expressive of any of the great passions; e.g., anger, lust.emotional a.'s;

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attitudinal attitudinal (at-i-tu´di-nal)
Relating to a posture of the body; e.g., a. (statotonic) reflex.

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atto- (a) atto- (a)
Prefix used in the SI and metric systems to signify one quintillionth (10^-18). [Danish atten, eighteen]

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attollens attollens (a-tol´ens)
Raising up; in anatomy, muscle action that lifts. [L. at- tollo, pres. p. -tollens, to lift up]
a. au´rem , a. auric´ulam superior auricular muscle
a. oc´uli superior rectus muscle

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attraction attraction (a-trak´shun)
The tendency of two bodies to approach each other. [L. at-traho, pp. -tractus, to draw toward]
capillary a. the force that causes fluids to rise up very fine tubes or through the pores of a loose material.
chemical a. the force impelling atoms of different elements or molecules to unite to form new substances or compounds.
magnetic a. the force that draws iron or steel toward a magnet.
neurotropic a. the pull of a regenerating axon toward the motor end-plate.

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attrahens attrahens (at´ra-henz)
Drawing toward, denoting a muscle (attrahens aurem or auriculam) rudimentary in man, that tends to draw the pinna of the ear forward. See anterior auricular muscle. [see attraction]

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attrition attrition (a-trish´un)
1. Wearing away by friction or rubbing. 2. In dentistry, physiological loss of tooth structure caused by the abrasive character of food or from bruxism. Cf. abrasion. [L. at-tero, pp. -tritus, to rub against, rub away]

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at wt at wt
Abbreviation for atomic weight.

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atypia atypia (a-tip´e-a)
State of being not typical.atypism;

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atypical atypical (a-tip´i-kal)
Not typical; not corresponding to the normal form or type. [G. a- priv. + typikos, conformed to a type]

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atypism atypism (a-tip´izm)
atypia

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A.U. A.U.
Abbreviation for auris uterque [L.], each ear or both ears.

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Au Au
Symbol for gold (aurum).

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Aub Aub
Joseph C., U.S. physician, 1890-1973. See A.-DuBois table.

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Auberger blood group Auberger blood group , Au blood group
See Blood Groups appendix.

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Aubert Aubert
Hermann, German physiologist, 1826-1892. See A.'s phenomenon.

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Auchmeromyia Auchmeromyia (awk´mer-o-mI´ya)
A genus of bloodsucking botflies (family Calliphoridae, order Diptera). [G. auchmeros, without rain, hence unwashed, squalid, + myia, a fly]
A. lute´ola the Congo floor maggot; the bloodsucking larva of this botfly species is found in Africa south of the Sahara, usually in or near human habitations; the resistant larvae or maggots crawl to sleeping humans and suck blood for 15 to 20 minutes, detach, and hide, repeating these nightly attacks during their developmental period; no disease transmission is known from this insect.

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198Au colloid ¹⁹⁸Au colloid
radiogold colloid

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audile audile (aw´dil)
1. Relating to audition. 2. Denoting the type of mental imagery in which one recalls most readily that which has been heard rather than seen or read. Cf. motile, visile. 3. auditive

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audio- audio-
The sense of hearing. [L. audio, to hear]

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audioanalgesia audioanalgesia (aw´de-o-an-al-je´ze-a)
Use of music or sound delivered through earphones to mask pain during dental or surgical procedures.

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audiogenic audiogenic (awd´e-o-jen´ik)
1. Caused by sound, especially a loud noise. 2. Sound-producing. [audio- + G. genesis, production]

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audiogram audiogram (aw´de-o-gram)
The graphic record drawn from the results of hearing tests with the audiometer, charts the threshold of hearing at various frequencies against sound intensity in decibels. [audio- + G. gramma, a drawing]
pure tone a. a chart of the threshold for hearing acuity at various frequencies usually expressed in decibels above normal threshold and usually covering frequencies from 128 to 8000 Hz.
speech a. the record of thresholds for spondaic word lists and scores for phonetically balanced word lists.

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audiologist audiologist (aw-de-ol´ojist)
A specialist in evaluation and rehabilitation of those whose communication disorders center in whole or in part in the hearing function.

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audiology audiology (aw-de-ol´o-je)
The study of hearing disorders through the identification and measurement of hearing function loss as well as the rehabilitation of persons with hearing impairments.

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audiometer audiometer (aw-de-om´e-ter)
An electrical instrument for measuring the threshold of hearing for pure tones of frequencies generally varying from 128 to 8000 Hz (recorded in terms of decibels). [audio- + G. metron, measure]
automatic a. an a. that is operated by the patient, enabling him to control the intensity of the tone presented to him and thus track his own hearing thresholds.
Békésy a. an automatic a. in which the tone sweeps the audiometric scale while the patient controls intensity by pressing a button when he cannot hear the tone; may be operated either at a fixed frequency or at steadily changing frequencies.
limited range a. a pure-tone a. designed to test restricted ranges of frequency and sound pressure.
pure-tone a. an electroacoustical generator which produces pure tones of selected frequencies and calibrated output.
speech a. an a. that provides spoken material at controlled sound pressure levels to obtain speech reception thresholds, tolerance for loud speech, and discrimination ability, utilizing either a live voice with a microphone or a recorded voice played over a turntable or tape recorder.

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audiometric audiometric (aw´de-o-met´rik)
Related to measurement of hearing levels.

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audiometrist audiometrist (aw-de-om´e-trist)
A person trained in the use of the audiometer in testing hearing acuity.

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audiometry audiometry (aw-de-om´e-tre)
Use of the audiometer.
auditory brainstem response a. (ABR) , ABR a. an electrophysiologic measure of auditory function utilizing responses produced by the auditory nerve and the brainstem to repetitive acoustic stimuli.
automatic a. an audiometric technique using an automatic audiometer, which enables the patient to track his own hearing thresholds by controlling the intensity of the signal being presented to him, while the audiometer sweeps through the audible frequency range.
Békésy a. automatic a. utilizing the Békésy audiometer; the patient makes two threshold tracings, one in which the tone is rapidly turned on and off (interrupted tone) and one in which the tone is presented steadily (continuous tone); results may be suggestive of middle-ear, cochlear, or eighth nerve lesions.
brainstem evoked response a. , BSER a. auditory brainstem response a.
cortical a. measurement of the potentials that arise in the auditory system above the level of the brainstem.
diagnostic a. measurement of hearing threshold levels to determine the nature and degree of hearing loss (e.g., conductive, sensorineural, or mixed).
electrodermal a. a form of electrophysiologic a. used to determine hearing thresholds by measuring changes in skin resistance as a conditioned response to noise stimuli.
electrophysiologic a. measurement of a patient's response to a sound stimulus by using various types of objective audiometric equipment or techniques without necessarily having the patient's conscious cooperation.
evoked response a. (ERA) a type of electrophysiologic a. in which electrical potentials of neural impulses from the cochlear nerve and various levels in the brain in response to acoustic stimulation are used to localize the site of a lesion causing a hearing loss.
pure-tone a. a. utilizing tones of various frequencies and intensities as auditory stimuli to measure hearing, including comparisons of results from testing air conduction and bone conduction.
screening a. rapid measurement of the hearing of an individual or a group against a predetermined limit of normalcy; auditory responses to different frequencies presented at a constant intensity level are tested.
speech a. measurement of overall performance in hearing, understanding, and responding to speech for a general assessment of hearing and an estimate of degree of practical handicap.

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audiovisual audiovisual (aw´de-o-vizh´yu-al)
Pertaining to a communication or teaching technique that combines both audible and visible symbols.

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audit audit
An examination or review that establishes the extent to which a condition, process, or performance conforms to predetermined standards or criteria. [L. auditus, a hearing, fr. audio, to hear]

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audition audition (aw-dish´un)
hearing [L. auditio, a hearing, fr. audeo, to hear]
chromatic a. color hearing

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auditive auditive (aw´di-tiv)
One who recalls most readily that which has been heard.audile (3);

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auditory auditory (aw´di-tor-e)
Pertaining to the sense of hearing or to the organs of hearing. [L. audio, pp. auditus, to hear]

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Auenbrugger Auenbrugger
Leopold, Austrian physician, 1722-1809. See A.'s sign.

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Auer Auer
John, U.S. physician, 1875-1948. See A. bodies, under body, rods, under rod.

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Auerbach Auerbach
Leopold, German anatomist, 1828-1897. See A.'s ganglia, under ganglion, plexus.

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Aufrecht Aufrecht
Emanuel, German physician, 1844-1933. See A.'s sign.

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Auger Auger (aw´ger)
Pierre-Victor, French physicist, *1899. See Auger electron.

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augnathus augnathus (awg-na´thus)
dignathus [G. au, again, + gnathos, jaw]

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Aujeszky Aujeszky
Aládar, Hungarian pathologist, 1869-1933. See A.'s disease, disease virus.

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aur aur
Abbreviation for auris.

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aura aura , pl. aurae (aw´ra, -re)
1. Subjective symptoms occurring at the onset of a partial epileptic seizure; often characteristic for the brain region involved in the seizure, e.g., visual aura, occipital lobe auditory aura, temporal lobe. 2. Subjective symptoms at the onset of a migraine headache. [L. breeze, odor, gleam of light]
intellectual a. a dreamy, detached, or reminiscent a.reminiscent a;
kinesthetic a. an a. consisting of a subjective feeling of movement of a part of the body.
reminiscent a. intellectual a

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aural aural (aw´ral)
1. Relating to the ear (auris). 2. Relating to an aura.

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auramine O auramine O (aw´ra-men) [C.I. 41000]
A yellow fluorescent dye, C₁₇H₂₂N₃Cl, used as a stain for the tubercle bacillus and as a stain for DNA in Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen stain.

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auranofin auranofin (aw-ran´o-fin)
C₂₀H₃₄AuO₉PS;an oral form of gold complex used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It is thought to arrest the progression of disease.

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aurantiasis cutis aurantiasis cutis (aw-ran-tI´a-sis kyu´tis)
Obsolete term for carotenosis cutis. [L. aurantium, orange, + G. -iasis, condition; cutis, skin]

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aureolic acid aureolic acid (aw-re-o´lik)
mithramycin

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auri- auri-
Combining form denoting the ear. See also ot-, oto-. [L. auris, an ear.]

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auriasis auriasis (aw-rI´a-sis)
chrysiasis

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auric auric (aw´rik)
Relating to gold (aurum).

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auricle auricle (aw´ri-kl)
1. [NA] The projecting shell-like structure on the side of the head, constituting, with the external acoustic meatus, the external ear.ala auris, auricula (1) , pinna (1); 2. auricle of atrium
accessory a.'s small, fleshy nodules or folds, sometimes with supporting cartilage, occasionally found along the margins of the embryonic branchial clefts.
atrial a. auricle of atrium See also left atrium of heart, right atrium of heart.
cervical a. accessory a. on the neck.
a. of left atrium the small conical projection from the left atrium of the heart.auricula sinistra [NA] , left auricular appendage;
a. of right atrium the small conical projection from the right atrium of the heart.auricula dextra [NA] , right auricular appendage;

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auricula auricula , pl. auriculae (aw-rik´yu-la, -le)
1. [NA] auricle (1) 2. auricle of atrium [L. the external ear, dim. of auris, ear]
atrial a. auricle of atrium See also left atrium of heart, right atrium of heart.
a. a´tria´lis [NA] auricle of atrium See also left atrium of heart, right atrium of heart.
a. dex´tra [NA] auricle of right atrium
a. sinis´tra [NA] auricle of left atrium

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auricular auricular (aw-rik´yu-lar)
Relating to the ear, or to an auricle in any sense.

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auriculare auriculare , pl. auricularia (aw-rik-yu-la´re, -re-a)
A craniometric point at the center of the opening of the external acoustic meatus; or, in certain cases, the middle of the upper edge of this opening.auricular point; [L. auricularis, pertaining to the ear]

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auriculocranial auriculocranial (aw-rik´yu-lo-kra´ne-al)
Relating to the auricle or pinna of the ear and the cranium.

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auriculotemporal auriculotemporal (aw-rik´yu-lo-tem´po-ral)
Relating to the auricle or pinna of the ear and the temporal region.

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auriculoventricular auriculoventricular (aw-rik´yu-lo-ven-trik´yu-lar)
Obsolete synonym for atrioventricular.

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aurid aurid , pl. aurides (aw´rid, aw´ri-dez)
A skin lesion due to injection of gold salts. [L. aurum, gold, + -id (1)]

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auriform auriform (aw´ri-form)
Ear-shaped.

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aurin aurin (aw´rin) [C.I. 43800]
A triphenylmethane derivative used as an indicator (changes from yellow to red at pH 6.8 to 8.2) and as a dye intermediate; also used to help differentiate tubercle bacilli from other acid-fast microorganisms.corallin, p-rosolic acid;

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aurintricarboxylic acid aurintricarboxylic acid (aw´rin-trI´kar-boks-il´ik)
Tris(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane;a chelating agent that has a special affinity for beryllium and certain other materials, and may therefore be of use in combating beryllium poisoning; the ammonium salt is known as aluminon.

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auris (a, a, aur) auris (a, a, aur) , pl. aures (aw´ris, aw´rez) [NA]
ear [L.]
a. exte´rna [NA] external ear
a. inter´na [NA] internal ear
a. me´dia [NA] middle ear

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aurochromoderma aurochromoderma (aw´ro-kro-mo-der´ma)
chrysiasis [L. aurum, gold, + chroma, color, + derma, skin]

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auromercaptoacetanilid auromercaptoacetanilid (aw´ro-mer-kap´to-as-e-tan´i-lid)
AuSCH₂CONH-C₆H₅; {[(phenylcarbamoyl)methyl]thio}gold;an organic gold compound, insoluble in water; used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and administered by intramuscular injection; more slowly absorbed than the water-soluble gold salts.aurothioglycanide;

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aurone aurone (aw´ron)
1. 2-benzylidene-3(2H)-benzofuranone;the parent compound of a series of plant pigments; they are substituted coumaranones, and may be formed from chalcones. They are often found as glycosides. 2. A class of compounds based on a. (1).benzalcoumaran-3-one;

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aurotherapy aurotherapy (aw-ro-thar´a-pe)
chrysotherapy [L. aurum, gold]

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aurothioglucose aurothioglucose (aw´ro-thI-o-glu´kos)
Organic gold preparation with -SAu group in place of 1-OH group of glucose; used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and nondisseminated lupus erythematosus.gold thioglucose;

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aurothioglycanide aurothioglycanide (aw´-ro-thI-o-glI´ka-nId)
auromercaptoacetanilid

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aurum aurum (aw´rum)
gold [L.]

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auscultate auscultate , auscult (aws´kul-tat, aws-kult´)
To perform auscultation.

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auscultation auscultation (aws-kul-ta´shun)
Listening to the sounds made by the various body structures as a diagnostic method. [L. ausculto, pp. -atus, to listen to]
immediate a. , direct a. a. by application of the ear to the surface of the body.
mediate a. a. performed with the use of a stethoscope.

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auscultatory auscultatory (aws-kul´ta-to-re)
Relating to auscultation.

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Austin Flint Austin Flint
See Flint. See Flint.

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aut- aut-
See auto-.

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autacoid autacoid (aw-ta´-koyd)
A substance, formed metabolically by one set of cells, which alters the function of other cells. (This term is sometimes used in place of the term hormone.) [aut- + G. akos, relief, resource]

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autecic autecic , autecious (aw-te´sik, aw-te´shus)
Denoting a parasite that infects, throughout its entire existence, the same host. [G. autos, same, + oikion, house]

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autemesia autemesia (aw-te-me´ze-a)
Rarely used term for: 1. Idiopathic or functional vomiting. 2. Vomiting induced by provoking the gag reflex. [G. autos, self, + emesis, vomiting]

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authenticity authenticity (aw-then-tis´i-te)
1. The quality of being authentic, genuine, and valid. 2. In psychological functioning and personality, applied to the conscious feelings, perceptions, and thoughts that one expresses and communicates honestly and genuinely. [G. authentikos, original, primary]

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autism autism (aw´tizm)
A tendency to morbid self-absorption at the expense of regulation by outward reality.autistic disorder; [G. autos, self]
early infantile a. infantile a
infantile a. a severe emotional disturbance of childhood characterized by qualitative impairment in reciprocal social interaction and in communication, language, and social development.autistic disorder, childhood schizophrenia, early infantile a., Kanner's syndrome;

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autistic autistic (aw-tis´tik)
Pertaining to or characterized by autism.

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auto- auto- , aut-
Prefixes meaning self, same. [G. autos, self]

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autoactivation autoactivation (aw´to-ak-ti-va´shun)
autocatalysis

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autoagglutination autoagglutination (aw´to-a-glu-ti-na´shun)
1. Nonspecific agglutination or clumping together of cells (e.g., bacteria, erythrocytes) due to physical-chemical factors. 2. The agglutination of an individual's red blood cells in his own serum, as a consequence of specific autoantibody.

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autoagglutinin autoagglutinin (aw´to-a-glu´ti-nin)
An agglutinating autoantibody.
anti-Pr cold a. a cold a. specific for the Pr (protease-sensitive) antigen of erythrocytes.
cold a. a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies that react at temperatures below 37°C, often most actively at 4°C; most are the IgM class of immunoglobulins with affinity for the Ii system of erythrocyte antigens, but some are anti-Pr cold a.'s; cold a.'s may be associated with infection (e.g., primary atypical pneumonia, infectious mononucleosis and other virus infections, certain protozoan infections) and in such instances usually are not active in vivo.

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autoallergic autoallergic (aw´to-a-ler´jik)
Pertaining to autoallergy.

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autoallergization autoallergization (aw´to-al´er-ji-za´shun)
Induction of autoallergy.

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autoallergy autoallergy (aw-to-al´er-je)
An altered reactivity in which antibodies (autoantibodies) are produced against an individual's own tissues, causing a destructive rather than a protective effect.autoimmunity (2)

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autoanalysis autoanalysis (aw´to-a-nal´i-sis)
Attempted analysis, or psychoanalysis, of one's self.self-analysis;

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autoanalyzer autoanalyzer (aw-to-an´a-lIz-er)
An instrument capable of conducting analyses automatically; commonly used in chemical analyses.
sequential multichannel a. (SMA) an automated instrument capable of performing multiple (usually chemical) analyses simultaneously by propelling samples and reagents in continuous flow fashion along tubes to the detector mechanisms.

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autoanaphylaxis autoanaphylaxis (aw´to-an´a-fI-lak´sis)
Old term for certain kinds of autoimmunity.

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autoantibody autoantibody (aw-to-an´ti-bod-e)
Antibody occurring in response to antigenic constituents of the host's tissue, and which reacts with the inciting tissue component.
anti-idiotype a. an a., the specificity of which is directed against one of one's own idiotypes. See also anti-idiotype antibody.idiotype a;
cold a. an a. that reacts at temperatures below 37°c.
Donath-Landsteiner cold a. an a. of the IgG class responsible for paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria; it is adsorbed to red cells only at temperatures of 20°C or lower, causing the red cells to lyse in the presence of complement at higher temperatures; it has only slight agglutinating properties in spite of its marked lytic activity, and has a specificity within the blood group P; it is also occasionally present for short periods of time following measles and other infections, and formerly was frequently associated with syphilis.cold hemolysin;
hemagglutinating cold a. a cold autoagglutinin.
idiotype a. anti-idiotype a
warm a. an a. that reacts optimally at 37°C.

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autoanticomplement autoanticomplement (aw´to-an-ti-com´ple-ment)
An anticomplement that is formed in the body of an animal and inhibits or destroys the complement of the same animal.

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autoantigen autoantigen (aw-to-an´ti-jen)
A "self" antigen; any tissue constituent that evokes an immune response to the host's tissues.

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autoassay autoassay (aw´to-as-a)
Detection or estimation of the amount of a substance produced in an organism by means of a test object in that organism, as, for example, use of the denervated heart in situ of a cat to assay for epinephrine or sympathin liberated into its bloodstream.

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autoaugmentation autoaugmentation (aw´-to-awg´men-ta-shun)
Augmentation of the bladder by incision and excision of detrusor muscle leaving only bladder epithelium.autocystoplasty, Snow procedure;

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autoblast autoblast (aw´to-blast)
1. An independent cell. 2. A single, independent microbe, protozoon, or single-celled (acellular) organism. [auto- + G. blastos, germ]

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autocatalysis autocatalysis (aw´to-ka-tal´i-sis)
A reaction in which one or more of the products formed acts to catalyze the reaction; beginning slowly, the rate of such a reaction rapidly increases. Cf. chain reaction. autoactivation;

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autocatalytic autocatalytic (aw´to-kat-a-lit´ik)
Relating to autocatalysis.

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autocatheterization autocatheterization , autocatheterism (aw´to-kath-e-ter-i-za´shun, -kath´e-ter-izm)
Passage of a catheter by the patient.

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autochthonous autochthonous (aw-tok´thon-us)
1. Native to the place inhabited; aboriginal. 2. Originating in the place where found; said of a disease originating in the part of the body where found, or of a disease acquired in the place where the patient is. [auto- + G. chthon, land, ground, country]

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autoclasis autoclasis , autoclasia (aw-tok´la-sis, aw-to-kla´ze-a)
1. A breaking up or rupturing from intrinsic or internal causes. 2. Progressive immunologically induced tissue destruction. [auto- + G. klasis, breaking]

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autoclave autoclave (aw´to-klav)
1. An apparatus for sterilization by steam under pressure; it consists of a strong closed boiler containing a small quantity of water and, in a wire basket, the articles to be sterilized. 2. To sterilize in an autoclave. [auto- + L. clavis, a key, in the sense of self-locking]

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autocoid autocoid (aw´to-koyd)
A chemical substance produced by one type of cell that affects the function of different types of cells in the same region, thus functioning as a local hormone or messenger. [G. autos, self, + eidos, form]

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autocrine autocrine (aw´to-krin)
Denoting self-stimulation through cellular production of a factor and a specific receptor for it. [auto- + G. krino, to separate]

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autocystoplasty autocystoplasty (aw-to-sis´to-plas-te)
autoaugmentation [auto- + G. kystis, bladder, + plastos, formed]

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autocytolysin autocytolysin (aw´to-sI-tol´i-sin)
autolysin

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autocytolysis autocytolysis (aw´to-sI-tol´i-sis)
autolysis

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autocytotoxin autocytotoxin (aw´to-sI-to-toks´in)
A cytotoxic autoantibody.

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autodermic autodermic (aw-to-der´mik)
Relating to one's own skin; denoting especially an autodermic graft or dermatoautoplasty. [auto- + G. derma, skin]

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autodigestion autodigestion (aw´to-dI-jes´chun)
autolysis

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autodiploid autodiploid (aw-to-dip´loyd)
See autoploid.

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autodrainage autodrainage (aw-to-dran´ij)
Drainage into contiguous tissues.

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autoecholalia autoecholalia (aw´to-ek-o-la´le-a)
A morbid repetition of another person's or one's own words. [auto- + echolalia]

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autoerotic autoerotic (aw´to-e-rot´ik)
Pertaining to autoerotism.

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autoeroticism autoeroticism (aw´to-e-rot´i-sizm)
autoerotism

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autoerotism autoerotism (aw-to-ar´o-tizm)
1. Sexual arousal or gratification using one's own body, as in masturbation. 2. Sexual self-love. See also narcissism (1). Cf. alloerotism. autoeroticism, autosexualism (1); [auto- + G. erotikos, relating to love]

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autofluoroscope autofluoroscope (aw-to-flur´o-skop)
A type of scintillation camera consisting of a matrix of individual sodium iodide crystals, each with its separate light pipe and photomultiplier tube; used for radioisotope imaging procedures.

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autogamous autogamous (aw-tog´a-mus)
Relating to or characterized by autogamy.

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autogamy autogamy (aw-tog´a-me)
A form of self-fertilization in which fission of the cell nucleus occurs without division of the cell, the two pronuclei so formed reuniting to form the synkaryon; in other cases, the cell body also divides, but the two daughter cells immediately conjugate.automixis; [auto- + G. gamos, marriage]

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autogenesis autogenesis (aw-to-jen´e-sis)
1. The origin of living matter within the organism itself. 2. In bacteriology, the process by which vaccine is made from bacteria obtained from the patient's own body. [auto- + G. genesis, production]

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autogenetic autogenetic , autogenic (aw´to-je-net´ik, jen´ik)
Relating to autogenesis.autogenous (1);

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autogenous autogenous (aw-toj´e-nus)
1. autogenetic 2. Originating within the body, applied to vaccines prepared from bacteria or other cells obtained from the affected person. Cf. endogenous. [G. autogenes, self-produced]

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autognosis autognosis (aw-tog-no´sis)
Recognition of one's own character, tendencies, and peculiarities.self-knowledge; [auto- + G. gnosis, knowledge]

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autograft autograft (aw´to-graft)
A tissue or an organ transferred by grafting into a new position in the body of the same individual.autogeneic graft, autologous graft, autoplast, autoplastic graft, autotransplant; [auto- + A.S. graef]

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autografting autografting (aw-to-graft´ing)
autotransplantation

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autogram autogram (aw´to-gram)
A wheal-like lesion on the skin following pressure by a blunt instrument or by stroking. [auto- + G. gramma, something written]

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autographism autographism (aw-tog´ra-fizm)
dermatographism

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autohemagglutination autohemagglutination (aw´to-he´ma-glu-ti-na´shun)
Autoagglutination of erythrocytes.

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autohemolysin autohemolysin (aw´to-he-mol´i-sin)
An autoantibody that in the presence of complement causes lysis of erythrocytes in the same individual in whose body the lysin is formed.

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autohemolysis autohemolysis (aw´to-he-mol´i-sis)
Hemolysis occurring in certain diseases as a result of an autohemolysin.

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autohemotransfusion autohemotransfusion (aw´to-he-mo-tranz-fyu´zhun)
autotransfusion

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autohexaploid autohexaploid (aw-to-heks´a-ployd)
See autoploid.

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autohypnosis autohypnosis (aw´to-hip-no´sis)
Self-induced hypnosis, accomplished by concentrating on self-absorbing thought or on the idea of being hypnotized.autohypnotism, idiohypnotism, statuvolence;

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autohypnotic autohypnotic (aw´to-hip-not´ik)
Relating to autohypnosis.

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autohypnotism autohypnotism (aw-to-hip´no-tizm)
autohypnosis

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autoimmune autoimmune (aw-to-i-myun´)
Arising from and directed against the individual's own tissues, as in autoimmune disease.

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autoimmunity autoimmunity (aw´to-i-myu´ni-te)
1. Literally, the condition in which "self" is exempt. 2. In immunology, the condition in which one's own tissues are subject to deleterious effects of the immune system, as in autoallergy and in autoimmune disease; specific humoral or cell-mediated immune response against the body's own tissues.autoallergy;

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autoimmunization autoimmunization (aw´to-im´yu-ni-za´shun)
Induction of autoimmunity.

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autoimmunocytopenia autoimmunocytopenia (aw-to-im´yu-no-sI-to-pe´ne-a)
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukopenia resulting from cytotoxic autoimmune reactions.

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autoinfection autoinfection (aw´to-in-fek´shun)
1. Reinfection by microbes or parasitic organisms on or within the body that have already passed through an infective cycle, such as a succession of boils, or a new infective cycle with production of a new generation of larvae and adults, as by the nematode Strongyloides stercoralis or the cestode Hymenolepsis nana. 2. Self-infection by direct contagion as with parasite eggs passed in the infectious state transmitted by fingernails (anal-oral route), as with the pinworm, Enterobius vermicularis.autoreinfection, self-infection;

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autoinfusion autoinfusion (aw´to-in-fyu´shun)
Forcing the blood from the extremities or other areas such as the spleen, as by the application of a bandage or pressure device, to raise the blood pressure and fill the vessels in the vital centers; resorted to after excessive loss of blood or other body fluids. Cf. autotransfusion.

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autoinoculable autoinoculable (aw´to-in-ok´yu-la-bl)
Susceptible to autoinoculation.

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autoinoculation autoinoculation (aw´to-in-ok-yu-la´shun)
A secondary infection originating from a focus of infection already present in the body.

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autointoxicant autointoxicant (aw´to-in-toks´i-kant)
An endogenous toxic agent that causes autointoxication.autotoxin;

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autointoxication autointoxication (aw´to-in-toks-i-ka´shun)
A disorder resulting from absorption of the waste products of metabolism, decomposed matter from the intestine, or the products of dead and infected tissue as in gangrene.autotoxicosis, endogenic toxicosis, enterotoxication, enterotoxism, intestinal intoxication, self-poisoning;

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autoisolysin autoisolysin (aw´to-I-sol´i-sin)
An antibody that in the presence of complement causes lysis of cells in the individual in whose body the lysin is formed, as well as in others of the same species.

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autokeratoplasty autokeratoplasty (aw-to-ker´a-to-plas-te)
Grafting of corneal tissue from one eye of a patient to the fellow eye. [auto- + G. keras, horn, + plastos, formed]

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autokinesia autokinesia , autokinesis (aw-to-ki-ne´se-a, aw-to-ki-ne´sis)
Voluntary movement. [auto- + G. kinesis, movement]

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autokinetic autokinetic (aw-to-kI-net´ik)
Relating to autokinesis.

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autolesion autolesion (aw-to-le´zhun)
A self-inflicted injury.

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autologous autologous (aw-tol´o-gus)
1. Occurring naturally and normally in a certain type of tissue or in a specific structure of the body. 2. Sometimes used to denote a neoplasm derived from cells that occur normally at that site, e.g., a squamous cell carcinoma in the upper esophagus. 3. In transplantation, referring to a graft in which the donor and recipient areas are in the same individual. [auto- + G. logos, relation]

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autolysate autolysate (aw-tol´i-sat)
The mixture of substances resulting from autolysis.

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autolyse autolyse (aw´to-lIs)
autolyze

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autolysin autolysin (aw-tol´i-sin)
An antibody that in the presence of complement causes lysis of the cells and tissues in the body of the individual in whom the lysin is formed.autocytolysin;

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autolysis autolysis (aw-tol´i-sis)
1. Enzymatic digestion of cells (especially dead or degenerate) by enzymes present within them (autogenous). 2. Destruction of cells as a result of a lysin formed in those cells or others in the same organism.autocytolysis, autodigestion, isophagy; [auto- + G. lysis, dissolution]

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autolytic autolytic (aw-to-lit´ik)
Pertaining to or causing autolysis.

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autolyze autolyze (aw´to-lIz)
To undergo autolysis.autolyse;

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automallet automallet (aw´to-mal-et)
Obsolete term for automatic plugger or condenser.

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automatism automatism (aw-tom´a-tizm)
1. The state of being independent of the will or of central innervation; applicable, for example, to the heart's action. 2. An epileptic attack consisting of stereotyped psychic, sensory, or motor phenomena carried out in a state of impaired consciousness and of which the individual usually has no knowledge. 3. A condition in which an individual is consciously or unconsciously, but involuntarily, compelled to the performance of certain motor or verbal acts, often purposeless and sometimes foolish or harmful.telergy; [G. automatos, self-moving, + -in]
ambulatory a. a person's automatic performance of an action or series of actions without being consciously aware of the processes involved in the performance.
immediate posttraumatic a. a posttraumatic state in which the patient performs automatically without immediate or later memory of that behavior.

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automatograph automatograph (aw-to-mat´o-graf)
An instrument for recording automatic movements.

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automixis automixis (aw-to-miks´is)
autogamy [auto- + G. mixis, intercourse]

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automnesia automnesia (aw-tom-ne´ze-a)
Spontaneous revival of memories of an earlier condition of life. [auto- + G. mnesis, a remembering]

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automysophobia automysophobia (aw´to-mis-o-fo´be-a)
Morbid dread of personal uncleanliness. [auto- + G. mysos, dirt, + phobos, fear]

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autonomic autonomic (aw-to-nom´ik)
1. Relating to the autonomic nervous system. 2. Obsolete term for autonomous.

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autonomotropic autonomotropic (aw´to-nom-o-trop´ik)
Acting on the autonomic nervous system. [autonomic + G. trepo, to turn]

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autonomous autonomous (aw-ton´o-mus)
Having independence or freedom from control by external forces or, in a narrow sense, by the cerebrospinal nerve centers.

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autonomy autonomy (aw-ton´o-me)
The condition or state of being autonomous. [auto- + G. nomos, law]
functional a. in social psychology, the tendency of a developed motive system (e.g., motive of acquisition) to become independent of the primary or innate drive from which it originated (e.g., need for food).

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auto-oxidation auto-oxidation (aw´to-oks-i-da´shun)
The direct combination of a substance with molecular oxygen at ordinary temperatures.autoxidation;

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auto-oxidizable auto-oxidizable (aw´to-oks-i-dIz´a-bl)
Denoting substances that react directly with oxygen (e.g., b hemochromogen in cytochrome) and do not require the action of dehydrogenases.

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autopathic autopathic (aw-to-path´ik)
Rarely used synonym for idiopathic.

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autopentaploid autopentaploid (aw-to-pen´ta-ployd)
See autoploid.

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autopepsia autopepsia (aw-to-pep´se-a)
Rarely used term for self-digestion, said of ulceration of the gastric mucous membrane by its own secretion, or the digestion of the skin surrounding a gastrostomy or colostomy opening. [auto- + G. pepsis, digestion]

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autophagia autophagia (aw-to-fa´je-a)
1. Biting one's own flesh; e.g., as a symptom of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. 2. Maintenance of the nutrition of the whole body by metabolic consumption of some of the body tissues. 3. autophagy [auto- + G. phago, to eat]

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autophagic autophagic (aw-to-fa´jik)
Relating to or characterized by autophagia.

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autophagolysosome autophagolysosome (aw´to-fa-go-lI´so-som)
The digestive vacuole of autophagy that results from the fusion of a primary lysosome with an autophagic vacuole.

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autophagy autophagy (aw-tof´a-je)
Segregation and disposal of damaged organelles within a cell.autophagia (3); [auto- + G. phago, to eat]

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autophilia autophilia (aw-to-fil´e-a)
narcissism (1) [auto- + G. phileo, to love]

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autophobia autophobia (aw-to-fo´be-a)
Morbid fear of solitude or of self. [auto- + G. phobos, fear]

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autophony autophony (aw-tof´o-ne)
Increased resonance of one's own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, etc., noted especially in disease of the middle ear or of the nasal fossae.tympanophonia (2) , tympanophony; [auto- + G. phone, sound]

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autoplast autoplast (aw´to-plast)
autograft [auto- + G. plastos, formed]

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autoplastic autoplastic (aw´to-plas-tik)
Relating to autoplasty.

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autoplasty autoplasty (aw´to-plas-te)
Repair of defects by autotransplantation.

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autoploid autoploid (aw´to-ployd)
Relating to an individual or cell with two or more copies of a single haploid set; depending on the number of multiples of the haploid set, a.'s are referred to as autodiploids, autotriploids, autotetraploids, autopentaploids, autohexaploids, etc. [auto- + -ploid]

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autoploidy autoploidy (aw´to-ploy-de)
The condition of being autoploid.

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autoplugger autoplugger (aw´to-plug-er)
Obsolete term for automatic plugger.

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autopod autopod (aw´to-pod)
autopodium

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autopodium autopodium , pl. autopodia (aw´to-po´de-um, de-a)
The distal major subdivision of a limb (hand or foot).autopod; [auto- + G. pous (pod-), foot]

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autopoisonous autopoisonous (aw-to-poy´zun-us)
autotoxic

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autopolymer autopolymer (aw-to-pol´i-mer)
See autopolymer resin.

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autopolymerization autopolymerization (aw-to-pol´i-mer-i-za´shun)
Polymerization without the use of external heat, as a result of the addition of an activator and a catalyst.

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autopolyploid autopolyploid (aw-to-pol´i-ployd)
An autoploid having two or more multiples of the haploid sets of chromosomes.

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autopolyploidy autopolyploidy (aw-to-pol´i-ploy-de)
The condition of being allopolyploid.

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autopsy autopsy (aw´top-se)
1. An examination of the organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the pathologic changes present.necropsy, thanatopsy; 2. In the terminology of the ancient Greek school of empirics, the intentional reproduction of an effect, event, or circumstance that occurred in the course of a disease and observation of its influence in ameliorating or aggravating the patient's symptoms.postmortem examination; [G. autopsia, seeing with one's own eyes]

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autoradiogram autoradiogram (aw-to-ra´de-o-gram)
autoradiograph [auto- + radiogram]

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autoradiograph autoradiograph (aw-to-ra´de-o-graf)
Image of the distribution and concentration of radioactivity in a tissue or other substance made by placing a photographic emulsion on the surface of, or in close proximity to, the substance.autoradiogram;

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autoradiography autoradiography (aw´to-ra-de-og´ra-fe)
The process of producing an autoradiograph.radioautography;
paper a. a. in which compounds are separated by paper chromatography.

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autoregulation autoregulation (aw´to-reg-yu-la´shun)
1. The tendency of the blood flow to an organ or part to remain at or return to the same level despite changes in the pressure in the artery which conveys blood to it. 2. In general, any biologic system equipped with inhibitory feedback systems such that a given change tends to be largely or completely counteracted; e.g., baroreceptor reflexes form a basis for autoregulation of the systemic arterial blood pressure.
heterometric a. intrinsic regulation of the strength of cardiac contraction as a function of diastolic fiber length (volume), independent of afterload, autonomic nerves and other extrinsic influences. Heterometric a. is also known as the length-tension relationship, the relationship of end diastolic volume to end diastolic pressure, Starling's law of the heart or the Frank-Starling mechanism.
homeometric a. intrinsic regulation of strength of cardiac contraction in response to influences that do not depend on change in fiber length, i.e., the Frank-Starling mechanism, (e.g., the Anrep effect in which strength increases in response to increased afterload, and the Bowditch staircase effect (treppe) in which strength increases in response to increased heart rate) and do not depend on extrinsic regulation (e.g., in which strength increases in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation or norepinephrine).

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autoreinfection autoreinfection (aw´to-re-in-fek´shun)
autoinfection

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autoreproduction autoreproduction (aw´to-re-pro-duk´shun)
The ability of a gene or virus, or nucleoprotein molecule generally, to bring about the synthesis of another molecule like itself from smaller molecules within the cell.

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autorrhaphy autorrhaphy (aw-tor´a-fe)
Wound closure using strands of fascia from the edges of the wound. [auto- + G. rhaphe, sewing]

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autosensitize autosensitize (aw-to-sen´si-tIz)
To sensitize against one's own body cells.isosensitize;

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autosepticemia autosepticemia (aw´to-sep-ti-se´me-a)
Septicemia apparently originating from microorganisms existing within the individual and not introduced from without. [auto- + G. sepsis, decay, + haima, blood]

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autoserotherapy autoserotherapy (aw´to-se-ro-thar´a-pe)
The treatment of certain conditions, such as dermatoses, by injection of the patient's own blood serum.autotherapy (3);

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autoserum autoserum (aw-to-se´rum)
Serum obtained from the patient's own blood and used in autoserotherapy.

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autosexualism autosexualism (aw-to-sek´shu-a-lizm)
1. autoerotism 2. narcissism

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autosite autosite (aw´to-sIt)
That member of abnormal, unequal conjoined twins that is able to live independently and nourish the other member (parasite) of the pair. [auto- + G. sitos, food]

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autosmia autosmia (aw-toz´me-a)
The smelling of one's own body odor. [auto- + G. osme, smell]

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autosomal autosomal (aw-to-so´mal)
Pertaining to an autosome.

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autosomatognosis autosomatognosis (aw-to-so´ma-tog-no´sis)
The sensation that an amputated portion of the body is still present. See phantom limb. [auto- + G. soma, body, + gnosis, recognition]

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autosomatognostic autosomatognostic (aw-to-so´ma-tog-nos´tik)
Pertaining to autosomatognosis.

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autosome autosome (aw´to-som)
Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome; a.'s normally occur in pairs in somatic cells and singly in gametes.euchromosome; [auto- + G. soma, body]

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autosuggestibility autosuggestibility (aw´to-sug-jes-tI-bil´i-te)
A mental state in which autosuggestion (1) readily occurs.

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autosuggestion autosuggestion (aw´to-sug-jes´chun)
1. Constant dwelling upon an idea or concept, thereby inducing some change in the mental or bodily functions. See also autohypnosis. 2. Reproduction in the brain of impressions previously received which become then the starting point of new acts or ideas.

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autosynnoia autosynnoia (aw´to-sin-noy´a)
A mental disorder in which one never has a thought not connected with oneself.self-centeredness; [auto- + G. synnoia, deep thought, fr. syn, with + noeo, to think]

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autosynthesis autosynthesis (aw-to-sin´the-sis)
Self-reproduction or -replication.

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autotelic autotelic (aw-to-tel´ik)
Denoting those traits closely associated with the central purposes of an individual. [auto- + G. telos, end, completeness, purpose]

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autotemnous autotemnous (aw-to-tem´nus)
Denoting a cell that propagates itself by fission without previous conjugation. [auto- + G. temno, to cut]

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autotetraploid autotetraploid (aw-to-tet´ra-ployd)
See autoploid.

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autotherapy autotherapy (aw-to-thar´a-pe)
1. Self-treatment. 2. Spontaneous cure. 3. autoserotherapy 4. An obsolete method of treating disease by the administration of the patient's own pathologic excretions.

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autotomy autotomy (aw-tot´o-me)
The act of casting off a body part as a means of escape; e.g., the limb of a crab or the tail of a lizard. [auto- + G. tome, a cutting]

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autotopagnosia autotopagnosia (aw´to-top´ag-no´ze-a)
Inability to recognize or to orient any part of one's own body; caused by a parietal lobe lesion. Cf. somatotopagnosis. [auto- + G. topos, place, + G. a- priv. + gnosis]

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autotoxemia autotoxemia (aw´to-tok-se´me-a)
Autointoxicants present in the blood, usually resulting in autointoxication.

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autotoxic autotoxic (aw-to-toks´ik)
Relating to autointoxication.autopoisonous;

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autotoxicosis autotoxicosis (aw´to-tok-si-ko´sis)
autointoxication

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autotoxin autotoxin (aw-to-tok´sin)
autointoxicant

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autotransfusion autotransfusion (aw´to-tranz-fyu´zhun)
Withdrawal and reinjection/transfusion of the patient's own blood. Cf. autoinfusion. autohemotransfusion;

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autotransplant autotransplant (aw-to-tranz´plant)
autograft

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autotransplantation autotransplantation (aw´to-tranz-plan-ta´shun)
The performance of an autograft.autografting;

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autotriploid autotriploid (aw-to-trip´loyd)
See autoploid.

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autotroph autotroph (aw´to-trof)
A microorganism that uses only inorganic materials as its source of nutrients; carbon dioxide serves as the sole carbon source. [auto- + G. trophe, nourishment]

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autotrophic autotrophic (aw-to-trof´ik)
1. Self-nourishing. The ability of an organism to produce food from inorganic compounds. 2. Pertaining to an autotroph.

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autotrophy autotrophy (aw´to-trof-e;)
The state of being self-sustaining and being able to produce food from inorganic compounds.
carbon autotrophy ability to assimilate CO₂ from the air.
nitrogen autotrophy ability to assimilate nitrate or to do nitrogen fixation.
sulfur autotrophy ability to assimilate sulfate.

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autovaccination autovaccination (aw´to-vak-si-na´shun)
A second vaccination with virus from a vaccine sore on the same individual.

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autoxidation autoxidation (aw-tok-si-da´shun)
auto-oxidation

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autozygous autozygous (aw-to-zI´gus)
Denoting genes in a homozygote that are copies of the identical ancestral gene as a result of a consanguineous mating. [auto- + G. zygotos, yoked]

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auxano- auxano- , auxo- , aux-
Increase, e.g., in size, intensity, speed. [G. auxano, to increase]

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auxanogram auxanogram (awk-san´o-gram)
A plate culture of bacteria in which variable conditions are provided in order to determine the effect of these conditions on the growth of the bacteria. [auxano- + G. gramma, something written]

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auxanographic auxanographic (awk´san-o-graf´ik)
Pertaining to auxanogram or auxanography.

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auxanography auxanography (awk-sa-nog´ra-fe)
The study, using auxanograms, of the effects of different conditions on the growth of bacteria.

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auxanology auxanology (awk-sa-nol´o-je)
The study of growth. [auxano- + G. logos, study]

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auxesis auxesis (awk-se´sis)
Increase in size, especially as in hypertrophy. [G. increase]

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auxiliary auxiliary (og-zil´ya-re)
1. Functioning in an augmenting capacity; supplementary. 2. Functioning as a subordinate; secondary.

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auxiliomotor auxiliomotor (awg-zil´e-o-mo-tor)
Aiding motion.

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auxilytic auxilytic (awk´si-lit´ik)
Increasing the destructive power of a lysin, or favoring lysis. [G. auxo, to increase, + lysis, dissolution]

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auxo- auxo-
See auxano-.

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auxocardia auxocardia (awk-so-kar´de-a)
1. Enlargement of the heart, either by hypertrophy or dilation. 2. Diastole of the heart. [auxo- + G. kardia, heart]

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auxochrome auxochrome (awk´so-krom)
The chemical group within a dye molecule by which the dye is bound to reactive end groups in tissues. [auxo- + G. chroma, color]

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auxodrome auxodrome (awk´so-drom)
A course of growth as plotted on a Wetzel grid. [auxo- + G. dromos, course]

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auxoflore auxoflore (awk´so-flor)
An atom or group of atoms that, by its presence in a molecule, shifts the latter's fluorescent radiation in the direction of the shorter wavelength, or increases the fluorescence. Cf. bathoflore.

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auxogluc auxogluc (awk´so-gluk)
An atomic grouping that, when present in a molecule, intensifies its sweetness. [G. auxano, to increase, + glykys, sweet]

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auxotonic auxotonic (awk-so-ton´ik)
Denoting the condition in which a contracting muscle shortens against an increasing load. Cf. isometric (2) , isotonic (3).

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auxotox auxotox (awk´so-toks)
An atomic grouping that, when present in a molecule, intensifies its poisonous characteristics. [G. auxano, to increase, + toxikon, poison]

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auxotroph auxotroph (awk´so-trof)
A mutant microorganism that requires some nutrient that is not required by the organism (prototroph) from which the mutant was derived. Cf. polyauxotroph, monoauxotroph. [auxo- + G. trophe, nourishment]

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auxotrophic auxotrophic (awk-so-trof´ik, -tro´fik)
Pertaining to an auxotroph.

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A-V A-V
Abbreviation for arteriovenous; atrioventricular.

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avalvular avalvular (a-val´vyu-lar)
Nonvalvular; without valves.

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avascular avascular (a-vas´kyu-ler, a)
Without blood or lymphatic vessels; may be a normal state as in certain forms of cartilage, or the result of disease.nonvascular;

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avascularization avascularization (a-vas´kyu-lar-I-za´shun, a-)
1. Expulsion of blood from a part, as by means of an Esmarch tourniquet or arterial compression. 2. Loss of vascularity, as by scarring.

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AVC AVC
Abbreviation for atrioventricular conduction.

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AVD AVD
Abbreviation for atrioventricular dissociation.

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AVE AVE
Abbreviation for atrioventricular extrasystole.

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Avellis Avellis
Georg, German laryngologist, 1864-1916. See A.'s syndrome.

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avenin avenin (a-ve´nin)
A prolamine, about 25% l-glutamic acid residues, found in oats (Avena) and in various legumes; considered highly nutritious.legumin, plant casein;

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average average
A value that represents or summarizes the relevant features of a set of values; it is usually computed by a mathematical manipulation of the individual values in a set. [M.E. averays, loss from damage to ship or cargo, fr. It. avaris, fr. Ar. 'awariya, damaged goods, + damage]

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aVF aVF , aVL , aVR
Abbreviation for augmented electrocardiographic leads from the foot (left), left arm, and right arm, respectively.

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Aviadenovirus Aviadenovirus (a´ve-ad´e-no-vI´rus)
A genus of viruses (family Adenoviridae) that includes types (species) of viruses found in birds. [L. avis, bird, + G. aden, gland, + virus]

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avian avian (a´ve-an)
Pertaining to birds. [L. avis, bird]

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avidin avidin (av´i-din)
A glycoprotein, obtained from egg whites, which possesses a high affinity for biotin. Labeled a. is allowed to bind to biotin-tagged antibodies in order to amplify antigen-antibody reactions that may be difficult to visualize.antibiotin; [L. avidus, eager fr. aveo, to crave + -in]

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avidity avidity
The binding strength of an antibody for an antigen. [L. avidus, greedy, eager fr. aveo, to crave]

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Avipoxvirus Avipoxvirus (a´ve-poks-vI´rus)
The genus of viruses (family Poxviridae) that includes the poxviruses of birds, including canarypox and fowlpox viruses. [L. avis, bird, + pox + virus]

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avirulent avirulent (a-vir´yu-lent)
Not virulent.

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avitaminosis avitaminosis (a-vI´ta-min-o´sis)
Properly, hypovitaminosis.
conditioned a. a. caused by any number of pathologic states or dysfunctions in which the supply of a vitamin absorbed by the body is inadequate for the needs under particular circumstances; e.g., the reduced bacterial synthesis of the vitamins in the alimentary canal produced by antibiotic agents.

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avivement avivement (ah-vev-maw´)
Obsolete term for the excision of the edges of a wound to assist the healing process. [Fr. aviver, to quicken, revive]

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A-V node A-V node
Abbreviation for atrioventricular node.

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Avogadro Avogadro
Amadeo, Italian physicist, 1776-1856. See A.'s constant, hypothesis, law, number, postulate.

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avoirdupois avoirdupois (av´er-du-poyz´)
A system of weights in which 16 ounces make a pound, equivalent of 453.59237 g. See Weights and Measures appendix. [Fr. to have weight, corrupted fr. O. Fr. avoir, property, + de, of, + pois, weight]

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AVP AVP
Abbreviation for antiviral protein; arginine vasopressin.

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A-V shunt A-V shunt
Abbreviation for arteriovenous shunt.

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avulsion avulsion (a-vul´shun)
A tearing away or forcible separation. Cf. evulsion. [L. a-vello, pp. -vulsus, to tear away]
nerve a. the tearing away of a peripheral nerve at its point of origin from its parent nerve due to traction.
root a. the tearing away of the anterior and posterior primary nerve roots from the spinal cord, due to severe traction; most often the C5 through T1 roots are affected.
tooth a. the traumatic separation of a tooth from its alveolus.

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AW AW
Abbreviation for atomic weight.

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ax ax
Abbreviation for axis.

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Axenfeld Axenfeld
K. Theodor P.P., German ophthalmologist, 1867-1930. See Morax-A. diplobacillus.

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axenic axenic (a-zen´ik)
Sterile, denoting especially a pure culture; e.g., a protozoan culture free from bacteria. Also used to denote "germ-free" animals born and raised in a sterile environment. See also gnotobiote. [G. a- priv. + xenos, foreign]

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axerophthol axerophthol (ak´ser-of´thol)
vitamin A [antixerophthalmic + -ol]

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axes axes (ak´sez)
Plural of axis.

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axial axial (ak´se-al)
1. Relating to an axis.axile; 2. Relating to or situated in the central part of the body, in the head and trunk as distinguished from the limbs, e.g., axial skeleton. 3. In dentistry, relating to or parallel with the long axis of a tooth. 4. In radiology, an axial image is one obtained by rotating around the axis of the body, producing a transverse planar image, i.e., a section transverse to the axis.

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axifugal axifugal (ak-sif´yu-gal)
Extending away from an axis or axon.axofugal; [L. axis + fugio, to flee from]

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axil axil (ak´sil)
axilla

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axile axile (ak´sIl)
axial (1)

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axilla axilla , gen and pl. axillae (ak´sil´a, ak-sil´e)
The space below the shoulder joint, bounded by the pectoralis major anteriorly, the latissimus dorsi posteriorly, the serratus anterior medially, and the humerus laterally; it has a superior opening between the clavicle, scapula, and first rib (cervicoaxillary canal), and an inferior opening covered by the axillary fascia; it contains the axillary artery and vein, the infraclavicular part of the brachial plexus, axillary lymph nodes and vessels, and areolar tissue.fossa axillaris [NA] , armpit, axil, axillary cavity, axillary fossa, axillary space, maschale; [L.]

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axillary axillary (ak´sil-ar-e)
Relating to the axilla.alar (2);

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axio- axio-
An axis. See also axo-. [L. axis]

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axiobuccal axiobuccal (ak´se-o-buk´al)
Referring to the junction of the axial and buccal planes of a tooth, usually a line.

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axiobuccogingival axiobuccogingival (ak´se-o-buk-o-jin´ji-val)
Referring to the junction of the axial, buccal and gingival planes of teeth; usually a point.

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axioincisal axioincisal (ak´se-o-in-sI´sal)
Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of the incisal edge and axial walls of a tooth.

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axiolabial axiolabial (ak´se-o-la´be-al)
Referring to the line angle of a cavity formed by the junction of the axial and the labial walls of a tooth.

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axiolabiolingual axiolabiolingual (ak´se-o-la´be-o-ling´gwal)
Referring to a section from labial to lingual along the longitudinal axis of a tooth.

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axiolingual axiolingual (ak´se-o-ling´gwal)
Referring to the line angle of a cavity formed by the junction of an axial and a lingual wall of a tooth.

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axiolinguocervical axiolinguocervical (ak´se-o-ling´gwo-ser´vi-kal)
Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, lingual, and cervical (gingival) wall of a tooth cavity.

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axiolinguoclusal axiolinguoclusal (ak´se-o-ling´gwo-klu´sal)
Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, lingual, and occlusal wall of a tooth cavity.

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axiolinguogingival axiolinguogingival (ak´se-o-ling´gwo-jin´ji-val)
Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, lingual, and gingival (cervical) wall of a tooth cavity.

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axiomesial axiomesial (ak´se-o-me´ze-al)
Referring to the line angle of a tooth cavity formed by the junction of an axial and a mesial wall.

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axiomesiocervical axiomesiocervical (ak´se-o-me´ze-o-ser´vi-kal)
Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, mesial, and cervical (gingival) wall of a tooth cavity.

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axiomesiodistal axiomesiodistal
See axiomesiodistal plane.

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axiomesiogingival axiomesiogingival (ak´se-o-me´ze-o-jin´ji-val)
Referring to the point angle formed by an axial, mesial, and gingival (cervical) wall of a tooth cavity.

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axiomesioincisal axiomesioincisal (ak´se-o-me´ze-o-in-sI´sal)
Referring to the point angle formed by the junction of an axial, mesial, and incisal wall of a tooth cavity.

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axion axion (ak´se-on)
The brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal axis).

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axio-occlusal axio-occlusal (ak´se-o-o-klu´sal)
Pertaining to the line angle formed by the junction of the axial and occlusal walls of a tooth.

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axioplasm axioplasm (ak´se-o-plazm)
axoplasm

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axiopodium axiopodium , pl. axiopodia (ak´se-o-po´de-um, -de-a)
axopodium

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axiopulpal axiopulpal (ak´se-o-pul´pal)
Referring to the line angle formed by the junction of an axial and pulpal wall of a tooth cavity.

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axioversion axioversion (ak´se-o-ver´zhun)
Abnormal inclination of the long axis of a tooth.

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axipetal axipetal (ak-sip´e-tal)
centripetal (2) [L. axis + peto, to seek]

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axiramificate axiramificate (ak´se-ram-if´i-kat)
Denoting a nerve cell whose axon, usually short, breaks up into many branches, e.g., Golgi's type II cells. [G. axon, axis + grapho, to write]

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axis (ax) axis (ax) , pl. axes (ak´sis, ak´sez)
1. A straight line passing through a spherical body between its two poles, and about which the body may revolve. 2. The central line of the body or any of its parts. 3. The vertebral column. 4. The central nervous system. 5. [NA] The second cervical vertebra.epistropheus, odontoid vertebra, toothed vertebra, vertebra dentata; 6. An artery that divides, immediately upon its origin, into a number of branches, e.g., celiac axis. See trunk. [L. axle, axis]
basibregmatic a. a line extending from the basion to the bregma.
basicranial a. a line drawn from the basion to the midpoint of the sphenoethmoidal suture.
basifacial a. a line drawn from the subnasal point to the midpoint of the sphenoethmoidal suture.facial a;
biauricular a. a straight line joining the two auricles. Cf. auriculare.
a. bul´bi exter´nus [NA] external a. of eye
a. bul´bi inter´nus [NA] internal a. of eye
celiac a. celiac trunk
cephalocaudal a. long a. of body;
cerebrospinal a. the central nervous system; the brain and spinal cord.encephalomyelonic a., neural a;
condylar a. a line through the two mandibular condyles around which the mandible may rotate during a part of the opening movement.condyle cord;
conjugate a. conjugate of pelvic inlet
craniofacial a. a straight line passing through the mesethmoid, presphenoid, basisphenoid, and basioccipital bones.
electrical a. the net direction of the electromotive forces developed in the heart during its activation, usually represented in the frontal plane. See triaxial reference system.
embryonic a. the cephalocaudal a. established in the embryo by the primitive streak.
encephalomyelonic a. cerebrospinal a
external a. of eye that part of the optic a. from the midpoint of anterior surface of the cornea to the posterior surface of the posterior pole of the external surface of the sclera.a. bulbi externus [NA];
facial a. basifacial a
hinge a. transverse horizontal a
instantaneous electrical a. the resultant a. of the electromotive forces developing in the heart at any given moment.
internal a. of eye that part of the optic a. from the midpoint of the posterior surface of the cornea to the anterior surface of the retina opposite the posterior pole.a. bulbi internus [NA];
a. of lens a line connecting the anterior and posterior poles of the lens of the eye.a. lentis [NA];
a. len´tis [NA] a. of lens
long a. a line extending through the center of an object lengthwise; in dentistry, the line extending inciso- (occluso-) cervically parallel to axial surfaces of a tooth.
long a. of body cephalocaudal a
mandibular a. transverse horizontal a
mean electrical a. the average magnitude and direction of all the electromotive forces developed during the cardiac event under consideration; e.g., atrial or ventricular depolarization, or ventricular repolarization. See also axis deviation.
neural a. cerebrospinal a
neutral a. of straight beam the a. perpendicular to the plane of loading of a beam at stresses within the proportional limit; it lies at the gravity a. of the cross-section of the beam.
normal electrical a. a mean electrical a. of the heart situated between -30° and +90°. See hexaxial reference system.
opening a. an imaginary line around which the mandibular condyles may rotate during opening and closing movements. Cf. fulcrum line.
optic a. the a. of the eye connecting the anterior and posterior poles; it usually diverges from the visual a. by five degrees or more.a. opticus [NA];
a. op´ticus [NA] optic a
orbital a. the line from the center of the optic foramen (apex of orbit) extending anteriorly, laterally, and inferiorly to the middle of the orbital opening.
pelvic a. a hypothetical curved line joining the center point of each of the four planes of the pelvis, marking the center of the pelvic cavity at every level.a. pelvis [NA] , plane of pelvic canal;
a. pel´vis [NA] pelvic a
principal optic a. a line passing through the center of the lens of a refracting system at right angles to its surface.
pupillary a. a line perpendicular to the surface of the cornea, passing through the center of the pupil; the "direction of gaze."
rotational a. fulcrum line
sagittal a. in dentistry, the line in the frontal plane around which the working side condyle rotates during mandibular movement.
secondary a. any ray passing through the optical center of a lens.
a. of symmetry an a. through a particle (e.g., a virus) on such a plane that, if the particle is rotated on the a., there are two or more positions at which the particle appears identical.
thoracic a. 1. thoracoacromial artery 2. thoracoacromial vein
thyroid a. thyrocervical trunk
transporionic a. an imaginary line connecting the upper central points of the external auditory meatuses; used in radiographic cephalometry. See porion.
transverse horizontal a. an imaginary line around which the mandible may rotate through the horizontal plane.hinge a., mandibular a;
vertical a. in dentistry, the line around which the working side condyle rotates in the horizontal plane during mandibular movement.
visual a. the straight line extending from the object seen, through the center of the pupil, to the macula lutea of the retina.line of vision;
Y-a. a cephalometric indicator of the vertical and horizontal coordinates of mandibular growth expressed in degrees of the inferior facial angle formed by the intersection of the sella-gnathion plane with the Frankfort horizontal plane.

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axo- axo-
Axis; axion. [G. axon, axis]

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axoaxonic axoaxonic (ak´so-ak-son´ik)
Relating to synaptic contact between the axon of one nerve cell and that of another. See synapse.

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axodendritic axodendritic (ak´so-den-drit´ik)
Pertaining to the synaptic relationship of an axon with a dendrite of another neuron. See synapse.

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axofugal axofugal (ak-sof´yu-gal)
axifugal [axo- + L. fugio, to flee]

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axograph axograph (ak´so-graf)
A device for recording scales or axes of predetermined magnitude on kymographic records. [axo- + G. grapho, to write]

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axolemma axolemma (ak´so-lem´a)
The plasma membrane of the axon.Mauthner's sheath; [axo- + G. lemma, husk]

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axolysis axolysis (ak-sol´i-sis)
Destruction or dissolution of a nerve axon. [axo- + G. lysis, dissolution]

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axon axon (ak´son)
The single process of a nerve cell that under normal conditions conducts nervous impulses away from the cell body and its remaining processes (dendrites). It is a relatively even filamentous process varying in thickness from about 0.25 to more than 10 mum. In contrast to dendrites, which rarely exceed 1.5 mm in length, a.'s can extend great distances from the parent cell body (some a.'s of the pyramidal tract are 40 to 50 cm long). A.'s 0.5 mum thick or over are generally enveloped by a segmented myelin sheath provided by oligodendroglia cells (in brain and spinal cord) or Schwann cells (in peripheral nerves). Like dendrites and nerve cell bodies, a.'s contain a large number of neurofibrils. With some exceptions, nerve cells synaptically transmit impulses to other nerve cells or to effector cells (muscle cells, gland cells) exclusively by way of the synaptic terminals of their a. [G. axon, axis]

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axonal axonal (ak´so-nal)
Pertaining to an axon.

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axoneme axoneme (ak´so-nem)
1. The central thread running in the axis of the chromosome. 2. axial filament 3. The distinctive array of microtubules in the core of eukaryotic cilia and flagella comprising a central pair surrounded by a sheaf of nine doublet microtubules. [axo- + G. nema, a thread]

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axonography axonography (ak-so-nog´ra-fe)
The recording of electrical changes in axons.electroaxonography;

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axonopathy axonopathy (aks´on-op´a-the)
A disorder affecting primarily the axons of peripheral nerve fibers, (although secondary demyelination occurs) in contrast to one that affects only myelin (myelinopathy).

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axonotmesis axonotmesis (ak´son-ot-me´sis)
Interruption of the axons of a nerve followed by complete degeneration of the peripheral segment, without severance of the supporting structure of the nerve; such a lesion may result from pinching, crushing, or prolonged pressure. See also neurapraxia, neurotmesis. [axon + G. tmesis, a cutting]

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axopetal axopetal (ak-sop´e-tal)
Extending in a direction toward an axon. [axo- + L. peto, to seek]

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axoplasm axoplasm (ak´so-plazm)
Neuroplasm of the axon.axioplasm;

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axopodium axopodium , pl. axopodia (ak-so-po´de-um, -a)
A permanent pseudopodium containing a stiff axial filament of differentiated protoplasm.axiopodium; [Mod. L., fr. L. axis + G. podion, dim. of pous (pod-), foot]

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axosomatic axosomatic (ak-so-so-mat´ik)
Relating to the synaptic relationship of an axon with a nerve cell body. See synapse. [axo- + G. soma, body]

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axostyle axostyle (ak´so-stIl)
An elongate supporting rod or tubule that runs the length of certain flagellate protozoans, frequently projecting out of the posterior end. Single or multiple, filamentous or rigid, they vary with the species but serve as an endoskeletal framework and may function in locomotion as well. [axo- + G. stylos, pillar]

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axotomy axotomy (ak-sot´o-me)
Incision or transection of an axon. [axo- + G. tome, to cut]

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ayahuasca ayahuasca (I´a-wa-ska)
caapi

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Ayala Ayala
G., Italian neurologist, 1878-1943. See A.'s index, quotient.

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Ayerza Ayerza
L., Argentinian physician, 1861-1918. See A.'s disease, syndrome.

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Ayre Ayre
J. Ernest, U.S. gynecologist, *1910. See A. brush.

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azacrine azacrine (a´za-kren)
2-Methoxy-6-chloro-9-(5´-diethylamino-2´-pentyl)amino-3-azoacridine;an antimalarial; an effective schizontocide in acute falciparum infection.

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azacyclonol hydrochloride azacyclonol hydrochloride (a´za-sI´klo-nol)
gamma-Pipradol hydrochloride; a,a-diphenyl-4-piperidine-methanol hydrochloride;a structural isomer of pipradol hydrochloride partially antagonistic to its actions, used with varying results in the treatment of hallucinations and confusion.

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9-azafluorene 9-azafluorene (a-za-flur´en)
carbazole

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8-azaguanine 8-azaguanine (a-za-gwah´nen)
Guanine with N for C in position 8; a guanine antagonist that has been used in the treatment of acute leukemia.guanazolo, triazologuanine;

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azamethonium bromide azamethonium bromide (a´za-me-tho´ne-um)
[(Methylimino)diethylene]bis-[ethyldimethylammonium bromide];a ganglionic blocking agent.

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azaperone azaperone (a´za-per-on)
4´-Fluoro-4-[4-(2-pyridyl)-1-piperazinyl]butyrophenone;a tranquilizing agent.

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azapetine phosphate azapetine phosphate (a-zap´e-ten)
6-Allyl-6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenz[c.e]azepine phosphate; a potent adrenergic (a-receptor) blocking agent similar in action and uses to those of tolazoline; used in the treatment of peripheral vascular diseases.

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azaribine azaribine (a-zar´i-ben)
2´,3´,5´-Triacetyl derivative of 6-azauridine;an antipsoriatic agent no longer used because of a high incidence of severe adverse reactions.

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azaserine azaserine (a-za-ser´en)
N₂CH-CO-O-CH₂CH(NH₂)COOH; O-diazoacetyl-l-serine;an antibiotic inhibitor of purine synthesis; a glutamine analog; mutagenic and antitumorogenic.serine diazoacetate;

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azaspirodecanedione azaspirodecanedione (a-za-spI´ro-dek-an-dI´on)
A class of antianxiety agents not chemically or pharmacologically related to other classes of sedative and anxiolytic drugs; e.g., buspirone hydrochloride.

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azatadine maleate azatadine maleate (a-zat´a-den)
6,11-Dihydro-11-(1-methyl-4-piperidylidene)-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine dimaleate;an antihistamine with anticholinergic and antiserotonin properties.

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azathioprine azathioprine (a-za-thI´o-pren)
6-(1-Methyl-4-nitro-5-imidazolyl)thiopurine;a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine, used as a cytotoxic and immunosuppressive agent in organ transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as hemolytic anemias, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and leukemias.

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6-azathymine 6-azathymine (a-za-thI´men)
Thymine with N for C in position 6; an antimetabolite of thymine.

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6-azauridine (AZUR) 6-azauridine (AZUR) (az-aw´ri-den)
Uridine with N for C in position 6; a triazine analogue of uridine and an antimetabolite with selectivity for human neoplastic leukocytes; produces partial remissions in certain acute leukemias of adults.

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azeotrope azeotrope (a-ze´o-trop)
A mixture of two or more liquids that boils without change in proportion of the liquids, either in the liquid or the vapor phase; e.g., 95% ethanol (actually 94.9% by volume, the rest being water). [G. a- priv. + zeein, to boil, + tropos, a turning]
halothane-ether a. an azeotropic mixture in the proportions halothane 68 to diethyl ether 32, by volume, that combines the advantages of each anesthetic yet is non-flammable.

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azeotropic azeotropic (a-ze-o-trop´ik)
Denoting or characteristic of an azeotrope.

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azide azide (az´id)
A compound that contains the monovalent -N₃ group.

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azidothymidine (AZT) azidothymidine (AZT) (az´i-do-thI´mi-den)
zidovudine

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azlocillin sodium azlocillin sodium (az-lo-sil´in)
Sodium (6R)-6-[d-2-(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido)-2-phenylacetamido]penicillanate;an extended spectrum penicillin used in treatment of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae.

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azo- azo-
Prefix denoting the presence in a molecule of the group =C-N=N-C=. Cf. diazo-. [Fr. azote, name for nitrogen proposed by A.L. Lavoisier (1743-1794)]

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azobilirubin azobilirubin (az´o-bil-i-ru´bin)
The red-violet pigment formed by the condensation of diazotized sulfanilic acid with bilirubin in the van den Bergh reaction.

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azocarmine azocarmine (a´zo-kar´min)
A series of azo dyes used in preparing tissue stains.

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azocarmine B azocarmine B , azocarmine G (az-o-kar´min) [C.I. 50090, C.I. 50085]
Red acid dyes, the former more soluble in water, useful in Heidenhain's azan stain.

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azoic azoic (a-zo´ik, a-)
Containing no living things; without organic life. [G. a- priv. + zoikos, relating to an animal]

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azole azole (az´ol)
pyrrole

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azolitmin azolitmin (az-o-lit´min) [old C.I. 1242]
A purplish red coloring matter obtained from natural litmus or synthesized by oxidizing orcinol in the presence of ammonia, lime, and potash; used as a broad indicator of pH (red at 4.5, blue at 8.3).

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azoospermia azoospermia (a-zo-o-sper´me-a)
Absence of living spermatozoa in the semen; failure of spermatogenesis. See also aspermia. [G. a- priv. + zoon, animal, + sperma, seed]

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azophloxin azophloxin (az-o-flok´sin)
amidonaphthol red

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azoprotein azoprotein (az-o-pro´ten)
Any of the modified proteins produced by treatment with diazonium derivatives of various aromatic amines; used to elicit antibody formation and demonstrate antibody specificity.

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azosulfamide azosulfamide (az-o-sul´fa-mId)
2-(4´-Sulfamylphenylazo)-7-acetamido-1-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-disulfonate;a reddish derivative, soluble in water, less toxic but less effective than sulfanilamide; it owes its antibacterial activity to the sulfanilamide released.

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azotemia azotemia (az-o-te´me-a)
uremia [azo- (azote) + G. haima, blood]
nonrenal a. , prerenal a. nitrogen retention resulting from something other than primary renal disease.

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azotemic azotemic (az-o-tem´ik)
Relating to azotemia.

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azothermia azothermia (az-o-ther´me-a)
Rarely used term for fever resulting from uremia. [azote + G. therme, heat]

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azoturia azoturia (az-o-tur´e-a)
An increased elimination of urea in the urine. [azo- (azote) + G. ouron, urine]
a. of horses an afebrile disease of horses, characterized by massive muscle degeneration, a rapidly developing paralysis of the hind legs, and myoglobinuria; onset is sudden, usually appearing shortly after the horse has returned to work after a few days' rest.black water, hemoglobinemia paralytica, Monday morning sickness, paralytic myoglobinuria;

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azovan blue azovan blue (az´o-van)
Evans blue

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AZT AZT
Abbreviation for azidothymidine.

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aztreonam aztreonam (az-tre´o-nam)
2-[[[1-(2-Amino-4-thiazolyl)-2-[2-methyl-4-oxo-1-sulf-3-az etidinyl)amino]-2-oxoethylidene]amino]oxy]-2-methylpropan o ic acid;a synthetic bactericidal monolactam antibiotic with a wide spectrum of activity against Gram-negative aerobic pathogens.

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azul azul (azh´yul)
pinta [Sp. blue]

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AZUR AZUR
Abbreviation for 6-azauridine.

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azure azure (azh´yur)
A term for a group of basic blue methylthionine or phenothiazine dyes; used as biological stains, especially in blood and nuclear stains.
a. A [C.I. 52005] C₁₄H₁₄N₃SCl; asymmetrical dimethylthionine chloride;a blue dye used as a component of MacNeal's tetrachrome blood stain and of Romanowsky-type blood stains; also used as a stain for mucins, nucleic acids, and mast cell granules; gives a metachromatic violet to red color to highly acidic substances in tissues.
a. B [C.I. 52010] C₁₅H₁₆N₃SCl; trimethylthionine chloride;a blue dye used like a. A; also as a. B bromide to give metachromatic staining of RNA and DNA.
a. C [C.I. 52002] C₁₃H₁₂N₃SCl; monomethylthione chloride;a blue-violet thiazin dye used in the metachromatic staining of mucins and cartilage.
a. I a mixture of a. A and B.methylene azure;
a. II a mixture of a. I and methylene blue; the eosinate, a. II-eosin, is the principal ingredient of Giemsa stain.

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azuresin azuresin (azh´yu-res´in)
A complex of azure A and carbacrylic resin; used as an indicator for the detection of gastric achlorhydria without intubation.quinine carbacrylic resin;

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azurophil azurophil , azurophile (azh´yu-ro-fil, -fIl)
Staining readily with an azure dye, denoting especially the hyperchromatin and reddish purple granules of certain blood cells. [azure + G. philos, fond]

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azurophilia azurophilia (az´yu-ro-fil´e-a)
A condition in which the blood contains cells having azurophil granulations.

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azygogram azygogram (az´i-go-gram)
Radiographic demonstration of the azygos venous system after injection of contrast medium. [azygos + G. gramma, a writing]

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azygography azygography (az´i-gog´ra-fe)
Radiography of the azygos venous system after injection of contrast medium.

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azygos azygos (az´I-gos)
1. An unpaired (azygous) anatomical structure. 2. azygos vein [G. a- priv. + zygon, a yoke]
a. continuation (of the inferior vena cava) a congenital anomaly in which the infrahepatic portion of the vena cava fails to form, and venous drainage of the lower body is maintained through a persistent right supracardinal vein, which becomes a large azygos vein.

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azygous azygous (az´I-gus, a-zI´gus)
Unpaired;single. [L. azygos]

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